LMK Technologies, LLC Ex. 2025
`BLD Services, LLC v. LMK Technologies, LLC
`IPR2014-00770
`
`1
`
`

`
`The First Few
`Feet of the
`Service Line
`
`Joints
`
`Service Line
`Connections
`
`A chemical grout barrier
`outside manholes stops
`leaks, but it also protects
`interior linings from
`hydrostatic pressure.
`
`Special lateral
`packers can stop
`leaks at service
`connections and
`in the first few
`feet of the
`service lines.
`
`2
`
`

`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`Intent
`
`Exterior Seal
`
`Stabilize Soil and Fill Voids
`
`Application
`
`Equipment
`
`Overview of Test/Seal Procedure
`
`Grout Types
`
`Grout Comparison Table
`Gel-Time Test
`
`Barrel Test
`
`Packer/Camera Relationship
`
`Pipe Wall Control Test
`
`Test Joint
`
`Test Notes
`
`Seal Joint
`
`Joint Sealing Verification
`
`Residual Sealing Material
`Records
`
`Production Rates
`
`Warranty
`
`Variables Which Affect the
`
`Difficulty of Joint Sealing
`Groundwater Pressure Formula
`
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`
`3
`
`

`
`Intent
`
`The intent of chemical grouting in sewer
`systems is to seal leaks and stop infiltration
`and exfiltration. Most leaks in structurally
`sound sewer systems are through pipe joints,
`manholes, service connections, and the first
`few feet of service laterals. The most economical
`
`way to stop those leaks is with chemical grout.
`
`Exterior Seal
`
`Chemical grouts do not stop leaks by simply
`filling joints and cracks. instead, grouting
`chemicals are forced through cracks and joints
`out into the surrounding soil where they gel
`with the soil (See illustration on the front cover).
`This gelled mass forms a waterproof collar
`around leaking pipes and manholes which
`cannot be extruded back into the sewer system.
`
`This watertight collar adheres to the outer
`surface of the pipe or manhole where it will
`stay indefinitely unless removed by excavation.
`If groundwater pressures increase, the collar
`will be pressed even more tightly against the
`structure, increasing its ability to prevent leaks.
`
`If the humidity in the soil declines for a
`long period, the grout may begin to dry. How-
`ever, when the soil humidity returns, the grout
`will absorb moisture and return to its original
`condition. Line flow and soil humidity around
`leaking manholes and sewers are almost always
`high enough to prevent any significant grout
`shrinkage. Additives which prevent shrinkage
`may be used in situations where dryness could
`be a problem.
`
`seen and monitored. However, the situation is
`very different with the rest of the sewer system.
`For small diameter (24" and less) pipes, all
`testing and sealing operations must be
`performed from inside the pipes with remote-
`controlled equipment. As a result, the test/seal
`process discussed herein will concentrate on
`circular cracks in the pipe, pipe joints, the
`connection between lateral service lines and
`
`the main, and the first few feet of service laterals ,
`(See illustration on the inside of the front cover).
`When any of these locations are mentioned in
`the text, all of the locations are implied.
`
`In application, a device called a test/seal
`packer is used to pressure test every joint in a
`manhole-to-manhole pipeline section to
`determine whether or not the joints are
`watertight. The packer is also used to seal any
`joints which fail the pressure test.
`
`Sealing leaks with chemical grout is
`generally applicable in structurally sound
`pipelines. Although chemical grout may stop
`leaks through cracks and breaks in pipes, it is
`not a structural repair. Though it rarely does,
`the inflatable packer used to test and seal pipe
`joints can actually cause additional damage to
`a cracked or broken pipe.
`
`Joint testing and sealing cannot be
`performed effectively in a pipe which has roots,
`debris on the invert, excessive roughness, cracks,
`breaks, severely offset joints, or other conditions
`which prevent the inflatable ends (sleeves) of
`the packer from making continuous, tight
`contact with the pipe on each side of the target
`joint.
`
`Stabilize Soil and Fill Voids
`
`Equipment
`
`In addition to forming a watertight collar
`around pipes, chemical grout is also an
`excellent product to stabilize soil and to fill
`underground voids without excavation.
`
`Application
`
`Since manholes are accessible to workers,
`chemical grout is usually applied there with
`hand-held equipment, and the results are easily
`
`(See illustration on inside of the back cover.)
`
`The basic test/seal equipment consists of:
`
`(1) Closed—circuit TV system to locate the
`packer over the pipe joint
`
`(2) Test/Seal packer
`
`(3) Control panel to control power winch, TV
`camera, packer inflation, joint test sequence,
`chemical injection, and to record data, and
`to View the operations
`
`4
`
`

