NOTICE
`
`THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED FROM
`MICROFICHE. ALTHOUGH IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT
`CERTAIN PORTIONS ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RELEASED
`IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE AS MUCH
`INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE
`
`Page I of 46
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`FORD 1226
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`

`
`CONS.4209.T1 (Vo!.7)
`
`HYBRID VEHICLE POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT
`
`Volume 7: Hybrid Vehicle Review
`
`By
`K.O. Leschly
`
`September 30, 1979
`
`Work Performed Under Contract No. EM-78-1-01-4209
`
`Jet Propulsion Labor~tory
`California Institute of Technology
`Pasadena, California
`
`U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
`
`Page 2 of 46
`
`FORD 1226
`
`c
`
`.i
`
`

`
`DISCLAIMER
`
`"This book wv, s prepared as an ~¢c~>unt of work =pon,~ored by an agency ot the United
`State,~ (;(w~nment, Nei,’her the United Steles Government nor any a~,’ncy t~tereof, nor any
`or their employ, eel. makes any warranty, express or |mpiied~ or assume~ any le!~at liability or
`tespunsibUity [or the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any inturmation~ apparatus,
`product, nr process dialoged, or represent(cid:128) that it~ use ~,oula not Infringe privately owned
`tights. Reference herein to an~" .~pecffic commercial product, process, or service by trade
`name, trademark, manulbcturer, or otherwise, does not ttecesmrily constitute or imply its
`endor~m~nt, recommendation, or tavorin~ by the Uniter’. Staler Government oz any agency
`therefor- The views and opinions ol authors expre~ed herein do not necessarily state or
`reI"lect those of the t~nited States Gtwernmcnt or an)’ agency thereoL"
`
`This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy.
`
`Available from the National Technic’,d Inf~armation Service, U. S. Department of
`Commerce, Springfield, X, irginia 22161.
`
`Price: Paper Ct,py $6.00
`Micro fiehc $3,50
`
`Page 3 of 46
`
`FORD 1226
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`

`
`CONS.4209-T1 (Vol.7)
`Distribution Cat~gow UC-96
`
`ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLE SYSTEH
`RESEARCH AND DEVBLOPI~NT PROJECT
`
`HYBRID VEHICLE POTSNTLqL ASSESSHI~,NT
`VOLUME VII, HYBRID VEHICLE REVIEW
`
`September 30, 1979
`
`K. O. Le~chly
`
`Approved by:
`
`F. T. Surber
`Managert Studies and Assesmenta
`
`T. A. Barber
`Manager, Electric and Hybrid
`Vehicle Systea Research and
`Development Project
`
`Prepared for
`U.S. Department of Energy
`
`by
`Jet Propulsion Laboratory
`Cali£ornla Institute of Technology
`Pasadena, California
`
`FORD 1226
`
`Page 4 of 46
`
`

`
`PREFACE
`
`In 1976, Congress passed the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle (£HV)
`Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1976, Public Law
`94-413, later amended by Public Law 95-236. The Department of Energy
`is conducting an EIW development program in compliance vith that Law.
`The EiIV System Research and Development Project, one ele=ent of this
`Program, is being conducted by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of
`the California Institute oE Technology through an agreement with the
`National Aeronautics and Space Admlnistratlon. This report presents
`the results of the investisatlons ~:onducted under the Hybrid Vehicle
`Potential Assessment Task vhich is a part of the EHV Systems R&D
`Project.
`
`Early results of this study were used as the technical basis for
`tt,c Near Term Hybrid Vehicle Development Program now being carried out
`by the JPL Electric end Hybrid Vehicle System Re,earch and Development
`Project.
`
`This report is in ten volumes. Volume I contains an overview of
`:he study and the major findlngs~ Volumes II through X are of
`~echnical supplementary reports that describe the details of the study
`and present the most important data generated by the study elements.
`
`STUDY TEAM ~t/BERS
`
`Principal Investigator
`
`F. T. Surber
`
`Hybrid Vehicle Review
`
`K. O. Leschly
`
`Mission Analysis
`
`Power Train Analysis
`
`Cost Analysis
`
`Impacts Analysis
`
`F. T. Surber
`G. K. Deshpande
`
`S. P. ;~eGrey
`S. C. l,iddle
`Z. Poplnskl
`
`K. S. Hardy
`R. C. Heft
`
`K. O. Leschly
`
`Page 5 of 46
`
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`FORD 1226
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`

`
`Volumes Comprisin8 the ~ybrid Vekicle Potential Assessment
`
`Report No.
`
`Subject
`
`Author(s)
`
`:..
`
`¯
`
`, _ , ,
`
`,IH ,
`
`, ]H
`
`.. ,
`
`, ,,
`
`t
`
`5030-345, Vol. I
`
`Su~nar y
`
`5030-345, Vol. II
`
`Mission Analysis
`
`5030-345, Vol. III
`
`Parallel ~ystems
`
`5030-345, Vol. IV
`
`Series Systems
`
`5030-345, Vol. V
`
`Flywheel Systems
`
`5030-345, VoI. VI
`
`Cost Analysis
`
`F. T. Surber
`et al.
`
`F, T. Surber
`G. K. Ueshpande
`
`S, P, DeCrey
`
`Z. PopJnski
`
`S. G. Liddle
`
`K. S. Hardy
`
`5030-345, Vol. VII
`
`Hybrid Vehicle Review
`
`K. O. Leschly
`
`5030-345, Vol. VIII
`
`Scenario Generation
`
`K. O. Leschly
`
`5030-345, Vol. IX
`
`Power Train S-mary,
`Component Descriptions,
`HYVEC Vehicle Simulator
`
`S. C. Liddle
`S. P. DeCrey
`
`5030-345, Vo!. X
`
`Electri(cid:128) and Hybrid Vehicle
`Cost H~ndbook
`
`R. C. Heft
`S. C. Heller
`
`Page 6 of 46
`
`iv
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`

