Patent No. 7,371,734
`Declaration of Dr. Zygmunt Haas
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`Paper No. ________
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`_______________
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`_____________
`
`ST. JUDE MEDICAL, INC., ST JUDE MEDICAL S.C., INC. AND
`PACESETTER, INC.
`
`Petitioners
`
`v.
`
`ATLAS IP, LLP
`
`(alleged) Patent Owner
`
`Patent No. 5,371,734
`Issue Date: December 4, 1994
`
`Title: Medium Access Control Protocol For Wireless Network
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`DECLARATION OF DR. ZYGMUNT HAAS
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`1
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`ST. JUDE 1002
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`Patent No. 7,371,734
`Declaration of Dr. Zygmunt Haas
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
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`I.
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`Engagement and compensation.......................................................................... 1
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`II. Summary of opinions ......................................................................................... 1
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`III. Qualifications .................................................................................................... 1
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`IV. My understanding of the relevant law. ............................................................. 5
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`A. Claim construction ........................................................................................ 5
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`B. Anticipation ................................................................................................... 5
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`C. Obviousness ................................................................................................... 6
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`V. Technical introduction ....................................................................................... 9
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`A. Background.................................................................................................... 9
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`B.
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`'734 Patent Disclosure .................................................................................15
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`VI. Level of ordinary skill in the art .....................................................................22
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`VII.
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`Predictability of the art ................................................................................26
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`VIII. Relevant timeframe for determining obviousness.......................................26
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`IX. Overview of the claims ...................................................................................26
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`X. Construction of the claims ...............................................................................27
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`XI. Claims 6, 14, and 21 are invalid as anticipated by Natarajan 1992. ..............27
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`A. Summary of opinion relating to Natarajan 1992 .........................................27
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`B. Natarajan 1992 is a prior art printed publication. .......................................28
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`C. Summary of Natarajan 1992. ......................................................................28
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`D. Terminology comparison between Natarajan 1992 and the '734 patent .....37
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`E. Element-by-element comparison of the claims to Natarajan 1992 .............38
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`1. Claim 6 .....................................................................................................38
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`2. Claim 14 ...................................................................................................55
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`3. Claim 21 ...................................................................................................57
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`XII. Claim 11 is invalid as obvious over Natarajan 1992 and Bella ..................59
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`A. Summary of opinion relating to Natarajan 1992 and Bella ........................59
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`B. Bella is prior art. ..........................................................................................59
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`C. Overview of Bella .......................................................................................59
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`D. There was motivation to combine Natarajan 1992 and Bella .....................62
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`Patent No. 7,371,734
`Declaration of Dr. Zygmunt Haas
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`E. Element-by-element analysis of Natarajan 1992 and Bella ........................64
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`XIII. Claim 44 is invalid as obvious over Natarajan 1992 and Wilson ...............67
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`A. Summary of opinion relating to Natarajan 1992 and Wilson .....................67
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`B. Wilson is prior art. .......................................................................................67
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`C. Overview of Wilson ....................................................................................67
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`D. There was motivation to combine Natarajan 1992 with Wilson .................70
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`E. Element-by-element analysis of Natarajan '542 and Wilson ......................72
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`XIV. Claims 6, 14 and 21 are invalid as obvious over Natarajan '542 and Bantz.
