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`Using ECM Motors in HVAC Systems
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`Using ECM Motors in HVAC Systems
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`HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning) refers to systems that heat or cool a designated
`environment. HVAC systems are especially important when it comes to designing large office buildings or
`climate controlled environments, such as some aquatic enclosures at the zoo. To achieve heating or cooling, an
`HVAC system depends heavily upon the quick movement of air from one location to another. AC motors u
`have been used in past applications to serve as the primary air driving force, but they are not always the most
`efficient choice because they run continuously at full power. Electronically commutated motors (ECMs) were
`developed to offer a greater range of operability choices, and to minimize noise.
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`ECM Basics
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`ECMs are DC motors m that function using a built-in inverter and a magnet rotor, and as a result are able to
`achieve greater efficiency in air-flow systems than some kinds of AC motors. (Although AC current is used for
`ECM, the ECM’s internal rectifier converts the current to DC voltage). Permanent split capacitor (PSC)
`motors, often used in conjunction with electronic SCR motors, are somewhat inefficient when used in air
`control systems because the fan motor noise requires the motor to run at less than a full load. When turned
`down, PSC efficiency suffers and falls in the range of 12 to45 percent. ECMs, on the other hand, maintain a
`high level (65 to 75 percent) of efficiency at a variety of speeds. As a result, ECMs are cost and energy efficient
`and can reduce operating costs. Additionally, ECMs are not prone to overheating and do not require
`additional measures to offset the generation of heat, as PSCs often do.
`
`ECMs are also relatively low-maintenance; the use of true ball bearings reduces the need for oiling, and varied
`start-up speeds reduce stress on mounting hardware. The operating range is significant enough to enable one
`ECM to replace two induction-style models, which simplifies the replacement, maintenance, and installation
`processes, and minimizes product choices. However, not all ECM motors run at variable speeds and selection
`depends heavily upon application specifications. The initial cost of an ECM can be high, but is typically
`balanced by overall energy savings in the long run.
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`ECM in HVAC Systems
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`When considering an ECM for application in an HVAC system, there are several factors to keep in mind.
`Although ECMs are often selected because many models run at variable speeds, in certain condenser
`applications it is preferable to select and ECM that runs at a fixed speed—an ECM running at a fixed speed s in
`a condenser unit still uses less energy than a typical PSC motor running at a fixed speed in a similar unit. As a
`result of increased energy savings, a condenser operating with an ECM will have a higher SEER (seasonal
`energy efficiency ratio) rating. In other HVAC units, an ECM can run at variable speeds but depends on a
`controller that pre-programs speed, including the rate at which the motor ramps up. Whereas typical PSC
`motors start and almost immediately run at full capacity, an ECM can start slowly and stop slowly, which can
`help reduce humidity. Additionally, the control can be set to alter the amount of air an ECM motor drives
`through the system, which enables a greater range of possible air-flow rates.
`
`A typical ECM operating in an HVAC system will go through several stages, as determined beforehand by a
`manufacturer or a preprogrammed controller. In its first stage, and ECM runs at a lower speed to remove
`humidity (this is especially important in a cooling system). Next, the ECM reaches its designated peak speed,
`as specified for the application, maintaining high efficiency despite any shifts in operating speed. When the
`ECM stops, it can be programmed to stop slowly (called a soft stop).
`
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`Nidec Motor Corporation
`IPR2014-01121
`
`11'2
`
`Exhibit 2022 - 1
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`Nidec Motor Corporation
`IPR2014-01121
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`Exhibit 2022 - 1
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`4:30f2015
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`Using ECM Motors in HVAC Systems
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`httpthwahomasnei.comfariiclesfm achinery—iools—suppl iestC M - M otors- HVAC-Syslems
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`Nidec Motor Corporation
`IPR2014-01121
`
`21‘2
`
`Exhibit 2022 - 2
`
`Nidec Motor Corporation
`IPR2014-01121
`
`Exhibit 2022 - 2
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