`
`CO~E~S
`
`APPROACH
`
`GENERAL FINDIN(:S AND ANALYSIS
`
`HYBRID VEIIICLE DATA BASE
`
`REFERENCES
`
`REVIEW FORMS
`
`2,
`
`3,
`
`4,
`
`5.
`
`l,
`
`2,
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`1
`
`",istorlcal Distribution of IIV Configurations
`
`Distribution of lIV Configurations v,~, Fuel
`
`Distribution of IIV Configurations vs. Storage
`
`Distribution of HV Configurations vs.
`Op~ratlng Modes .............
`
`Power Plants (Multiple Fuel Electric HVs Only)
`
`Conventional Powertrain Schemt,s
`
`7.
`
`HV Pow~rtrain Schemes
`
`TabJes
`
`I.
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`4~
`
`5.
`
`6~
`
`llybr[d Vehlcle Status
`
`Distribution of !IV Configurations vs. Fuels and
`Operating Modes
`
`Distribution of IIV Configurations vs. HV Typo
`with and without Separate Generator
`
`Key Characteristics of Hybr’id Passenger Cars
`
`Key Characteristics of Hybrid Trucks, Vans,
`Busses
`
`Summary Vehicle Description of Hybrid
`Passenger Cars
`
`,
`
`Summary Vehicle Description of Hybrid Trucks
`and Vans
`
`8~
`
`Summary Vehicle Description of Hybrid Busses
`
`I
`
`2
`
`13
`
`29
`
`31
`
`3
`
`4
`
`4
`
`6
`
`7
`
`8
`
`9
`
`7
`
`14
`
`16
`
`17
`
`23
`
`25
`
`Page 7 of 46
`
`v
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`FORD 1226
`
`

`
`P(,rfor)nancc of Hybrid Passcng~;r Gars
`
`10.
`
`Pcrft)r~11anc~, of ltybr~.d Trucks and Busses .................
`
`26
`
`28
`
`Page 8 of 46
`
`vi
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`

`
`HYBRID VEHICLE REVIEW
`
`A review of hybrid vehicles (Has) built during the past ten years or
`
`planned to be built in the near fur-re has been conducted in support of the
`
`Hybrid Vehicle Potential Assessment. The primary purpose for this review was
`
`to generate an updated and more extensive data base on the state-of-the-art of
`
`hybrid vehlcles, than reported in previous studies (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).
`
`Furthermore, an ettempt has been made to classify and analyze these vehicles
`
`to get an overall picture of their key characteristics.
`
`I. APPROACH
`
`The review included on-road hybrid passenger cars, trucks, cans and
`
`busses. It has been structured as a four step process:
`
`l=
`
`Identify (INVENTORY) actu~lly built and pla~med hybrid vehlcles and their
`
`builders and owners. This activity included= a) literature search of
`bibliographies, reference listings, and recent study reports; h) scanning
`of relevant professional journals and conference proceedings~ and c)
`follc~ up on hint~ and rumor~ from people involved with electric and
`
`hybrid vehicle ~elated work ("ears to the ground").
`
`2, Complete a l-page SUMMARY VEHICLE DESCRIPTION (see pg. 30~ for each
`
`vehicle, baaed on the literature and/or phone conversation with the
`partlcular builder. Foreign builders were approached through their
`
`embassies or business representatives here in the U.S.A.
`
`3~ Mal! a 6-page DETAILED ~P.ICLF SPECIFICATION QUESTIONNAIRE (see pgso
`
`31-36) to each builder in an attempt to get a more detailed description of
`
`their vehicle.
`
`4. TABULATE, CLASSIFY~ and ANALYZE the data collected during steps I to 3.
`
`In support cf the initial phase of the data collection actlvi~ies, *#islts
`
`were made to seven di£ferenr sires in the U.S.A., covering 8 hybrid passenger
`
`carat 1 hybrid van, and 1 hybrid bus°
`
`Page 9 of 46
`
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`

`
`2. GENERAL FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
`
`All oi Lhe vehicles identified in the hybrid vehicle review are
`
`experimental and basically proof-of-concept vehicles. While a fev of these
`
`vehicles are meant to be preproductlon prototypesp none of them have actualty
`
`led to any volume production larger than two-of-a-klnd.
`
`A total of 81 hybrld vehicles were identified worldwide. Twelve of them
`
`are still at the design stage planned to be built in the near future, while
`
`the rest (69) have been built within tLe last ten years.
`
`Host of these vehicles have been o~erated with only one particular hybrid
`
`powertrain configllratlon (i.e., a specific arrangement of a specific set ot
`
`major powertrain components). Only thre,~ vehicles (all passenger cars) have
`
`at one time or another been modified so d=qmstically that they each can be
`
`said to represent more than one hybrid configuration:
`
`¯ Gl~’s Stlr-Lec (2 ~onfigurations)
`
`¯ Kordesch’s Austin (2 configurations)
`
`¯ Univ. of Florida’s Urban Car (3 configurations)
`
`The 81 vehicles identified represent, in other words, a total of 85 hybrid
`
`vehicle configurations. It should be noted that existing hybrid vehicle
`
`designs which are not presently intended to be implemented in an actual
`
`vehicle have been excluded.
`
`A more detailed count of the reviewed hybrid vehicles in terms of their
`
`present status, national origin, and type of vehicle is given below in Table l.
`
`TABLE l 1 HYF~RID VEHICLE STATUS
`
`Present
`Status
`
`Passenger Cars
`.~ore ign
`USA
`
`Trucks and Vans
`Fore ign
`USA
`
`Busses
`Fore ign
`USA
`
`To ta 1
`
`Running Condition
`Out of Order
`Disassembled
`Status Unknown
`
`19
`I
`2
`14
`
`6
`0
`0
`8
`
`Sub tots 1
`Built to date
`
`36*
`
`14
`
`Planned for the
`near future 9
`
`Total
`
`1
`
`60
`
`2
`0
`1
`3
`
`6
`
`2
`
`6
`0
`0
`I
`
`7
`
`0
`
`2
`0
`I
`0
`
`3
`
`0
`
`2
`0
`0
`1
`
`3
`
`0
`
`15
`
`6
`
`37
`I
`4
`27
`
`69
`
`12
`
`81
`
`* Representing 40 configurations.
`
`Page 10 of 46
`
`-2-
`
`FORD 1226
`
`