`
`(4) Hose and reel system to deliver air and
`chemicals to the packer
`
`. Center the packer on the first pipe joint or
`lateral line.
`
`(5) Chemical tanks, pumps, air and electric
`systems
`
`(6) Remote-controlled winches
`
`The design of test/seal packers varies from one
`manufacturer to the other, but all share certain
`characteristics. Mainline packers are cylindrical
`devices which can be positioned in a pipeline
`by means of cables attached to each end. They
`have inflatable ends which can be expanded
`to isolate a short length of pipe and create a
`void into which either air pressure or chemical
`grout can be pumped. Most are hollow to permit
`some sewage flow, even when the packer is
`inflated. Lateral packers have additional
`equipment which allows them to insert a device
`into lateral lines to seal the lines while they are
`pressure tested and, if necessary, sealed with
`chemical grout.
`
`The equipment must be assembled in such
`a way as to provide a means for introducing a
`test medium or grout chemicals, under pressure,
`into the void created by the expanded ends of
`the packer. It must also provide a means for
`continuously measuring the actual static
`pressure of the void area during both the testing
`and sealing operations.
`
`Overview of Joint Test/ Seal Procedure
`
`The following description assumes the proper
`test and seal equipment has been positioned
`near a manhole, and that the pipeline has been
`cleaned:
`‘
`
`1. Examine and test the specified grout
`chemicals above ground.
`(See Grout Types
`and Gel-Time Test)
`
`Test packer’s pressure test system above
`ground (See Barrel Test)
`
`Examine the relationship between the packer
`and the TV camera
`
`(See Packer/Camera Relationship)
`
`Place TV and packer equipment in the
`pipeline and make a control test on the pipe
`wall (See Pipe Wall Control Test)
`
`6.
`
`If the joint or connection is visibly leaking,
`it is not necessary to perform a pressure
`test. Otherwise, perform a pressure test. (See
`Pressure Test)
`
`If the joint or connection fails the pressure
`test, chemical grout should be injected (See
`Grout Injection)
`
`8. Repeat the pressure test.
`
`If the joint or connection passes the pressure
`test, move on to the next joint or lateral
`line and repeat steps 5-9. Otherwise, repeat
`steps 7-9.
`
`Grout Types
`
`Before each new batch of grout chemicals is
`mixed, verify that the chemicals are exactly as
`specified in the contract.
`
`There are four major types of chemical grout
`which are commonly used to seal manholes,
`sewer pipe joints, service connections, and the
`first few feet of service lines:
`
`Acrylamide
`Acrylic
`Acrylate
`Urethane
`
`All of the chemicals listed above are prepoly-
`mers, except Acrylamide, which is a monomer.
`After curing, all of the polymers are non-toxic,
`stable, inert, and permanent when used below
`grade. These chemicals quickly gel outside the
`pipe into a tight-fitting, waterproof seal which
`can permanently prevent infiltration through
`a joint, crack, or lateral connection.
`
`, Gel grouts have a viscosity similar to water
`when they are applied. As a result, they pass
`through cracks and other openings in pipes
`and gel very quickly. In neat form, cured gels
`look like stiff gelatin or rubber. In actual use,
`they penetrate the soil outside the pipeline
`and form a gel/soil matrix that is impermeable
`to water.
`
`Urethane foam grouts are important in
`sealing treatment plant structures and
`
`5
`
`