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`79
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`A. Summary of opinion relating to Natarajan '542 and Bantz .........................80
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`B. Natarajan '542 and Bantz are prior art .........................................................80
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`C. Overview of Natarajan '542.........................................................................80
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`D. Overview of Bantz .......................................................................................82
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`E. There was motivation to combine Natarajan '542 with Bantz ....................83
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`F. Element-by-element analysis of Natarajan '542 and Bantz ........................87
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`1. Claim 6 .....................................................................................................87
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`2. Claim 14 .................................................................................................101
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`3. Claim 21 .................................................................................................103
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`XV. Claim 11 is invalid as obvious over Natarajan '542, Bantz and Bella ......105
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`A. Summary of opinion relating to Natarajan '542, Bantz and Bella ............105
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`B. Bella is prior art. ........................................................................................105
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`C. Overview of Bella .....................................................................................105
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`D. There was motivation to combine Natarajan '542, Bantz and Bella .........105
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`E. Element-by-element analysis of Natarajan '542, Bantz and Bella ............107
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`XVI. Claim 44 is invalid as obvious over Natarajan '542, Bantz, and Wilson. .109
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`XVII. Oath ........................................................................................................109
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`Patent No. 7,371,734
`Declaration of Dr. Zygmunt Haas
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`1.
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`I, Zygmunt Haas hereby declare as follows:
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`I. Engagement and compensation
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`2.
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`I have been retained by St. Jude Medical, Inc. to serve as an expert in
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`the inter partes review proceeding discussed above. For this service, I am being
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`paid my usual hourly consulting fee of $375 / hour.
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`II. Summary of opinions
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`3.
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`It is my opinion that claims 6, 14 and 21 of U.S. Pat. No. 7,371,734
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`("the '734 patent") are invalid as anticipated by the Natarajan 1992 article.
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`4.
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`It is further my opinion that claim 11 is invalid as obvious over
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`Natarajan 1992 and Bella.
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`5.
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`It is further my opinion that claim 44 is invalid as obvious over
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`Natarajan 1992 and Wilson.
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`6.
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`It is further my opinion that claims 6, 14 and 21 are invalid as obvious
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`over Natarajan '542 and Bantz.
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`7.
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`It is further my opinion that claim 11 is invalid as obvious over
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`Natarajan '542, Bantz and Bella.
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`8.
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`It is further my opinion that claim 44 is invalid as obvious over
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`Natarajan '542, Bantz, and Wilson.
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`III. Qualifications
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`Patent No. 7,371,734
`Declaration of Dr. Zygmunt Haas
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`9.
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`I hold a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University
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`(1988), a Master's Degree in Electrical Engineering from Tel-Aviv University in
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`Israel (1985 - summa cum laude) and a Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering
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`from Technion (IIT) in Israel (1979 – summa cum laude).
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`10.
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`I have approximately 30 years of relevant experience, including about
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`20 years of experience in wireless and mobile communications.
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`11.
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`I am currently a Professor and Distinguish Chair in Computer Science
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`at the University of Texas in Dallas. I have held that position since August, 2013.
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`Prior to that, I was a Professor of Electrical Engineering at Cornell University from
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`1995 to 2013, when I retired from Cornell with the title Professor Emeritus. At
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`Cornell, I taught courses in Networking and Wireless Networks, among others.
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`12. During 2010-2011, I was on leave from Cornell University to work as
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`a Program Director for the Engineering Directorate of the National Science
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`Foundation in Arlington, Virginia.
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`13. Prior to joining the faculty at Cornell, I worked in industry and
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`government. During 1994-1995, I worked for AT&T Business Communication
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`Services as a Member of the Technical Staff. From 1988 to 1995, I worked in
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`Network Research at AT&T Bell Laboratories. From 1985 to 1988 (while working
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`on my Ph.D.), I was a Research Assistant in the Electrical Eng. Dept., Stanford
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`University. From 1981 to 1985 (while completing my Master's Degree) I also
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`worked as a Teaching Assistant in the Electrical Engineering Department of the
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`Tel-Aviv University. The bulk of this experience involved communication
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`networks and in particular, wireless networked communication systems.
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`14.