`
`Xoat of the 85 reviewed hybrid vehicle configurations are conversions of
`
`conventional production vehiciea. 05 the 6~ (cid:128)onflguratlona where chassis a~d
`body style are known, there are 45 ~or 70~) ~-ch (cid:128)onversions and 6 (or 10~)
`
`with m~dlfied production chassis snd/or custom made fiberglass bodies. Only
`
`13 (or 20g) are specially built from the ground up.
`
`The historical dimtrlbution of the hyb-(d vehicle configurations is shown
`
`in Figure l, in terms of the first year of operstlon. Host of the earlier
`
`hybri~ vehicles were built in an attempt to m.Ke low pollution vehicles, while
`
`the later hvbrido p,edom~nan ly have been designed with a higher fuel economy
`
`in mind.
`
`12-
`
`i’° 9
`V.
`8 -
`Z
`8 7-
`
`5 -.
`
`3 --
`
`2 --
`
`1 -
`
`0 - -
`
`\
`
`"o
`z
`z
`\,
`
`\
`
`?
`
`I
`
`69 ~ 71 72 73 74 ~ ~ ~ 78
`
`FIRST YEAR OF O~UJION
`FIGURE 1: HISTORIC~, DISTRIBUTION OF HV CONFIGURATIONS
`
`Fue!. Almost 70~ (59 configurations) of thv reviewed configurations have
`
`been identified as "multiple fuel electric hybrids" (£he present DOE
`
`deflnltlon of a hybrid vehicle) while only 18% (15 conflguraticns) have been
`
`identified as single fuel hybrids (Figure 2).
`
`Storage. All of the 74 configurations with known type(s) of fuel and
`
`energy ~torage are "multiple storage hybrids", including dual battery systems
`
`for the 4 configurations with batteries only (Figure 3). It should he noted
`
`that the "multiple storage" term was initially used to identify the hybrid
`
`vehicles in this review,
`
`Page 11 of 46
`
`-3-
`
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`
`

`
`Q MULTIPLE FUEL ELECTRIC HYBR~0S (59)
`
`6
`
`0
`
`1
`
`0
`
`PASSENGER CARS (581
`
`FIGURE 2~ DISTRIBUTION OF HV CONFIGURATIONS VS. FUEL
`
`0
`
`I
`
`0
`
`3
`
`¯
`OTHER STORAGE j
`FLYWNEEL~ 8
`
`HYOILAULtC~ 4
`
`PASSENGER CARS 15tg
`
`iOtH~l STOP.AGE j
`
`FLYWHEEL= 2
`HYORAULIC~ |
`
`J
`
`TRUCKS, VANS & BUSSES 116)
`
`FIGURE 3: DISTRIBUTION OF HV CONI~IGURATIONS VS, STORAGE
`
`Page 12 of 46
`
`-4-
`
`FORD 1226
`
`i
`
`

`
`Operating Hodes. The operating modes of 59 of the reviewed configurations
`
`have been identified at the present. All of these configurat;ons are designed
`
`to be operated in one or more of the following four operating modes
`
`exclusively:
`
`¯ Heat Engine On-Off. The heat engine will automatically be turned on or
`
`off depending on the need for power and/or energy or at certain
`
`vehicles speeds.
`
`¯ Heat Engine Continuous, The heat engine will run continuously either
`
`at a constant rpm or a variable rpm depending on the need for power
`
`and/or energy.
`
`¯ All/Primary Heat Engine. The heat engine will deliver most or all of
`
`the needed power and energy to drive the vehiclet and in some cases
`
`even to recharge batteries (or other energy storage devices). In cases
`
`of extreme power demands, the batteries (or other energy storage
`
`devices) might be utilized as a supplementary power source.
`
`Ail/Primar~ Electric, The batteries will dellver most or all of the
`needed power and energy to d~ive the vehicle, in cases of extreme
`
`power demands the heat engine (or other energy storage devices) might
`be utilized as a supplementary power source.
`
`The distribution of hybrid vehicle configurations on these four operating
`
`modes is shown in Figure 4. Regenerative braking is employed in a tittle more
`
`than half (or 34) of chess 59 configurations. About 35Z (21 configurations)
`
`of them have been designed with only one operating mode in mind, Most of
`
`these also happen to be single fuel hybrids which correspond closely to the
`
`general trend of equlvalence between the number of fuels and operating modes
`
`(Table 2).
`
`Power Plan~s. The distribution of the 59 "multiple fuel electric hybrids"
`
`(identified above) in terms of their type of electric and non-electrical power
`
`plants is shown in Figure 5. It is seen that about 75Z of them (or 44) are
`
`using a conventional Otto cycle engine combined with some kind of a DC motor.
`
`Most often the parallel hybrids (i.e~, hybrids with direct drive from the
`
`heat engine to the drlveshaft) do not have a separate g~nerator as opposed to
`
`the series hybrid which requires a separate generator. But four
`
`configurations, or about 20X of the parallel hybrids vlo!ate this general
`
`trend by having a separate generator (Table 3).
`
`Page 13 of 46
`
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`

`
`ALL / PRIMARY
`HEAT ENGINE
`
`0
`
`B
`~
`U
`
`9
`
`ALL/PRIN’ARY
`ELECTRIC
`
`HEAT ENGINE
`CONTINUOUS
`
`!
`
`HEAT ENGINE
`ON - OFF
`
`5
`
`PASSENGER CARS (44)
`& TRUCKS, VANS & BUSSES (15)
`
`FIGURE 4: DTSTRIBUTION OF HV CONFIGURATIONS VS. OPERATING MODES
`
`TABLE 2: DISTRIBUTION OF HV C~I~IFIGURATIONS VS. FUELS AND OPERATING MOVES
`
`Type ~,f HV
`Configuration
`
`Single
`Fuel
`
`Dual
`Fuel
`
`Triple
`Fuel
`
`Unkown
`Fuel
`
`Total
`
`Single Mode
`
`Dval Mode
`
`Triple Mode
`
`Unknown Mode
`
`Total
`
`14
`
`I
`
`0
`
`0
`
`15
`
`7
`
`30
`
`5
`
`15
`
`57
`
`O
`
`2
`
`0
`
`0
`
`2
`
`0
`
`0
`
`O
`
`11
`
`11
`
`21
`
`33
`
`5
`
`26
`
`85
`
`Page 14 of 46
`
`-6-
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`

`
`..... 20
`
`ELECTRICAL POWERPLANT (MOTOR)
`
`DC ~I01ES
`
`D¢ SEP EXCITED
`
`DC SHUNT
`
`DC COMPOUND
`
`A¢ MOTOR
`
`UNKNOWN
`
`NON-ELECTRICAL POWERPLAN1
`
`OTTO ENGINE
`
`DIESEt ENGINE
`
`~RAYTON ENGINE
`
`S’tRLtNG ENGINE
`
`FUEL CELL
`
`FIGURE 5: POUR PLANTS (HULTIPL~ FUEL ELECTRIC HVr ONLY)
`
`44
`
`TABLE 3: DISTRIBUTION OF HV CONFIGURATIONS VS. HV TYPE
`WITH AND WITHOUT SEPARATE GENERATOR
`
`Type of HV
`Con f igura t ion
`
`Separate
`Generator
`
`No Separate
`Genera to r
`
`Unknown
`
`1"o ta I
`
`Series
`
`Parallel
`
`Other
`
`Unknown
`
`Tot~ I
`
`30
`
`4
`
`0
`
`0
`
`34
`
`0
`
`14
`
`17
`
`0
`
`31
`
`0
`
`2
`
`0
`
`18
`
`20
`
`30
`
`2~
`
`17
`
`18
`
`85
`
`Page 15 of 46
`
`-7-
`
`FORD 1226
`
`