`
`manholes in sanitary sewers. They are also
`often used to seal pipe joints in storm sewers
`and to fill the annulus at the manhole after
`
`slipline installations. They are seldom used in
`small diameter sanitary sewers. The flexible
`urethane foams create a seal in cracks and
`
`joints, as opposed to forming a grout collar on
`the outside of pipes.
`
`Grout Comparison Table
`VISCOSITY
`(CENTIPOSE)
`
`CATALYST
`
`BEST
`use
`
`Acrylamide 1-2 cps
`(Very low)
`
`Chemical
`
`Sewer
`
`Acrylic
`
`Acrylate
`
`1-2 cps
`(Very low)
`
`1-2 cps
`(Very low)
`
`Chemical
`
`Sewer
`
`Chemical
`
`Sewer
`
`Urethane
`Gel
`
`10-20 cps
`(Low)
`
`Water
`
`Sewer
`
`Urethane 150-500 cps Water Manholes
`Foam
`(Medium)
`
`Gel-Time Test
`
`Each time a new batch of grout chemicals is
`mixed, the gel time should be checked. A small
`quantity of the chemicals should be taken from
`the ends of the packer hose and mixed in a
`paper cup. The gel time should be within the
`range specified by the manufacturer. It should
`be recognized that the temperature under
`ground may be significantly different from the
`one above ground. As a result, the gel time will
`probably differ, also. If the chemicals gel too
`quickly, it will limit the amount of mixed
`chemical that can be forced into the soil
`
`surrounding the pipe. If the chemicals do not
`gel quickly enough, they may increase grout
`usage unnecessarily.
`
`Barrel Test
`
`Since much of the chemical grout installation
`takes place out of sight, it is necessary to make
`sure the installation and test equipment is in
`good working order. For instance, if a packer
`gauge is miscalibrated, an operator cannot
`
`know the true condition of a joint or
`connection. Therefore, an above-ground barrel
`test should be conducted at the beginning of
`each work shift, and at other random times,
`to be sure the equipment is properly calibrated.
`The National Association of Sewer Service
`
`Companies (NASSCO) has developed a control
`test (Barrel Test) which they recommend. A
`test cylinder is constructed to simulate the
`barrel of a sewer pipe, so the equipment can
`be tested above ground. This allows the test
`cylinder to be positioned where the pressure
`reading on both the test cylinder gauge and
`the void pressure monitoring gauge can be
`continuously observed together during the
`test. The reading on both. gauges should be the
`same throughout the test. This test will also
`Verify whether or not the packer is capable of
`holding adequate pressure under ideal
`Conditions. (See diagram on the inside of the back
`cover.)
`
`During the test, the packer sleeves should
`be inflated to the pressure recommended by
`the manufacturer. Then, the test medium
`(either air or water) is to be injected into the
`packer void until the maximum pressure used
`to test the actual pipe joints is reached. This
`pressure is to be held for at least one minute
`to verify that the packer will hold pressure.
`After one minute the shutoff valve should be
`
`opened to simulate a leak. Both gauges should
`quickly return to zero. It is recommended that
`this test be repeated at least three times. No
`actual test/seal operations should be performed
`until the equipment can pass this test.
`
`Packer/Camera Relationship
`
`The distance between the TV camera and the
`
`packer is very important because it controls
`the perspective from which the packer and the
`pipeline are viewed. The packer must be aligned
`visually with the pipe joint or lateral
`connection, so the packer manufacturer’s
`specifications must be followed exactly.
`
`Pipe.Wall Control Test
`
`A structurally sound section of pipe which
`
`6
`
`