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`I have received a number of awards and recognitions throughout my
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`career, including: The 2012 IEEE ComSoc WTC Recognition Award (the award
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`recognizes individuals for "outstanding technical contributions in the field and for
`
`his service to the scientific and engineering communities") presented at IEEE
`
`Globecom 2012, December 5, 2012, Anaheim, CA (WTC Recognition Awards),
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`“Best Paper Award” for the paper “Collaborating with Correlation for Energy
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`Efficient WSN,” [M. Nikolov and Z.J. Haas], First ACM Annual International
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`Workshop on Mission-oriented Wireless Sensor Networking (ACM MiSeNet
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`2012), in conjunction with ACM MobiCom 2012, Istanbul, Turkey, August 26,
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`2012 IEEE Distinguished Lecturer Tour, Scandinavian Countries, May 25, 2009 –
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`June 5, 2009, Elevation to IEEE Fellow, January 2007, Promotion to the rank of
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`Full Professor, School of ECE, Cornell University, July 1, 2004, Distinguish
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`Lecturer, IEEE Communications Society, (two terms) 01/2004 - 12/2005, 01/2005
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`- 12/2007, IEEE Distinguished Lecturer Tour, Australia, September 26-October 3,
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`2005, Expert Lecturer, IEEE Communications Society, 2002-2004, Michael
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`Tien'72 Excellence in Teaching Award, Cornell College of Engineering for 2002-
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`2003 academic year, November 2003, “Best Paper Award” for the paper “Optimal
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`Resource Allocation for UWB Wireless Ad Hoc Networks,” [C. Zou and Z.J.
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`Haas], IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio
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`Communications (PIMRC'05), “Highly Commended Paper Award” for the paper
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`“Performance Evaluation of the Modified IEEE 802.11 MAC for Multi-Channel
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`Multi-Hop Ad Hoc Network,” [J. Li, Z.J. Haas, M. Sheng, and Y. Chen], IEEE
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`International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications
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`(AINA 2003), Elected Chair of the IEEE Technical Committee on Personal
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`Communications (TCPC), January 2001 - November 2002 (previously elected
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`Vice Chair and Secretary), Michael Tien'72 Excellence in Teaching Award,
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`Cornell College of Engineering for 1999-2000 academic year, September 2000,
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`Numerous Marquis Who’s Who citations, Election to Indefinite Tenure, Cornell
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`University, October 1998, Michael Tien'72 Excellence in Teaching Award, Cornell
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`College of Engineering for 1996-1997 academic year, September 1997, AT&T
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`Foundation Award, September 1995, President Award, Technion, Israel (1976,
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`1977, 1978, and 1979) IEEE Communications Society (ComSoc).
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`15.
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`I have authored or co-authored over 200 refereed journal and
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`conference publications, primarily in the fields of wireless and network
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`communications.
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`16.
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`I have approximately 18 issued or pending patents in the fields of
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`communications, networking and/or wireless communications.
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`Patent No. 7,371,734
`Declaration of Dr. Zygmunt Haas
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`IV. My understanding of the relevant law.
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`A. Claim construction
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`17.
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`I understand that, when a patent is expired, a claim term in an inter
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`partes review is to be interpreted in the following manner. First, the language of
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`the claims themselves is of primary importance, in the effort to ascertain precisely
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`what it is that is patented. The terms used in a claim are generally given the
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`ordinary and customary meaning that the terms would have to a person of ordinary
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`skill in the art in question at the time of the alleged invention, unless the term is
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`expressly defined in the patent. The person of ordinary skill in the art reads the
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`claim in the context of the entire patent, including the specification. Next to the
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`language of the claims, the specification is the single best source for interpreting
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`the claim terms. The claims may also be interpreted using the record of
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`correspondence between the patent applicant and the Patent Office, and also with
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`reference to other sources of evidence that can help to define the meaning of terms
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`to a person of ordinary skill in the relevant timeframe. I define the relevant
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`timeframe in ¶71, below.
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`B. Anticipation
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`18.
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`I understand that a claim in an issued patent can be invalid if it is
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`anticipated. In this case, "anticipation" means that there is a single prior art
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`reference that discloses every element of the claim, arranged in the way required
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`by the claim.
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`19.