`
`Powertrsin Schemes. A classification of the hybrid vehicle configurations
`
`wee attempted in terms of their particular powertrain scheme (Figure 7). The
`
`powertrain schemes for the conventional ICE and the conventional electr~
`
`vehicles are shown in Fig.re 6 for reference. A total of 20 hybrid vehicles
`
`powertrain schemesy distributed on five major configuration classes, were
`
`requ:red to cover al| of the 61 hybrids with known powertraln scheme=
`
`CLASS S=
`
`SERIES HYBRIDS
`
`(3 VARIATIONS/28 HVs)
`
`CLASS P:
`
`PARALLEL HYBRIDS
`
`(6 VARIATIONS/16 HVs)
`
`CLASS F:
`CLASS D~
`
`FLYWHEEL HYBRIDS
`
`(6 VARIATIONS/9 HVs)
`
`DUAL BATTERY HYBRIDS (l VARIATION/4 HVs)
`
`CLASS O=
`
`OTHER HYBRIDS
`
`(4 VARIATTON/4 HVs)
`
`Even though this classification indicates that on the average no more than
`
`three hybrid conflguratlons are allket there is a strong tendency to
`
`clusterlng around a few typical powertrain schemes (ilke "Sa" and "Pa’),
`
`DIFFERENTIAL~
`
`{ ]RANSM|SS{ON
`
`".ONvt NIIONAL
`ICE
`
`DYNA,~OTOR">/: ~ , ~ ,
`
`ELECTR|CAL POWER
`
`-i \
`
`/’ ""A’TI~RIES u~<CONTROLLER>
`
`FIGURE 6: CONVENTIONAL POWERTRAIN SCHEMES
`
`Page 16 of 46
`
`FORD 1226
`
`

`
`RO~J! AXLI
`
`OYNAMOIOI
`
`f G ~’~JA~OIO~"
`
`FVA~"-B~’
`
`IS[~II
`
`Sb
`
`~, HYBRID
`
`FIGURE 7: HV IX)~II~RTIRAIN BCHE’~:S /Page i
`
`Page 17 of 46
`
`-9-
`
`FORD 1226
`
`

`
`d[ ,,
`
`£
`
`Pa
`
`PA~RALLI L HYJN|D
`-- r~A-t7~--
`
`Pb
`
`PARALL{L HYblfO
`-T~
`
`Pe
`
`P~kLL[ k ~Y li~|D
`" ,V,,,;R, r~. ’
`
`Pf
`
`FIGURE 7 (conL)" HV POMERTRAIN SCHEMES /Page 2
`
`Page 18 of 46
`
`-lO-
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`FORD 1226
`
`

`
`F|XED
`
`om
`
`TRANSMISSION
`
`I~J
`
`~ FLY’WHEEt HYI~ID
`j y
`-- ~ 6~
`~~~ Fb
`
`t
`
`cv!
`
`~’AR C:
`
`Fc
`
`~o~ o~+~ ..........................
`/+’"\ ~ ’ !
`@
`
`p"~,
`
`~ ) FLY’VvHEEL I’Pt’BE! O
`m Fd
`
`...... +v, j
`(++o;~-
`
`/ mtmms ~
`
`~+++
`
`Fe
`
`FIGURE 7 (cont): HV PO~RTRAIN SCHEMES /Page 3
`
`Page 19 of 46
`
`-zl-
`
`FORD 1226
`
`

`
`J-
`
`~ OTHER HYBRID
`
`NAR, A)
`
`~01HE~ H¥I~D
`
`Ob
`
`HYDI~ULIC
`~oroR :~!,MP
`
`/
`
`~ T IT E’ ’~[~ ON ;OLL ’ J’ I>
`
`......... ~ (IIANSMJ|SS|ON ~ .........
`
`IflI ]
`
`\, ~s~o~ /
`
`FIGURE 7 (cont): HV POWERTEAIN SCHEMES /Page 4
`
`Page 20 of 46
`
`-12-
`
`FORD 1226
`
`

`
`3. ~sRID V~,XCLED^T^ SaS~
`
`the data base presented on the following pages consists of three sets of
`
`tables;
`
`O
`
`KEY CHARACTERISTICS (Tables 4, 5).
`
`Lists the major component types, operating modes~ and present
`
`status. Include~ all 85 configurations.
`
`e
`
`SUMMARY VEHICLE DESCRIPTIONS (Tables 6, 7, 8).
`
`Lists thp general vehicle specification data, with emphasis on the
`
`sizes of the major power train co.orient. Includes all 85
`
`configurations.
`
`o
`
`PERFORmaNCE (Tables 9, lO).
`
`Lists test results and manufacturers estimates of the vehicle
`
`performance. Includes only 30 configurations.
`
`This data base is furthermore subdivided according to the following vehicle
`
`types~ passenger cars (64 configurations)~ trucks and vans (15
`
`configurations), and busses (6 configurations).
`
`Page 21 of 46
`
`-13-
`
`FORD 1226
`
`

