`
`US"J(}59'15'.11f]A
`
`Ulllted States Patent
`
`[19]
`
`[11] Patent Number:
`
`5,915,210
`
`Cameron et al.
`
`[45] Date of Patent:
`
`Jun. 22, 1999
`
`[54]
`
`]V[[f."['|-[()[) AND SYS’fEM FOR Pfl()V|D[N(}
`MULTICARRIER SIMUl.C-AST
`TRANSMISSION
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`|75]
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`Invcnlursi Dennis Wayne Cameron. Jackson.
`Miss; Walter Charles Rnehr. .]r.,
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`Rcslon. Va.; Jfli I’. Bhagm. Jackson.
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`['73] Assignuc.-2 DcstinccrC0rpor'atiui1,Jackson, Miss.
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`1433445 mam Chang
`3,(Jl‘11554
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`AB§TRAC']‘
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`A lwo-way s.:on1n1unicaIion syslcm for communication
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`APPLE 1001
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`1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun. 22, 1999
`
`Sheet 1 of 30
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`5,915,210
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`F/ 6‘. /
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`PRIOR ART
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`Jun. 22, 1999
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`Sheet 2 of3l]
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`5,915,210
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` U.S.Patent
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`3
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jun. 22, 1999
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`Sheet 3 of 30
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`5,915,210
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`Jun. 22, 1999
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`Sheet 6 of 30
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`5,915,210
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`Jun. 22, 1999
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`Sheet 7 0130
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`5,915,210
`
`FIG‘. 7
`
`702
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`
`
`T00
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`
`Generating a system information
`signal which includes a plurality of
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`
`8
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jun.22_. 1999
`
`Sl1ect8 of 30
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`5,915,210
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`Fl G 8
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`Transmitting a message signal by a
`base transmitter servicing a zone
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`802
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`
`base transmitter
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`
`304
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`Jun.22,1999
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`Sheet 10 one
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`5,915,210
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`FIG‘. /0
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`Jun. 22, 1999
`
`Sheet 11 M30
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`5,915,210
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`FREQUENCY
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`Jun. 22, 1999
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`Sheet 12 one
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`5 915 210
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`Jun. 22, 1999
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`Jun. 22, 1999
`
`Sheet 17 0i'30
`
`5,915,210
`
`FIG. /7
`
`Mobile Receiver
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`18
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`18
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun. 22, 1999
`
`Sheet 18 of 30
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`5,915,210
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`Jun. 22, 1999
`
`Sheet 19 of 30
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`5,915,210
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`Fl 6'.
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`Jun. 22, 1999
`
`Sheet 21 of 30
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`5,915,210
`
`F/6. 2/
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`22
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`22
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`
`
`S_U
`
`tnuCtaD1
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`Jun. 22, 1999
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`Sheet 22 of 30
`
`012,519,5
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`23
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`23
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`
`
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun. 22, 1999
`
`Sheet 23 of 30
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`5,915,210
`
`FIG. 23
`
`Service Queue
`
`Current Messages
`
`Data Location
`
`Probe List
`
`I
`
`Data Location
`
`24
`
`24
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun. 22, 1999
`
`Sheet 24 of 30
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`5,915,210
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`26
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`
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun. 22, 1999
`
`Sheet 25 of 30
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`5,915,210
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`FIG. 26
`
`/@500
`
`2502
`
`2504
`
`2605
`
`
`
`Transmitting substantially
`
`simultaneously a first information
`
`signal and a second information
`
`signal, the first information signal
`
`being transmitted in simulcast by a
`first set of base transmitters
`
`assigned to a first zone, and the
`
`second information signal being
`
`transmitted in simuicast by a second
`
`set of base transmitters assigned to a
`second zone
`
` Dynamically reassigning one or more
`of the base transmitters in the first set
`
`
`
`r
`
`of base transmitters assigned to the
`first zone to the second set of base
`