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`I understand that an anticipating prior art reference must disclose each
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`of the claim elements expressly or inherently. I understand that "inherent"
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`disclosure means that the claim element, although not expressly described by the
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`prior art reference, must necessarily be present based on the disclosure. I
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`understand that a mere probability that the element is present is not sufficient to
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`qualify as "inherent disclosure".
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`C. Obviousness
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`20.
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`I understand that a claim in an issued patent can be invalid if it is
`
`obvious. Unlike anticipation, obviousness does not require that every element of
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`the claim be in a single prior art reference. Instead, it is possible for claim
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`elements to be described in different prior art references, so long as there is
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`motivation or sufficient reasoning to combine the references.
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`21.
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`I understand that a claim is invalid for obviousness if the differences
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`between the claimed subject matter and the prior art are such that the subject
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`matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the alleged invention was
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`made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter
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`pertains.
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`22.
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`I understand, therefore, that when evaluating obviousness, one must
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`consider obviousness of the claim "as a whole". This consideration must be from
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`the perspective of the person of ordinary skill in the relevant art, and that such
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`perspective must be considered as of the "time the invention was made".
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`23. The level of ordinary skill in the art is discussed in ¶¶59-69, below.
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`24. The relevant timeframe for obviousness, the "time the invention was
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`made", is discussed in ¶71, below.
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`25.
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`I understand that in considering the obviousness of a claim, one must
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`consider four things. These include the scope and content of the prior art, the level
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`of ordinary skill in the art at the relevant time, the differences between the prior art
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`and the claim, and any "secondary considerations".
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`26.
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`I understand that "secondary considerations" include real-world
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`evidence that can tend to make a conclusion of obviousness more probable or less
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`probable. For example, the commercial success of a product embodying a claim of
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`the patent could provide evidence tending to show that the claimed invention is not
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`obvious. In order to understand the strength of the evidence, one would want to
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`know whether the commercial success is traceable to a certain aspect of the claim
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`not disclosed in a single prior art reference (i.e., whether there is a causal "nexus"
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`to the claim language). One would also want to know how the market reacted to
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`disclosure of the invention, and whether commercial success might be traceable to
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`things other than innovation, for example the market power of the seller, an
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`advertising campaign, or the existence of a complex system having many features
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`beyond the claims that might be desirable to a consumer. One would also want to
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`know how the product compared to similar products not embodying the claim. I
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`understand that commercial success evidence should be reasonably commensurate
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`with the scope of the claim, but that it is not necessary for a commercial product to
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`embody the full scope of the claim.
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`27. Other kinds of secondary considerations are possible. For example,
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`evidence that the relevant field had a long-established, unsolved problem or need
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`that was later provided by the claimed invention could be indicative of non-
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`obviousness. Evidence that others had tried, but failed to make an aspect of the
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`claim might indicate that the art lacked the requisite skill to do so. Evidence of
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`copying of the patent owner's products might also indicate that its approach to
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`solving a particular problem was not obvious. Evidence that the art recognized the
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`value of products embodying a claim, for example, by praising the named
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`inventors' work, might tend to show that the claim was non-obvious.
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`28.
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`I further understand that prior art references can be combined where
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`there is an express or implied rationale to do so. Such a rationale might include an
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`expected advantage to be obtained, or might be implied under the circumstances.
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`For example, a claim is likely obvious if design needs or market pressures existing
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`in the prior art make it natural for one or more known components to be combined,
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`where each component continues to function in the expected manner when
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`combined (i.e., when there are no unpredictable results). A claim is also likely
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`invalid where it is the combination of a known base system with a known
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`technique that can be applied to the base system without an unpredictable result.
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`In these cases, the combination must be within the capabilities of a person of
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`ordinary skill in the art.
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`29.
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`I understand that when considering obviousness, one must not refer to
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`teachings in the specification of the patent itself. One can, however, refer to
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`portions of the specification admitted to be prior art, including the
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`"BACKGROUND" section. Furthermore, a lack of discussion in the patent
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`specification concerning how to implement a disclosed technique can support an
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`inference that the ability to implement the technique was within the ordinary skill
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`in the prior art.