`
`-0
`
`0
`-.h
`
`0’)
`
`RC ~um~i~g Co~dition
`U~ Ou~ oE order (repair)
`DA Disassembled
`PL Planned
`Stnt~s t~k~
`
`Dnknown/Undecided
`
`P~A CARS
`
`IF-I Morchesrer Polytech. Inst.
`Ix-2 Univ. of ~ Hampshire
`IP-3 Univ. o[ Mis©onsl. (Pinto)
`P’~ Univ. RE Miseonsin (Urban)
`lq~ss. Inst. of Te~hnolo~w
`~-~
`
`~niv. of Colorado
`~,tional Hotors
`Cennrml Notor~ {512C Urban)
`T ~ General ~otors (XJ~P-IA)
`P-IO G~ner~l Motors (stir-Lee I)
`
`TABLE 4
`KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF H~BRID PA~$ENC~FR ~A~S /P~ge I
`
`F~LS
`
`STORACE
`
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`S~
`Ds
`
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`
`tc
`
`P-If ~,mersl Motors (Stir-Lec If)
`l~II Niai~rs (Hybrid C-l)
`P-13 ~1~
`I~1~ AudeL1 l~eors
`P-i~ Daihstsu (~l-H)/Japan
`
`I~-I~ Toyo~ (~V2-H)IJapmn
`P-J7 Univ. o~ Toronto/Canada
`I*-Ig
`~kev 3erwey Inst. of Te©h.
`P-19 Bradsham & ~est~ood/A~stralia
`P-20 Stilts I&D (Ymirlsne)
`
`P-~I Sti~ts It&D (Vg ~eetle)
`IP"22 Karl ~ordeseh (Ins Cony.)
`F’23 Karl ~ordench (2nd Cony.)
`F-2& E~rl Osbnro
`Ro~ Kaylor
`
`=’~
`I~
`b~
`O~
`
`P-26 Tur~le~
`P’27 Petro-~lectri© Motors
`e-2S ~u~ (nodse)
`1’-29 CARISc~ (l~.rnet)
`P-~O
`tiniv, o[ Florida (1~" G0nv.)
`
`0
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`¯ .....................
`
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`PL
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`5,1
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`DA
`R(cid:128)
`DA
`HC
`
`I~:
`RC
`
`¯
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`
`

`
`TABLE 4 (contd)
`
`¯
`
`¯
`
`~O
`
`0
`4~
`
`RC Rnoning cood]tion
`OR Out of order (repair)
`DA Disassembled
`PL Pl~m~d
`~ S~ar.~ l~kncman
`
`[hlkncr,.~n/O ndec i~d
`
`PASSEN~£~ ~ARS
`
`P-3! Univ. of Florida (2rid C0nv.)
`P-3~ Only. of Florida (]rd ¢~v.)
`IP-33 Sobe~t ~oscb/g. ~e~ma,y
`Ix-3Ls Volk~va~en/V. Germany
`P-3S Aachen ~ni~./W. Cerm~y
`
`P-36 Hati~n~l ?ark Service
`~37 Struc(nrn! Plastics
`P-38 Alterd~e
`tillia~ Toans/Rngland
`L~-)9
`~ioergy ~&D {Camaro)
`
`~n
`
`[ioergy I&D (r~dil lac}
`gin~rgy lid (Volvo 3~30L)
`
`Globel 5cle~ F~grs (V~ Rmbhi~
`Global Sclen Engrs {~ran~da)
`
`~4,6 J. R. Milliams
`2-67 Clifford l~’~ne
`P’-~8 Cmrrett
`P-49 Wallace Honre
`
`~.ry g~auper
`l~ihsenu (Felln~ Hax)/Japan
`Toyo Kogyo (EgDOS)/Japan
`John l~(;.r~chylF~giand
`
`¯
`¯
`¯
`
`¯
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`
`1~56 A- T. Fr~manfgo~imnd
`P"-57 M. Skeels/F.nKland
`F-58 ~chanical United A~sociation
`I~’59 ~ El~tronica
`0 P"~O Edwnrde Ele~tronlcs
`
`P-6t ElecCric Fuet Propulsion
`IP~2 Electric Passenger Car
`..~ P-63 General £ngine
`~,) ~ Hyhrlcon
`Po
`
`

`
`OPERAtINg. ~DES I PT PS
`
`= ~
`
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`~-
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`
`~USSES
`
`gill~ngs Energy
`B-I
`"TI B-2 Fiatfltaly
`0 g-3 General No~ors
`B-6 Univ. of Florida
`II~imler-gen~/W. Cermany
`B-5
`
`_x
`
`B-6 Kawaaaki/Jap~n
`
`I
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`
`....
`41
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`
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`
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`iSt
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`
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`
`It(:
`~J
`
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`IC
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`IC
`aC
`SO
`SU
`
`~c
`~J
`
`RC
`
`