`
`contains no joints or lateral connections should
`be tested to establish the maximum perform-
`ance of a good joint. This test will also demon-
`strate whether or not the packer can maintain
`the void pressure necessary to properly test
`and seal the pipe joints.
`
`After entering each manhole section, the
`packer should be positioned on a sound section
`of sewer pipe which has no joints, cracks, or
`incoming lines. Then, the packer sleeves should
`be inflated to the pressure recommended by
`the manufacturer and held for one minute.
`
`If the void pressure cannot be held for at
`least one minute, grout sealing will not be
`effective because the grout cannot be forced
`through cracks because it will leak past the
`packer sleeves. Since no joint can possibly test
`better than a sound section of the barrel of the
`
`pipe itself, the reason(s) for the failure must
`be found and corrected if the pipeline is to be
`sealed properly. In order to properly test and
`seal a pipeline, all pressure loss in the packer
`void must be limited to leaks through joints
`or other openings in the pipe itself. Some
`possible reasons the test may fail:
`
`r'*E*’.N.*‘
`
`Debris on the pipe invert
`Roughness of the pipe
`Porosity of the pipe
`Leaking fittings or hoses on the test/seal
`equipment
`
`Test Joint
`
`After the requirements of the previously
`described tests have been met, the test/ seal
`packer can be moved to the first pipe joint or
`lateral line connection. A joint or connection
`that is actively leaking need not be tested; the
`sealing operation may begin immediately. All
`joints, cracks, and incoming lines which are
`not actively leaking or structurally damaged
`should be tested. To properly test a joint, the
`following steps should be taken:
`
`1. The packer must be centered on the joint
`or lateral connection to be tested. If the
`
`packer is not centered, the test results may
`be false. Verify that the packer manufacturer's
`
`alignment instructions are being followed.
`
`2. The packer sleeves should be expanded until
`they make circular contact with the pipe on
`both sides of the joint or connection to be
`tested. At this point, some air and water will
`be trapped in the packer void unless the
`pipe is dry. Since the packer sleeves are
`touching the pipe, but not pressing tightly
`against it, the void will not hold pressure.
`If the joint were tested at this point, it would
`fail the test.
`
`. The packer sleeves should now be inflated
`to the pressure recommended by the
`manufacturer.
`
`. As the packer sleeves are expanded to press
`and seal against the pipe, the packer void
`becomes smaller, and one of the following
`conditions will result:
`
`(a) Void pressure may increase because the
`volume has decreased due to the
`
`expanding packer sleeves and there is no
`leakage from the void.
`
`(b) Void pressure may increase until it equals
`groundwater pressure due to infiltration
`into the void. Unless care is taken, one
`could mistake the steady pressure as an
`indication of a good joint.
`A
`
`(c) Void pressure may decrease or show no
`change because there is leakage past the
`packer sleeves or through the pipe joint.
`
`. Testing is usually performed by pumping a
`test medium (liquid or air) into the void and
`monitoring the resulting void pressure. In
`» other cases, testing may be performed by
`expanding the center section of the packer
`to compress the air and the water trapped
`in the packer void when the packer sleeves
`were inflated. In either case, it is necessary
`to develop a void pressure greater than
`groundwater pressure outside the pipe in
`order to tell whether or not the joint is
`leaking (See Groundwater Pressure Formula).
`
`7
`
`

`
`(a) If the required test pressure cannot be
`developed, the joint will have failed the
`test.
`
`(b) If the required test pressure can be
`developed, the flow of the test medium
`may be stopped. If, in the case of a liquid
`test, the pressure cannot be maintained
`for one minute with less than 1/4 gpm
`flow, the joint will have failed the test.
`If, in the case of an air test, the void '
`pressure decreases by more than 2 psi
`within 15 seconds, the joint will have
`failed the test. For more information
`
`about pressure tests, see Test Notes below.
`
`Test Notes
`
`The manner in which pressure in the packer
`void changes during a test depends upon
`several factors:
`
`1. The test medium: Water and air perform
`very differently when used as the test
`medium.
`
`(a) Air will be above the water in the void,
`unless it leaks out.
`
`(b) Air escapes through a leak about 15 times
`faster than water.
`
`(c) Air may be compressed. Air pressure will
`slowly dissipate through a very small
`leak due to the air volume in the packer
`void and the hose.
`
`((1) Air escapes through a small hole so easily
`that a leak which is too small to seal
`
`effectively with chemical grout can be
`detected. A leak of the same size may
`pass a water test.
`
`(e) If water is present in the packer void, it
`will always be at the bottom of the Void.
`
`(f) Water cannot be compressed. In theory,
`if one drop leaks out of a fixed volume,
`all pressure is lost.
`
`(g) Water creates its own static pressure.
`Water in a hose that is connected to a
`
`pressure gauge 23 feet below will create
`a static pressure head of 10 psi at the
`pressure gauge. Therefore, packer void
`
`pressure must be measured at the void
`and the information must be transferred
`
`by some means other than a hose filled
`with water.
`
`2. The location of a leak: There can be a
`
`significant difference in test results depending
`upon whether a leak is located at the top or
`at the bottom of the packer void, and
`whether the test medium is air or water.
`
`(a) Air test, leak at top of packer void: Air is
`pushed out through the leak, so pressure
`may not rise.
`
`(b) Water test, leak at top of packer void:
`Water will push air out through the leak
`until the packer void is filled with water;
`then the pressure may rise.
`
`(C) Air test, leak at the bottom of the packer
`void: Air goes to the top and will push
`water out through the bottom leak. The
`leak is tested with water until air fills the
`
`packer void; then pressure will fall quickly
`as the air escapes through the leak.
`
`leak at the bottom of the
`((1) Water test,
`packer void: Pressure may rise at first,
`then begin to slowly fall after water source
`is cut off.
`
`Seal Joint
`
`If the joint passes the pressure test, that fact
`should be noted on the records (See Records)
`and the packer should be moved to the next
`joint or lateral connection where the five steps
`described under Test Ioint should be repeated.
`If the joint fails the test, it should be sealed.
`The sealing process involves the following:
`
`1. Pump the grout chemicals into the packer
`void. The two parts of the chemical grout
`system may be pumped through the hoses
`from the chemical tanks to the packer void
`by either pressurized air or mechanical,
`positive displacement proportioning pumps.
`In either case, the two grout components
`must be pumped in a correct and adequate
`ratio of base material to activator. The two
`
`parts of the chemical grout system must be
`adequately mixed in the packer void or the
`
`8
`
`