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`V. Technical introduction
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`A. Background
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`30. The following is a brief technical background covering some concepts
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`relevant to the '734 patent specification and its claims.
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`31. The '734 patent has the title "MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL
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`PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS NETWORK". A wireless network is a group of
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`Patent No. 7,371,734
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`stations that communicate with each other using a wireless technology, such as
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`radio. For example, the '734 patent shows a group of radio stations, called
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`"communicators", in Fig. 1, reproduced below:
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`
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`32.
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`In Fig. 1, communicators are labeled 60a, 60b, 60c, 60d, 60e and 60f.
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`
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`Each communicator has a transmitter and receiver (or "transceiver"). (Ex. 1001,
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`14:15-34). The transceivers send and transmit electromagnetic waves in the radio
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`frequency ("RF") portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. (Ex. 1001, 5:9-12).
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`Usually, such communicators will have one or more assigned frequency bands, or
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`channels. (Ex. 1001, 15:65-16:4). If a transmitter is transmitting in a particular
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`Patent No. 7,371,734
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`frequency channel, a receiver must be listening to the same channel in order to
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`receive the communication.
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`33.
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`In a network of communicators using the same channel, it is possible
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`that collisions will occur. A collision in the RF sense means that two transmitters
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`that are sufficiently close to a given receiver transmit at the same time. The
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`transmissions can then interfere with each other being received at a given receiver.
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`This is similar to what happens when people try to hear a conversation in a
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`crowded restaurant—other voices make it more difficult to hear.
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`34. To manage the problem of collisions, networks even prior to the
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`relevant timeframe (and today) use rules. Such rules are referred to as MAC
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`("Media Access Control") protocols. The MAC protocols specify the conditions
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`under which communicators in a network could transmit.
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`35. There were a number of approaches to designing MAC protocols that
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`were known for wireless networks during the relevant timeframe. The '734 patent
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`describes three common examples: CSMA, TDMA, and PRMA. (Ex. 1001, 2:63-
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`5:6).
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`36.
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`In CSMA ("Carrier Sense Multiple Access"), a communicator will
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`first check whether the communications medium is in use prior to transmitting. If
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`the medium is in use, the communicator will "back off", waiting a certain length of
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`time to try again. If the medium is not in use, the communicator will transmit its
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`Patent No. 7,371,734
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`message. (Ex. 1001, 2:63-2:10). Note that although in CSMA communicators
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`check for existing transmission before they access the medium, there is still some
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`(although reduced) probability of collisions in CSMA. The '734 patent states that
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`CSMA "perform[s] poorly when many stations are contending for access to the
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`medium…." (Ex. 1001, 3:13-15). One reason is that the probability of collision
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`increases when many stations are competing for access to the shared medium.
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`Furthermore, unless special provisions are made, one communicator could
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`potentially dominate medium access if it has a large amount of data to transmit.
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`37. The second admitted prior art protocol is "Time Division Multiple
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`Access" or TDMA. In TDMA, each communicator is assigned a time slot in which
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`it may transmit. Outside of the time slot, the communicator is not permitted to
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`transmit. The time slots are typically evenly divided among communicators. (Ex.
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`1001, 3:26-36). The '734 patent states that under some conditions, a TDMA
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`system can perform poorly. This can happen, for example, when network traffic is
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`"bursty". In "bursty" conditions, a communicator usually has little data to transmit,
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`but may from time to time receive a large amount of data to transmit. Under such
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`conditions, the slots for the inactive communicators will continue to be assigned in
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`a standard TDMA system, leaving that bandwidth unused. The slot for the active
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`transmitter will not be expanded, even if the data to transmit exceeds the available
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`bandwidth. (Ex. 1001, 3:43-48).
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`Patent No. 7,371,734
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`38.