`
`~echester
`P~lytech.
`Iuatitute
`
`~C Crezlln
`1970-
`
`HE-Battery
`$erlea
`d~-Off
`
`7-pass
`
`tic Otto
`gasoline
`
`AC 3pha*e
`25 kv
`
`DC ~herie~
`19 kW
`
`Lead-Acid
`16x6V
`
`B/A
`
`scg Ohop
`
`Ha trmnsu
`
`TABLE 6
`SI~4NARy VEHICLE DE~R[PTION OF HYMID PASSE~’F.~ CAI~S /Page !
`
`tabeetbase
`CurbWeigbt
`Passengers
`
`&ybrid
`Type
`
`Real Eng.
`F,el and
`~M-Max
`
`Generator
`Type and
`kW-gated
`
`EI-Hotor
`Type ann
`kW-Rated
`
`Batteries
`Voltage &
`Weight
`
`Flywheel
`geisha &
`kh~-I~tl
`
`Electric
`POuer
`~ditioniog
`
`Tran~ision
`a~ gtegem.
`BrakesR
`
`fetes
`&
`States
`
`RE-Battery
`Series
`Continuous
`
`OC Otto
`propan~
`22.5 kV
`
`Hg-Flyu
`
`On-Off
`
`UCOtto
`gasoline
`56 ~
`
`DC Rap E~
`2=20 kM
`
`l~ad-A¢id
`!Oxi2V
`
`N[A
`
`Sea Chop
`
`B/A
`
`BIA
`
`R/A
`
`Steel
`.50 kgh
`
`@lO,OOOrlm
`
`R/A
`
`BE-Battery
`Parallel
`Continuous
`
`Rotary
`propane
`37 kW
`
`(motor)
`
`DC Series
`13.5 k~
`~OOO rim
`
`Lead-Acld
`3xl2V
`204 kg
`
`H/A
`
`Tcaatsistor
`Chopper
`
`Rg-I~tttery
`Series
`Continum~a
`
`UC Otto
`tasolin~
`34 EW
`
`1~ Sop E3~
`15 kV
`
`Lead-Acid
`l&xl2V
`
`N/A
`
`SClt Chop
`
`26Goat
`1800 ~
`2-pane
`
`23at eta
`1270 klg
`2-1~Jas
`
`1800 lqg
`2-pas~
`
`P-I
`
`E;U
`
`1~2
`
`&suam~al
`& CYF
`leg Braking !*-3
`
`4s vmueetei
`t Spec Bear
`Beg BcakluR ~
`
`Ig:
`
`k~
`
`"!~ Nanufact~rer Cbassin &
`~1
`and
`Years of
`Operation
`(~
`Otmer
`rD
`FO
`(cid:128)~Jrl
`
`O
`-~
`
`(7)
`
`Italy. of
`Igewl~shlre
`
`1970-
`
`l~iv. of
`Miac~nsln
`
`Pard Pinto
`1976-
`
`I)nlv. of
`Wiacm3sin
`
`Spec built
`1972-
`
`I
`t-* Naaa. Inmt.
`6B Og4~
`OZ Technology Corsair
`I
`1970-72
`
`Italy. of
`~olorede
`
`68 tenault
`RIO
`1975-
`
`226 cm
`ll~Okg
`5-past
`
`Batiooal
`Notova
`(~inl IX)
`
`78 aids
`D~lta 8B
`1978
`
`~emrel Motors Spec h~,iit
`1q69-
`(§12C Urban)
`
`~4~mrai MOtors 6~ Opel
`gadett
`(XB;P-IA)
`19~9-
`
`~emral P~torn 68Opel
`(Stir.-Lec I) Wad~tt
`196~-
`
`195 m
`2~0 kg
`5-pass
`
`132 ~m
`570 kg
`2-paaa
`
`242 ~et
`13G0 kg
`~-pase
`
`242 cw
`145Ok8
`4-pass
`
`~enerml lqotors ,em~e as
`2&2 cat
`(Stir-hoe II) Stir-Lec I 1G75 q
`1q69-
`~-l~as
`
`[~
`
`__x
`
`AC 3phase
`12 kU
`
`AC 3phase
`G EU
`
`BE-Battery
`Series
`On-Off
`
`HE-Battery
`Parallel
`Contlrmou~
`
`U~ Otto
`~asolioe
`19 EU
`
`U~ Otto
`taamlirte
`
`HE-B~tter7
`Parallel
`On-Off
`
`UC O~to
`gasoline
`4 kv
`
`~
`i.3 kW
`
`Dual
`Battery
`
`NIA
`
`N/A
`
`BE-B~ttery
`Series
`~mntinuous
`
`HE-Battery
`Series
`Continuous
`
`Stlrllng
`gasoline
`6 kM
`
`Stifling
`~asoline
`6 k~
`
`AC 3phase
`18.6 k~
`
`AC 3phmte
`18.6 kM
`
`~ Co~p
`7.5 k~
`
`L~ad-~alt
`6~6V
`
`D~ Sep ~t
`l& k~
`@2AO0 rpm
`
`~ Series
`7.~ EM
`~2~00 rpe
`
`DC Series
`2a10.5 k~
`
`A~ Indue
`15 k~
`
`I~ Series
`15 EW
`
`Lead-Acid
`l~x6V
`490 kB
`
`Lead-Acid
`6xl~V
`60 ks
`
`Zn-Air/
`l~ad-Acld
`135V/gailY
`
`l~ad-Acid
`16x12q
`225 kg
`
`Lead-Acid
`I&xl2V
`225 kg
`
`4s manual
`No Rag Ir
`
`P-5
`
`D&
`
`~3mrttactors
`& ~eaiators &~ mamual
`Peg ltekiag 1~6 OIt
`
`~batoamtlc
`SeE |rakesI P-7
`
`SU
`
`NIA
`
`M/A
`
`M/A
`
`SCR Chop
`
`Spec ~eer
`So Itet tr
`
`P-~
`
`SU
`
`N/A
`
`~CR ~ep
`
`Sl~c ~r
`No Iteg Jr
`
`P-9
`
`gU
`
`M/A
`
`S~ t’hop
`
`Spec gear
`No I~ Br 1P-IO
`
`I~
`
`N/A
`
`~1 Chop
`
`Spe~ gear
`NoBel Mr P-II
`
`

`
`"O
`
`¢D
`tO
`O~
`
`o g
`
`TABLE 6 (contd)
`~HAR~ V~I~ICLE DE.~RIPTION OF HY~ID P~S:S~7,E~ ~’ARS [P~g~ 2
`
`Nm~ufacturer Chassis &
`and
`Years of
`Operation
`Om~r
`
`~eelbase
`Curb geiHht
`PmseenKers
`
`Hybrid
`Type
`
`Heat Eng.
`Fuel an~
`k~t~Maz
`
`~x’nerstor
`Tyro’ apd
`kW-Rated
`
`E!-~tor
`Ty~ and
`k~-Rat~d
`
`l~tteric5
`Voltage &
`~ei&ht
`
`Flywheel
`gelght &
`k~s-Eaz
`
`Electric
`Pot~r
`~ditioning
`
`Transmisioo
`and EeKen.
`~raking
`
`Motem
`&
`Status
`
`Ninicmrs
`(~ybrid ¢-1)
`
`~pec built
`1971-
`
`1~2 cs
`I360 k4~
`3-pass
`
`HE-kttery
`Parallel
`Gontir~,ous
`
`ffC Otto
`’zasoline
`30 k~
`
`(~0tor)
`
`DC Shx,qt
`? kb/
`
`glso H. Long
`
`¢adillac
`Eldorado
`
`~5OO kg
`B-pns
`
`UE-B-IIvdrI
`
`Brayt~
`gasoline
`
`l~ad-Acid
`Bxl2V - ~sBV
`2qO ~g
`
`Lead-Acid
`
`Ande il Motors
`
`I~ihatso/MiTI
`Jmpam
`(IN’I-B)
`
`Spar b~lt
`19¥fi°-
`
`219 Cm
`1250 kE
`&-pass
`
`HE-Battery
`$eriea
`
`Special2
`~etbane
`]T k~
`
`I~
`
`l~ Series
`~3.7 k~
`
`I~ad-~cld
`12a12V
`
`Dual
`Hatierv
`
`I~usl
`Battery
`
`N/A
`
`N/A
`
`H/A
`
`Iron-Air/
`L~sd-Aeid
`o.BV12~2V
`
`~ AtTn~
`12.6 k~
`
`DC-Sep Ez
`20 kg
`
`I~/A
`
`(’o~tactors
`
`2s a,t.’gaatic
`N~ Dheg Br
`
`P-12
`
`St*
`
`g/A
`
`~/A
`
`N/A
`
`P-I~ ~L
`
`so ira,am
`a¢g ~raking P-Ig K
`
`2~ ~nue!
`Me~ Braking P-|~ ~C
`
`2s axsto~stic
`
`~’rlasistor
`(cid:128)3~opper
`
`!
`
`I
`
`T~otS~MZTI
`Japaa
`(INv2-H)
`
`Spee ~ilt
`1976-
`
`2~0 m
`1255 kS
`~-pass
`
`l~iv. of
`Tor0ato.
`(cid:128),easd~
`
`Cheveile
`(modified)
`1971-
`
`Z-pass
`
`~/A
`
`Zn-Air/
`L~ad-Acid
`l~b~/Zs72V
`
`~/A
`
`Thyristor
`C~hopp~r
`
`~--Battery
`Parallel
`
`I~ Otto
`propane
`
`IX~ 5hung
`12 EM
`
`i~ Sap Eg
`12 kg
`
`l~:d-Acid
`lOzt2V
`
`B/A
`
`SC8 Chop
`
`DC Sh~mt
`20 k~
`
`Lead-Acid
`
`DC
`11 kg
`
`Lea d-Ac id
`IOxl2V
`
`I~/A
`
`$ Idd
`
`Lead~Ac id
`
`~ Series
`7.5 k~
`
`LeaA-~id
`7x12V
`175 kg
`
`P-16"
`
`lC
`
`~-17 ~
`
`P-18 Sll
`
`F-19 PL
`
`Former 1~
`1~20 Pl
`
`Former I~(cid:128)
`F-21 PL
`
`Free[ ~11
`Battery
`
`H/A
`
`M/A
`
`N/A
`
`~tectors As w~an~! Forwer
`~22 D&
`No Le~ 8r
`
`Jersey
`|aa~. of Tech.
`
`k~radahsv &
`H~ tvood ~
`b~at~ra I is
`
`Stz[~a I~D
`
`"FI
`
`65 Ford
`Fairlane
`
`Beetle
`
`..J~--
`I~lCmrg [ordesch 61 ~stin
`1971-7~
`
`~ _~(lat cony)
`
`B~-J-So tar
`Set ice
`
`t~ Otto
`gaso I ine
`
`6- pus
`
`305 ca
`
`~-ltaztery
`
`UC Otto
`gasoline
`3~ kV
`
`l~sotloe
`11 k~
`
`5-pus
`
`~-pass
`
`1200 kl~
`~-pasa
`
`1- Vith Hydraulic ~c~sattator.
`2. & ~pecial deeig~ed (cid:128)ombined ~otary and stems turbine engine.
`3. Vith Thyristor Inverter.
`
`