`transmitters assigned to the second
`zone, thereby creating an updated
`
`first set of base transmitters and an
`
`updated second set of base
`transmitters
`
`L
`
`Transmitting substantially
`
`simultaneously a third information
`
`signal and a fourth information signal,
`
`the third information signal being
`transmitted in simulcast by the
`updated first set of base transmitters,
`
`and the fourth information signal
`
`being transmitted in simulcast by the
`
`updated second set of base
`transmitters
`
`
`
`27
`
`27
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`28
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`
`
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun. 22, 1999
`
`Sheet 2:; of 30
`
`5,915,210
`
`F/6'. 28/4}
`
`2800
`
`2802
`
`2304
`
`
`
`
`Send a message to disable the
`
`registration feature
`
`Store the number of probe
`
`signals sent and a number of
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`messages successfully
`
`delivered
`
`
` Process the stored number of
`
`
`probe signals and number of
`
`
`
`
` 2806
`
`
`messages succesfully
`
`delivered to evaluate a
`
`likelihood that a probe signal
`
`
`
`
`
`will be required to be sent by
`
`
`
`the network to locate the mobile
`
`transceiver
`
`
`
`
`
`Send a message to the mobile
`
`unit to enable the mobile
`
`2808
`
`
`
`
`
`
`transceiver's capability to
`
`transmit a registration signal if
`
`the likelihood exceeds a
`
`selected value
`
`29
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`29
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`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun. 22, 1999
`
`Sheet 29 of 30
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`5,915,210
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`F/6. 28/5}
`
` Send a message to enable the
`
`
`registration feature
`
`
`
`28l0
`
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`
`Store the number of registration
`
`of messages successfully
`
`
`signals received and a number
`
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`delivered
`
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`
`
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` 2B|6
`
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`
`registration signals and
`
`number of messages
`
`succesfully delivered to
`evaluate a likelihood that a
`
`registration signal will be
`
`received by a base receiver in
`the netvvorlt that will not be
`
`used by the network to
`determine a set of base
`
`transmitters to be operated to
`
`transmit a message to the
`mobile transceiver
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`
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`
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`transceivers capability to
`
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`the likelihood exceeds a
`
`selected value
`
`30
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`30
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`
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`tHetaP&UV
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`Jun. 22, 1999
`
`Sheet 30 of 30
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`5,915,210
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`5,915,210
`
`1
`METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROVIIJING
`MULTICARRIER SI MULCAST
`TRANSMISSION
`
`This application is a continuation of application Set. No.
`(tRt"?fi(J_.457__ filed Dec. 6, 1996., now aba ndoncd. which is a
`Rule 60 continuation of prior application Ser. No. tI7t9't'3,
`918, tiled Nov. 12. 1992, now US. Pat. No. S,5LttJ,4(t3.
`BACKGROUND OI’ 'I‘llE lNVENl'lON
`A. Field of the Invention
`
`5
`
`.10
`
`The present invention relates to methods and systems for
`providing two-way communication capability between a
`central network and a mobile unit over a relatively large
`area, and more particularly to such methods and systems
`which allow for rapid communication of large messages and
`ellicient use of system resources.
`B. Description of the Related Art
`Conventional two-way portablctmobile wireless messag-
`ing systems often provide a variety of services to subscrib-
`ers. Conventional messaging systems in particular provide
`one-way services using store and forward techniques to
`mobile receivers carried by the subscriber. A t'undarnental
`goal of twn—way messaging systems is to provide a network
`of interconnected transmitters and receivers which provides
`sufficient transmitted signal strength and receive capability
`to uniformly cover it geographic region. Some convenLional
`messaging systems provide the message to the user on 8
`small viewing screen on the mobile unit.
`However, such conventional systems often suffer from
`problems associated with low system throughput, evidenced
`by slow message delivery and message size limitations and
`do not provide an acknowledgment
`feature wherein the
`mobile unit
`transmits an acknowledgment signal
`to the
`system to acknowledge receipt of the message from the
`system. Generally, system throughput refers to overall com-
`munication capability of a system as defined by the total
`amount of‘ message data from the system to the mobile units
`transferred by the system during a given period of time
`divided by the frequency bandwidth necessary to transmit
`the message data and may be measured in bits transferred
`per ll’/.. Further, such conventional systems suffer from
`technical problems preventing consistent wide area cover-
`age and would require extremely wide portions of valuable
`frequency bandwidth to achieve acceptable system through-
`put rates.
`technology in communication systems was
`Simulcast
`originally developed to extend transmitter coverage heyortd
`that which could be obtained from it single transmitter. Over
`time, however. simulcasting has evolved into a technique
`capable of providing continuous coverage to a large area.
`Generally, simulcast‘
`teclmology provides multiple
`transmitters, operating on substantially the same frequencies
`and transmitting the same information positioned to cover
`extended areas. As shown in FIG. 1, transmitter 100 gener-
`ally provides covcrage over area A. D, and E. transmitter
`102 generally provides coverage over area B, I), and E, and
`transmitter 104 generally provides coverage. over area C, E.