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`In a PRMA ("Packet Reservation Multiple Access") system, each
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`communicator sends a reservation request to a master station. The master station
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`receives the requests, and allocates slots for transmission as needed. (Ex. 1001,
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`3:60-61). This allows the master communicator to be more flexible about who
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`uses the system, and to deal with "bursty" network conditions. However, the
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`sending of reservation requests and confirmations take up a certain amount of
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`overhead, reducing bandwidth available for transmissions of user data. (Ex. 1001,
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`4:13-22).
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`39. Variations and hybrids of these schemes, as well as schemes based on
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`different principles, were also known in the relevant timeframe.
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`40. Proprietors of wireless networks were also concerned with managing
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`errors that occur in transmission. Transmissions in a wireless medium are typically
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`susceptible to more errors than transmissions in a wired medium would be. This
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`can be exacerbated by the portability of units in a wireless network. A wireless
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`network is often used to allow the portability of the communicators. For example,
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`a communicator might be a portable computer. The portable computer might be
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`moved from place to place, and in each place the communicator might have a
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`different radio path to other communicators. Certain radio paths will be better than
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`others (more direct, less interference, etc.), and will result in better or worse
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`Patent No. 7,371,734
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`communications. Poor links may result in high numbers of errors at the receiving
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`station.
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`41. To compensate for potential errors in a wireless medium, it is possible
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`to use error control (e.g., error correction) methods. These can include, for
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`example, including error detecting codes in a transmission. An error detecting
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`code can be calculated using the message data. The calculated code will then be
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`appended to and transmitted with the message. When the receiver receives the
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`transmission, it attempts to re-calculate the error-detecting code from the message.
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`If the calculated code does not match the received code, then an error in the
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`received transmission is assumed. At this point, a number of schemes can be
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`implemented to correct the transmission. For example, the receiver can send back
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`a non-acknowledgement packet, requesting that the transmitter re-transmit the
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`message. In the relevant timeframe, there were already known numerous
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`sophisticated schemes available for error control, such as error detection and error
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`correction schemes.
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`42. Patents like the '734 patent were concerned with wireless network
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`communications. The wireless communications formed part of the physical
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`network. Other types of physical networks (primarily wired networks) were in
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`widespread use in the relevant timeframe. Furthermore, many types of data traffic
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`moved over both wired and wireless networks connected to the Internet in the
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`relevant timeframe. Typically, applications that used the Internet to communicate
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`(such as computer programs that generated data to be communicated) were not
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`aware of whether their data were traveling over wired or wireless networks. In
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`particular, such applications did not have to be concerned with the physical
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`medium over which their data was sent.
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`B. '734 Patent Disclosure
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`43. The '734 patent is purportedly directed at a MAC protocol for wireless
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`networks. A wireless network of the '734 patent consists of communicators that
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`function as "hubs" and "remotes". The term "hub" refers to a communicator that
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`serves as a coordinator and forwarder of communications between other
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`communicators. These other communicators are called "remotes". The '734
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`patent's MAC protocol defines a process that allows a group of communicators to
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`choose one of them to serve as a hub. (Ex. 1001, 5:42-45; 42:54-61).
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`44. The MAC protocol of the '734 patent uses repeating "communication
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`cycles". Communication cycles are depicted in Figs. 3 and 10 of the '734 patent.
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`(Ex. 1001, 7:10-17 and 32-34). Figure 3 shows a communication cycle in circular
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`form, while Fig. 10 shows the communication cycle in linear form. Fig. 10 is
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`reproduced below:
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`Patent No. 7,371,734
`Declaration of Dr. Zygmunt Haas
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`45. Figure 10 has a time arrow in the upper left, indicating that the left
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`part of the diagram is earlier in time, and the right part of the diagram is later in
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`time. The communication cycle of Fig. 10 repeats. (Ex. 1001, 5:44-47). The
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`events that happen within a single communication cycle thus serve to illustrate
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`several main points of the '734 patent MAC protocol.