`
`TABLE 6 (contd)
`.~.A~v vE.~.~ o~sc~xrrlos oF ~B.~D PASSE~ER C*RS JPage
`
`"~ Manufacturer Chassis &
`ID
`Yea,’s of
`mnd
`Ovner
`Operation
`
`Ml~elbase
`~rb Weight
`Passengers
`
`Bybrid
`Type
`
`~eCt Eng.
`Fuel and
`k~-Hs~
`
`~,erator
`Type and
`kW-Rated
`
`Et-Hotor
`Type and
`kR-Rated
`
`I~tteries
`Voltage &
`Ueight
`
`Flyubeel
`~ight ~
`Idat-ltn
`
`Electric
`revel
`Co~4itimiat
`
`13ramsmlsi~t~
`and lemee.
`IkakiaI
`
`Ik~ta
`&
`Statwl
`
`"~1 Karl Kordesch
`(2rid ~onv.)
`O
`"~
`
`61 ~,stio
`I97~-
`
`1220 kg
`&-pass
`
`BE-Bat:sty
`Series
`C~mtinuou~
`
`"U~ Otto
`gala]ins
`12 kW
`
`AC 3phase
`7 kW
`
`I~ S~ries
`7.5 kW
`
`Lead-Acid
`8xl2V
`
`W/A
`
`¢ontaCtora
`
`4a ~1
`go gog Ir 1’-23 lie
`
`0) ~rl 0aborn
`
`950 kg
`
`BE-Battery
`Parallel
`
`UC Otto
`gasoline
`
`Lead-Acid
`
`mi^ sea o,o~
`
`-I977
`
`gaylor Energy 55 VI~
`Products
`l~etle
`1977-
`
`TurElec
`
`Spec built
`1973-
`
`I
`
`I
`
`Pe[ror-
`Electric
`Hotors
`
`72 B~mick
`Skylark
`1~72-
`
`_.
`
`2~O cm
`920 kg
`2-pass
`
`305 ca
`1800 kg
`~-pass
`
`29~ cm
`187~ kg
`~-paas
`
`BE-~ttery
`Series
`Ow~Off
`
`HE-Battery
`~;~+rles
`On-Off
`
`UC Otto
`gasoli~
`II kg
`
`Erayt,,n
`g~tsalloe
`38 kV
`
`qE-Battery
`Parallel
`Continuous
`
`Rotary
`gaeoline
`97 kW
`
`DC Shunt
`6 kM
`
`I)C Sap Ea
`!~.~ kW
`
`Lead*Acid
`12a6V
`
`H/&
`
`Coetsctors
`& ._~ (:bop
`
`P-2& N
`
`ts ml
`Ilol~[ Ik
`
`t~-2~ K
`
`iX; Series
`15 k~
`@~g)O rim
`
`IX: 3ep Ex
`t5 tM
`
`L~ad-A~td
`8xl2q
`
`l~ad-Acid
`8~12V
`135 kg
`
`RIA
`
`ST:I Qmo~
`
`&s wemmal
`leg Praki~ P-2~ I~
`
`P/A
`
`Comtaetors
`1N*m,iator
`
`3a t~a~utl
`I~eg ltrakiq 1~27 IK:
`
`AC 3phase
`30 kW
`
`(motor)
`
`(motor)
`
`Cremtive
`6~ P~dFe
`t~hmrger
`Aat~4totive
`Besearch (~} !q66-
`
`282 cm
`1980 kg
`&-pass
`
`CAt/Sm~tbern
`Cal. l~dison
`
`71 AH~
`ltorn~t ~mgen
`1976-
`
`278 cm
`1930 kg
`~-pmss
`
`l~iv. of
`glories
`(lat (cid:128)ony)
`
`IMiv. of
`Florida
`(2m~ cony)
`
`l)niv, of
`Florida
`(31"d conY)
`
`Datsun 510
`(wu~4ified)
`1972-73
`
`D~tsun 510
`(~4ified~
`1973-7~
`
`~ars~m 510
`(m~difled)
`1978-
`
`|chert ~seh
`M, Cermmny
`
`Ford ~cort
`1974-
`
`20~ cm
`1375 kg
`2-pass
`
`206 oa
`1270 kg
`2-pass
`
`206 ~
`kg
`2-pass
`
`-
`1~00 kg
`2-pams
`
`HE-~ttery
`Parallel
`On-Oft
`
`BE-Batte~y
`Series
`~ntinuo~s
`
`HE-Battery
`Series
`on-all
`
`HE-~attery
`Series
`C~ntinuous
`
`UC Otto
`gas/meth
`18.5 k~
`
`UC Otto
`gasoline
`7.5 k~
`
`UC Otto
`gasolirte
`10.5 iV
`
`l?~ Otto
`gaso,~ne
`10.5 k~
`
`BE-Battery
`Series
`
`Diesel
`Uie~el
`
`I)C Sap Ex
`1~ k~
`
`I~ Shunt
`7.~ ,~V
`
`OC Series
`15 kW
`
`A~: ]phase
`~.5 k~
`
`11~ Sap Ex
`2x19 kW
`
`~ 3phase
`6.5 kU
`
`AC 3phase
`
`IX:series
`15 kW
`~4000 rp~
`
`I)C Series
`I5 kW
`~OOO rpm
`
`Lead-Acid
`9a12V
`205 kg
`
`Lea~-Aci~
`16aI2V
`270 kg
`
`Le.ad-Acld
`8aIZV
`135 kg
`
`Lead-Acid
`8xI2V
`190/1&5 kg
`
`l~ad-~id
`8xl21
`192 kg
`
`N/&
`
`R/A
`
`Coataetors
`Bheomtat
`
`C~tactors
`lesistora
`
`4s mi
`’It~ |raklmg P"2| I~
`
`No traam
`Iio Iteg Sr
`
`Ix-29 I~
`
`IjA
`
`Cam[actors
`
`go trmmlm
`Re leg |r P.-30 IM
`
`N/& ~ -rlbOp
`
`Nil ~ {3)Op
`
`1’-31 Ikt
`
`~s~l
`No leg ~r
`
`4a i~|
`v/freev~eel
`IlO lieKIr
`
`RE-Battery
`Parallel
`On-Off
`
`UC Otto
`gasoline
`33 kR
`
`(mtor)
`
`I)~ Sap EX
`lb kW
`~2400 rpa
`
`Ni-Cd
`I~Y
`~05 kg
`
`R/A
`
`S~I Chop
`
`%o tramem
`Iteg traki~g
`
`P-33 St
`
`"11
`O
`0
`_x
`
`o~
`
`