`and F. In some cases, the coverage area ofa first transmitter
`may be entirely enclosed within the coverage area of another
`transmitter, such as in building interiors and valleys. In areas
`where one [and only one) transmitter dominates [e.g., areas
`A, B, and C in FIG. 1), simulcast is effective because the
`other transmitters do not significantly afl'cct receivers in
`those areas.
`llowevcr, in "overlap" areas I), E, and F shown in FIG. 1,
`where the signals from two or more transmitters are approxi-
`
`4-0
`
`50
`
`S5
`
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`
`65
`
`2
`tnatcly equal. problems can arise because destructive inter-
`ference ofsigttals occurs in these overlap areas such as areas
`D, E, and F. Destructive interference. occurs when the two
`signals are equal in magnitude and 180° out of phase and
`completely cancel each other. While there were some
`successes, reliable design procedures were not available.
`Attempting to precisely synchronize the carrier frequen-
`cies of all simulcast transmitters does not overcome the
`pmblem because points {i.e. nodes) at which destructive
`surnming occurred persisted for long periods of time. At
`such points. it mobile receiver can not receive the simulcast
`signal.
`Deliberately offsetting the carrier lrequencies of adjacent
`transmitters can ensure that destructive interference does not
`
`persist at one point for an extended period of time. The slight
`errors in frequency displayed by high quality reference
`oscillators (e.g., 2[t hertz errors in 1[l(lMll'I. signals or a few
`parts in 107]
`render deliberate offsetting unnecessary
`Further, merely ollsetting the carrier frequencies could not
`guarantee acceptable quality dc-modulation because proper
`alignment ofthe modulating signals in time is also required.
`FIG. 2 displays the situation at, for example, point D in
`FIG. 1 when modulating waveforms are syrtchronized and
`includes coverage boundary 202 from a first transmitter and
`a second transmitter coverage boundary 204 from a second
`adjacent
`transmitter. /tn equi-signa.l boundary 2'00 exists
`where the signals from the first and second transmitters have
`approximately equal signal strengtlis. A more realistic equi-
`signal boundary would take into account natural and man-
`made topography and propagation conditions. and therefore
`would probably not be a straight line.
`FIGS. 3 and 4 generally illustrate various signals as they
`may occur at or near the cqui-signal boundary 200 as shown
`in FIG. 2.
`In particular, FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate various
`aspects of modulation synchronization and how altering
`transmission parameters may affect the synchronization. In
`general,
`there are at
`least three sources which cause the
`signals front the first transmitter and the second transmitter
`to be out of synchroniztation: (1) timing shifts in the delivery
`of the modulating wavefonn to each of the transmitters; (2)
`tinting shifts internal to each transmitter; and (3) timing
`shifts caused by propagation distances and anomalies. From
`the perspective of a receiver located in an overlap area, these
`three sources of timing shifts combine to produce an overall
`timing shifts be tween the received signals from the lirst and
`second transmitters.
`In current commercial practice,
`the
`summation of these three components results in time shifts
`of about 200 microseconds. The timing shift present
`in
`simulcast systems disadvantageously limits the baud rate at
`which information may be transferred. In general, FIGS. 3
`and 4 will also illustrate how timing shifts prevents high
`baud rate t'ransmissinns.
`
`A time line representation of a signal 306 from a first
`transmitter is shown in tilt}. MA) and a signal 308 from a
`second transmitter is shown in FIG. 3(3), both from the
`perspective of a receiver located in an overlap area. Vertical
`dashed lines 300 represent baud intervals on the time axis.
`As can be seen from FIGS. .3{/\) and (B), the signals 306 and
`308 are frequency modulated between a high and a low
`frequency value and the signals 306 and 308 are exactly in
`phase. As will be appreciated,
`the timing shift between
`signals 306 and 308 must be small when compared to the
`baud interval shown in l-'I(_iS. 3{A) and (B) since signals 306
`and 308 are in synchronization. Of course, as the baud
`interval decreases, the timing shifts will likely cause signals
`.306 and 308 to be out of synchronization.
`
`32
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`32
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`5,915,210
`
`3
`FIGS. 3(C‘), (D), and (E) show the summation of these
`two signals 306 and 303 at an cqoi-signal boundary, such as
`boundary 200 in FIG. 2. FIG. 3(C) shows it composite signal
`310 indicating that
`the frequency information remains
`unchanged, FIG. 3(f)) shows a linear graph 312 of the
`relative phase difference caused by a slight carrier frequency
`difference between the signals from the first transmitter and
`the second transmitter. FIG. 3(E} shows a composite ampli-
`tude signal 314. A noise.