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`46. The communication cycle of the '734 patent is divided broadly into an
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`outbound portion and an inbound portion. The terms "outbound" and "inbound"
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`are from the perspective of a communicator called a "hub". Thus, when a
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`communication is "outbound" from the perspective of the hub, it is being
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`transmitted by the hub and going to one or more remotes. When a communication
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`is "inbound" from the perspective of the hub, it is being transmitted by one or more
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`remotes to the hub.
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`47. As shown in Fig. 10, the communication cycle begins on the left with
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`an "outbound portion", or a time when the hub transmits to one or more remotes.
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`The first interval in the outbound portion is an "info interval 76". The '734 patent
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`explains:
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`"[T]here is an initial information (info) interval 76 during which the
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`hub 64 transmits control and other information to the remotes 66. This
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`information allows each of the remotes 66 to recognize and participate
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`in the communication cycle at the predetermined times." (Ex. 1001,
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`11:57-62).
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`Declaration of Dr. Zygmunt Haas
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`48. When the '734 patent refers to "the predetermined times" here, it is
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`referring to the specified times for the remotes to transmit and receive. Having
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`specified times to transmit and receive allows the remotes to calculate when they
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`need to participate in communication. If the remotes can calculate when they need
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`to participate, they can power down their transmitting and receiving circuits at
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`other times, when these circuits are not needed, saving battery power. When the
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`circuits are needed again, they can be powered up. The '734 patent explains this as
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`follows:
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`"Because all frames, both outbound and inbound, occur at
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`predetermined times, the remotes 66 are able to determine in advance
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`approximately when to expect frames transmitted from the hub and
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`when to transmit frames to the hub. As a consequence of the
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`predictable times when frames may be both received and transmitted,
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`the remotes can power their radio interfaces down to preserve power
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`at other times. Because radio circuits with radiated RF energy levels
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`that comply with the rules in Part 15 of the FCC regulations consume
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`about as much electrical power when receiving as when transmitting,
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`this ability to power the radio off completely is a major benefit for
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`battery-powered communicators." (Ex. 1001, 14:29-41).
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`49. The information transmitted in the information interval 76 at the
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`beginning of the communication cycle is sufficient to allow the remotes to
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`calculate the start time and duration of the intervals when the remotes will need to
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`power their transmitters and/or receivers on. (Ex. 1001, 5:44-66; 13:12-27; 12:47-
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`58; Abstract).
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`50. Following the information interval 76 there is a broadcast interval 78.
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`The purpose of the broadcast interval 78 is to "allow the hub 64 to broadcast the
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`same information to all of the remotes 66 in the Group, using a single transmission
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`that is expected to be received simultaneously by all remotes 66." (Ex. 1001,
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`11:63-66). The broadcast interval is followed by directed interval 80, where the
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`hub sends data to specific remotes. (Ex. 1001, 11:67-12:1). Finally, the outbound
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`interval concludes with alternate information interval 82, which repeats the
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`information sent in information interval 76, in case it was missed the first time
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`around. (Ex. 1001, 12:1-5).
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`51. Following the outbound portion 72, there is an inbound portion 74.
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`The inbound portion 74 begins with a series of "remote transmission Txop
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`intervals (84)", where "Txop" refers to "transmission opportunity". These "Txop
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`intervals" are intervals specifically allocated to individual remotes, during which
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`the remotes are allowed to transmit. (Ex. 1001, 12:14-13:11). The '734 patent
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`explains as follows:
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`"During the inbound portion 74 of the communication cycle 70, those
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`remotes 66 which have requested a transmission opportunity (Txop)
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`to transmit messages to the hub 64 are provided with an opportunity to
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`do so. Generally, the hub 64 allocates to each remote 66 requesting
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`one a Txop 84. The Txop 84, simply is a position in the order of other
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`remotes 66 which have requested Txops 84 to transmit to the hub 64.
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`The Txop is an am