`
`chemical grout will not form properly.
`
`2. If proper pressure is applied (See Groundwater
`Pressure Formula), the mixed chemicals will
`be forced out of the pipe through the leak.
`Depending upon chemical type, mixing
`ratios, and temperature, the chemical will
`gel in a predictable time after the chemicals
`are mixed together (See Gel-Time Test). When
`the chemicals gel outside the pipe, they form
`a tight-fitting, Waterproof collar around the
`pipe which cannot be forced back into the
`pipe. The maximum life expectancy of
`properly mixed and placed grout is not yet
`known, but samples have been examined
`after 30 years and found to be in "like new”
`condition. If the joint is actively leaking,
`the packer void may be filled with water
`when the chemicals are pumped into the
`void. The water in the void will dilute the
`
`incoming chemical grout components.
`
`. Injection of chemical grout should be
`terminated when void pressure approaches
`10 psi. If 10 psi is not reached rather quickly,
`pumping should be stopped for a period of
`time at least equal to the duration of the
`grout's gel time. At that point, additional
`grout may be pumped. If the pressure has
`not begun after pumping additional grout,
`it may not be possible to seal the leak with
`chemical grout. In this event, the client’s
`inspector and the grout operator should
`decide if another attempt should be made.
`In this situation, the opinion of an
`experienced operator is usually correct.
`
`4. The packer sleeves should now be deflated.
`The void pressure may drop to minus 2 psi
`and then return to 0 psi. The deflating packer
`sleeves often create a vacuum before they
`lose their seal against the pipe surface.
`
`pressure does not return to zero, the contractor
`should clean and/or adjust the equipment so
`accurate void pressure readings can be made.
`Then, the leak should be tested again (See Test
`loint). Leaks that fail to meet the specified test
`criteria should be resealed and retested until
`
`the specified test criteria can be met.
`
`If the leak passes the pressure test, the
`packer and camera should be moved to the
`next joint, crack, or incoming lateral line where
`the test/seal/test process will be repeated.
`
`Residual Sealing Material
`
`Residual sealing materials that extend into the
`pipe reduce the pipe’s diameter and restrict
`flow, so they should be removed. Sealed joints
`should be left reasonably flush with the existing
`pipe surface. If excessive grout accumulates in
`the pipeline, the pipe section should be cleaned
`to remove the residual material.
`
`Records
`
`The installation contractor should keep the
`following records for each job:
`
`1. The identity of each manhole-to-manhole
`section where work is done.
`
`. The location (footage) of each joint, crack,
`or incoming lateral line that was tested. The
`pressure used should be recorded as well as
`the result (pass or fail).
`
`. The location (footage) of each joint, crack,
`or incoming lateral line where grout was
`applied, how much grout was injected, and
`whether or not the joint was sealed.
`
`. The exact identification of the grout that
`was used.
`
`5. If the leak was sealed, it should be tested
`again (See Ioint Sealing Verification).
`
`Production Rates
`
`Joint Sealing Verification
`
`After a leak has been sealed, the packer should
`be deflated and moved. This will break up the
`gel ring around the packer and cause the void
`pressure meter to return to zero. If the void
`
`The amount of time and material required to
`test and seal leaks may vary considerably from
`one section of the country to another, between
`pipes of different diameter, or even from one
`pipeline section to another. Therefore, the
`ability to accurately estimate production rates
`can only be gained through experience.
`
`9
`
`