`threshold is indicated by the
`horizontal dashed line 304 in FIG. 3(l£).
`Of interest, FIG. 3{[-'.} shows the composite amplitude
`signal 314 dipping below the noise threshold 304- at an
`anti-phase condition 302 (e.g_, when the relative phase angle
`is :l8U°. as shown in FIG. 3{D}). As can be seen from FIG.
`3(l£), the anti—phasc condition 302 caused by the slight phase
`shift between transmitter 1 and transmitter 2 will not cause
`any loss of data because the anti-phase condition persists for
`only a small portion of the baud interval.
`The slight ollsct of the carrier frequencies between the
`first and second transmitters causes a slow drift of the
`relative phase of the two signals, as shown in FIG. 30)).
`When the signals are :180° out of phase, the temporary dip
`in the amplitude signal may cause the loss of a few hits in
`the composite signal, at worst. These errors can be counter-
`acted with a conventional error correcting code, such as is
`commonly known.
`FIG. 4 shows a set of similar signals to those in FIG. 3.
`but wherein the signal 402 from the first transmitter is olfset
`from, or out of synchronization with, the signal 404 from the
`second transmitter by a Full baud. In particular, signal 404
`tags signal 402 by one baud interval. As previously
`discussed, the offset of signals 402 and -1-04 may be caused
`by various timing shifts in the delivery oi' both signals 402
`and 404 to a receiver in an overlap area. FIGS. -1{A) and (B)
`illustrate the extreme case where the sum of these timing
`shifts is equal to the baud interval shown by dashed lines
`400. As can bc seen in FIG. 4-(C), composite signal 406
`includes a period of indeterminate frequency which unde-
`sirably covers several entire baud intervals and, therefore.
`successful demodulation is impossible during those baud
`intcrva ls. If the baud interval were increased to minimize the
`ctfect of these timing shifts, data loss would be less likely.
`Therefore, it can be seen that the baud rate at which good
`data transfer can be accomplished is limited by the timing
`shifts between signals delivered to receivers in overlap
`areas.
`
`Through these examples, it can be seen that high degrees
`of modulation synchrrtnization make it possible to obtain
`good data demodulation in a simulcast system. However, the
`baud rate limitation of simulcast systems is a significant
`drawback and limits. system throughput.
`An alternative to simulcast for wide area coverage is
`assignment of orthogonal, non-overlapping subdivisions of
`the available system capacity to adjacent areas. Subdivisions
`can be made in time (e.g.. broadcasting the information on
`the same frequency in dil1'erent time slots to adjacent areas},
`or in frequency [c.g., broadcasting the information simulta-
`neously on different frequencies in adjacent areas). There are
`several problems with such orthogonal systems. however.
`First. orthogonal assignments require tuning the receiver to
`the assigned frequency or time channel for the area in which
`the receiver curre ally resides. In the broadcast services every
`traveler has experienced the frustration of lirirting the correct
`channel for their favorite programs. Simulcast operation
`avoids the need for scanning and re-tuning as the mobile unit
`moves between areas. Such scanning and re-tuning also
`disadvanlageously increases mobile unit power consump-
`tion.
`
`4
`the orthogonal assignment
`Second, and more serious,
`approach drastically reduces the system throughput capacity
`as measured in bits per I-lz because anywhere from 3 to 7.
`or possibly more, orthogonal assignments are required to
`obtain continuous area coverage in most conventional
`orthogonal systems. This waste of capacity is somewhat
`recouped if the same information is not needed throughout
`the service area because a given piece of information is sent
`only to those cells where it
`is needed.
`Conventional cellular radio service is a typical example of
`an orthogonal system. In cellular, the same frequencies are
`reused in spatially separated ceUs to allow different data to
`be transmitted to diflerent mobile units. An example of three
`cellular arrangements is shown in FIG. 5 where the number
`of cc|ls{N1 is equal to 3, 4, and 7. Each cell (i.e., A. B. C‘,
`.
`.
`. ) in conventional cellular service usually only includes
`a single transmitter and operates hi it. different Ereque ncy or
`time division within the commuuicatiort protocol. As shown
`in FIG. 5, cellular service generally locates transmitters
`utilizing the same division (all
`the “A” transmitters} far
`enough apart
`to reduce the likelihood of interference
`between such transmitters. As the number of cells increases,
`the likelihood of interference decreases. For example, with
`N=3 as shown by arrangement 500 in FIG. 3, the distance
`between the coverage area of"/\“ cells is about it": cell width.