`
`"O
`
`(0
`
`TABLE 6 (contd)
`~t~R\" VE||ICIE DK~:RIPT[ON OF ~BRID P~SE~{;ER CA~S /PaRe 4
`
`CO Nanufact~rer
`0 and
`Ovrer
`
`Chassis $
`Years of
`Operation
`
`~eekbaee
`Curb Meight Hyhrld
`Type
`Passengers
`
`Heat End,
`Fuel a~l
`kW*Hax
`
`Generator
`Type and
`kW-~ated
`
`El-~tor
`Type ~d
`kW-Rated
`
`flatteries
`Voltage &
`Weight
`
`Fl~ah~ei
`~igbt &
`kWh-Hax
`
`Electric
`Power
`Conditioning
`
`Transmision
`and ~egen.
`Brakia~
`
`Notes
`¯
`Status
`
`2~0 cm
`1775 kg
`
`5-pass
`
`240 cm
`2100 kg
`5-pass
`
`HE-Battery
`Parallel
`On-Off
`
`UC Otto
`gasoline
`26 kWl
`
`IIE-B-Flyw
`
`Rotary
`g~soline
`15 kg
`
`(~otor)
`
`(motor)
`
`DC Sep Ex
`
`I~ k~
`02400rum
`
`DC
`8 kM
`
`I~ad-Acid
`ilx12V
`28~ k~
`
`Lead-Acid
`12x12V
`
`8/A
`
`SCR £hop
`
`Fixed 1~
`3r~ gear
`Re~ Braking
`
`Steel
`t ktAt
`@IB,OOOrpm
`
`P-35 SO
`
`HE-Battery Rotary
`~/k
`gasoline
`15 kW P-36
`
`l~ad-Acid
`
`N[A
`
`N/A
`
`HtA
`
`P-37 PL
`
`~-3~ PL
`
`Transistor
`Chopper
`
`Chain drive
`NO Beg Br
`
`P-39 RC
`
`O~
`
`Vo I ke~ ge~
`M. Get.soy
`
`V$/ Hinibus
`
`197~-
`
`Aachen Univ.
`IFA
`M. German~
`
`V~/ Minibus
`
`Nati0naI Park Harathon
`¯ervlee
`
`Structural
`Plastics
`
`Alterdyne
`
`I
`M
`O
`
`KE-B-Bydr~
`Parallel
`
`UC Otto
`gasoline
`
`HE-Battery
`Series
`On-Off
`
`grayton
`gasoline
`5 k~
`
`William Towns
`~n~Isnd
`
`Spec b.iit
`lq?7-
`
`Hg-B~tery
`Series
`Contlr~oua
`
`I~C Otto
`gasoline
`
`DC ~unt
`2.2 kW
`
`1X~ Series
`6 k~
`
`Lama-Acid
`hxl2V
`
`Kinergy R&D
`
`71GHC
`Camera
`1976-
`
`i53 cm
`500 kg
`2-~paSS
`
`27& cm
`1600 kg
`2-pass
`
`iner~-y R&D
`
`73 Cadillac
`Sedan
`1977-
`
`330 cm
`2500 kg
`~-psss
`
`,nergyPJ~D 77 Volvo
`3~3DL
`1977-
`
`0
`
`~ nergy RBD
`
`71V~
`Beetle
`1978-
`
`V~ Rabbit
`Iq78-
`
`__x
`
`l~30b~i
`O~;~mtific
`Engineers
`
`980 kg
`2-pass
`
`240 cm
`1180 kg
`4-pass
`
`HE-
`Pineal
`On-Off
`
`HE-
`Pl~eel
`Oa-Off
`
`F~E-
`Flywheel
`O~-Off
`
`Battery-
`Fly~d~eel
`
`tK:Otto
`gasoline
`45 k~
`
`b~ Otto
`gasoline
`~ k~
`
`tic Otto
`gasoline
`~5 kW
`
`N/A
`
`N/A
`
`H/A
`
`N/A
`
`N/A
`
`N/A
`
`Hi&
`
`~/A
`
`N/A
`
`M/A
`
`N/A
`
`IX2
`8 kW
`
`Lead-Acid
`12xfP
`
`N/A
`
`N/A
`
`R/A
`
`Steel
`45