`
`However, this information can be extremely
`useful when estimating costs of future jobs or
`when comparing contractors or contract bids.
`
`Warranty
`
`Grouting specifications often include provisions
`for an eleventh month inspection of at least
`10% of the total joints tested in the original
`contract. The line sections to be re-tested should
`
`be selected at random by the owner and should
`represent the same mix of sizes as the original
`contract. All joints in the selected lines must
`be re—tested and any joints which fail must be
`resealed at the contractor’s expense. If 5% or
`more of the tested joints fail, the contractor
`must continue to test and seal until at least
`
`95% of the total joints tested pass the test, By
`making these tests during the eleventh month,
`the quality of the job may be varified before
`the warranty expires.
`
`Variables Which Affect the Difficulty
`of Joint Sealing
`
`Many variables can impact a contractor’s
`performance, production, and cost on any
`particular test/seal job. Some of these variables
`follow:
`
`1. Locating and exposing manholes and
`removing manhole covers.
`
`2. Terrain, traffic, and other impediments to
`accessing manholes.
`
`3. Condition of manholes (steps, cleanliness,
`and structure).
`
`4. Condition of the sewer (debris, roughness,
`and porosity of a pipe can prevent proper
`operation of a sealing packer).
`
`5. Depth of the sewer line (difficulty and safety
`of entry).
`
`6. Depth and velocity of sewage flow.
`
`7. Availability of water for threading the sewer
`line.
`
`8. Plugging requirements (ability to plug or
`necessity to bypass).
`
`9. Presence of explosive gas or combustible
`liquid.
`
`10.0ffset joints, intruding joint materials or
`service connections, curved or crushed pipe
`or other obstructions which could prevent
`the passage of a camera/packer
`combination.
`
`11. Cleanliness of the pipe invert and the
`presence of roots, grease, or other debris
`which could foul the camera lens or prevent
`the packer sleeves from seating properly on
`the pipe.
`
`12. Size of the pipe affects ease of entry into
`the pipeline and the amount of chemical
`grout that is used.
`
`13.The cost of sealing is sensitive to the number
`of setups required.
`
`14.Weather (rain and snow lower production
`rate, and snow hides manholes).
`
`Groundwater Pressure Formula
`
`In the absence of groundwater pressure data,
`the pressure may be determined by inflating
`a packer on an active leak and measuring the
`resulting pressure in the packer void. A safe
`"rule-of-thumb” is to use a pressure setting
`equal to 1/2 psi per vertical foot of pipe depth
`or 3 psi, whichever is greater. Unless the soil
`is saturated with water up to the surface, 1/2
`psi per vertical foot will be greater than the
`groundwater pressure outside the pipe.
`
`In general practice, 10 psi is used for the
`packer void pressure. Some test/seal packers
`cannot retain much more than 10 psi in the
`packer void without leaking (blowby). The
`actual pressure which can be held is determined
`by pipe cleanliness, surface roughness of the
`pipe, packer sleeve material, and the inflation
`pressure used.
`
`10
`
`10
`
`

`
`11
`
`TYPICAL EQUIPMENT USED TO TEST AND SEAL JOINTS IN SEWER LINES
`
`Pressure Gauge or
`Digiiai Readout
`
`.
`
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`
`:
`
`W
`
`L... _,,
`
`Packer
`Void
`
`Packer
`Packer
`Sleeve Wheels
`
`Hollow Packer
`Core
`Pad
`
`Chemical Pressure Pressure
`Injection
`Sensor
`Sensor
`Fons 2
`Element
`Line
`
`L .:;i
`
`Sleeve Pressure Chemical Chemical
`Air Line TeLsil Air
`‘A’ Line
`'8' Line
`ne
`
`TYPICAL BARREL TEST
`
`
`
`
`Digital Readout or Gauge
`for Void Pressure on
`Controi Panel
`
`Packer Void
`
`11
`
`

`
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`T
`
`/,\I'5‘ I'AVA'\
`uni
`
`USA
`
`21 Long Pond Road
`Jackman, ME 04945
`Tel: 800-246-5988
`Fax: 418-653-5746
`
`info@|ogibalI.com
`
`Canada
`
`440 Papin Street
`Quebec, QC G1P 3T9
`Tel: 418-656-9767
`Fax: 41 8-653-5746
`
`info@logiba|l.com
`
`www. Iagiball. com
`
`12