`with N='-l
`in arrangement 502,
`the distance between the
`coverage areas of "A" cells is slightly larger, and with N=7
`in arrangement 504 the dista ncc between “A" cells is larger
`than the width of one cell.
`
`However, as the nurribcr of cells increases. the length of
`the individual
`time intervals per cell decreases for time
`division multiplexed systems. thereby decreasing the sys-
`tems total
`information transfer.
`In frequency division
`systems, more cells undesirably increases the frequency
`bandwidth required. Therefore. system throughput in bits
`per Hz is decreased as the number of cells increases.
`Furtherrnoru, cellular systems often require an electronic
`"handshake" between system and mobile unit to identify lhu
`specific cell [i.e. transmitter} in which the mobile unit is
`located to allow capacity reuse.
`ll. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`The systems and methods of the present invention have a
`wide variety of objects and advantages. The systems and
`methods ofthe present invention have as a primary object to
`provide a communication system with wide area coverage
`and high message throughput while minimizing frequency
`bandwidth usage.
`It
`is an object of the invention to provide. a simulcast
`communication system with a high data Ira nsfer rate which
`does not exceed the baud rate limitations of simulcast
`transmission.
`
`It is a further object of the present invention to provide a
`communication system which provides for superior data
`comrnunicaLion integrity.
`Yet another object of the invention is to provide a mobile
`transceiver unit which prevents unnecessary RI’
`interference, particularly on commercial aircraft. Still
`further.
`it
`is an object of the invention to provide a zone
`based communication system which may dynamically rede-
`fine zone boundaries to improve information throughput.
`Another object of the invention is to provide a zone based
`simulcast communication system which can effect ivcly
`communicate with both mobile transceiver uriiLs located
`near the center of each zone as well as mobile transceiver
`uniLs located within the overlap areas between two or more
`zones.
`
`.10
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`
`
`5,915,210
`
`5
`Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be
`set forth in part in the description which follows. and in part
`will be obvious from the description, or may he learned by
`practicing the invention. The objects and advantages of the
`invention will be realized and attained by means of the
`elements and eombinalioris particularly pointed out
`in the
`appendetl claims.
`To achieve the objects and in accordance with the purpose
`of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein,
`the invention is directed to a method for inforrnation trans-
`mission by a plurality of transmitters to provide broad
`communication capability over a region of space, the infor-
`mation transmission occurring during at least both a first
`time period and a second time period and the plurality of
`transmitters being divided into at least a first and second set
`of transmitters,
`the method comprising the steps of (in)
`generating a system information signal which includes a
`plurality of blocks of information. (b)
`transmitting the
`system information signal to the plurality of transmitters, (c)
`transmitting by the lirst and second sets of transmitters a tirst
`block of information in simulcast during the tirst
`time
`period, {dl
`transmitting by the tirst set of transmitters a
`second block of information during the second time period,
`and (e) transmitting by the second set of transmitters a third
`block of information during the second time period.
`to a
`In another embodiment,
`the invention is tlirectetl
`multi-carrier simulcast transmission system for transmitting
`in a desired frequency band a message contained in an
`information signal. the system comprising a first transmitter
`means for transmitting an inl'ormation signal by generating
`a
`tirst plurality of carrier signals within the desired fre-
`quency hand and by modulating the first plurality of carrier
`signals to convey the information signal, and a second
`transmitter means, spatially separated from the tirst
`transmitter, for transmitting the information signal in simul-
`cast with the first transmitter by generating a second plu-
`rality of carrier signals at substantially the same frequencies
`as the tirst plurality ofcarrier signals and by modulating the
`second plurality of carrier signals to convey the infonnation
`signal.
`the invention is directed to a
`In another embodiment,
`com munication method implemented in a computer con-
`trolled communication network for locating a mobile trans-
`ceiver within a region of space. the region of space being
`divided into a plurality of zones with each zone serviced by
`at least one base transmitter and at least one base receiver,
`the network storing data corresponding to a zone where the
`mobile transceiver was last known to be located. the corn-
`munication method comprising the steps of (a) transmitting
`a message signal by a base transmitter servicing a none
`where the mobile transceiver was last known to be located,
`(b) transmitting a systemwide probe signal by a plurality of
`base transmitters servicing a plurality of zones if the mobile
`transceiver does not indicate receipt of the message signal
`from the base transmitter,