Table of Contents
`
`Table of Contents
`
`SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1-1
`
`SECTION 2: CURED-IN-PLACE PIPE INSTALLATION AND CONSTRUCTION ...... 2-1
`
`2.1. CURED-IN-PLACE PIPE APPLICATION....................................................................................... 2-1
`2.2. CURED-IN-PLACE PIPE DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................... 2-1
`2.3. INDUSTRY ACCEPTANCE OF CIPP ............................................................................................ 2-2
`2.4. CIPP INSTALLATION DETAILS .................................................................................................... 2-3
`2.5. INSPECTION.................................................................................................................................. 2-3
`2.6. JOB SITE AND PIPE PREPARATION........................................................................................... 2-3
`2.7. TUBE PREPARATION ................................................................................................................... 2-4
`2.8. LINING TUBE INSTALLATION ...................................................................................................... 2-5
`2.9. CURING AND COOL DOWN ......................................................................................................... 2-6
`2.10. LATERAL CONNECTION REINSTATEMENT............................................................................. 2-7
`2.11. FINAL INSPECTION .................................................................................................................... 2-7
`
`SECTION 3: INLINER TECHNOLOGIES TUBE AND RESIN MATERIALS............... 3-1
`
`3.1. INLINER TECHNOLOGIES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER.................................. 3-1
`3.2. TUBE MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................. 3-1
`3.3. RESIN PRODUCTS FOR INLINER TECHNOLOGIES.................................................................. 3-2
`
`SECTION 4: ENGINEERING DESIGN OF CIPP......................................................... 4-1
`
`4.1. EXISTING PIPE CLASSIFICATION FOR DESIGN ....................................................................... 4-1
`4.2. ENGINEERING DESIGN - BACKGROUND OF THEORY ............................................................ 4-3
`4.3. PARTIALLY DETERIORATED GRAVITY FLOW DESIGN............................................................ 4-5
`4.4. FULLY DETERIORATED GRAVITY FLOW DESIGN.................................................................... 4-6
`4.5. PARTIALLY DETERIORATED INTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN ................................................ 4-9
`4.6. FULLY DETERIORATED INTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN ...................................................... 4-10
`4.7. HYDRAULIC CIPP DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 4-11
`
`SECTION 5: APPENDIX ............................................................................................. 5-1
`
`5.1. DESIGN EXAMPLES ..................................................................................................................... 5-3
`5.2. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 5-7
`
`i
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`BLD SERVICES, LLC - EX. 1011
`IPR2014-00770
`BLD SERVICES, LLC v. LMK TECHNOLOGIES, LLC
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`Section 1: Introduction
`
`Section 1: Introduction
`
`This manual presents information of interest to engineers, designers, specifiers, users, pur-
`chasers, and installers of cured-in-place pipe (CIPP). This manual is intended to provide
`significant background information on different CIPP systems, as well as information re-
`lating directly to the technology and recommendations of Inliner Technologies.
`
`Included are comparisons with customary component materials and data on their physical
`properties and chemical resistance. Included are material specifications, suggested design
`values and recommended installation practices. Engineering design theory and data will
`be covered in detail with practical examples provided to make engineering calculations
`more understandable. CIPP design equations and their derivations are presented and are
`sequentially numbered in this manual for convenience.
`
`It should be noted that ASCE is currently working on a new standard for designing cured
`in place pipes; and that Inliner Technologies, Inc. is an active participant in this effort.
`ASCE’s PINS Committee (“Pipeline Infrastructure”) has established a task group and they
`are currently expecting to deliver this standard by sometime in 2003. In the meantime, a
`design engineer wishing to take advantage of this work sooner is encouraged to attend
`their annual pipeline conferences, as several papers outlining their new approach will be
`presented at these meetings.
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`Engineering Design Guide, V. 1.0
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`Section 2: Cured-In-Place Pipe
`Installation And Construction
`
`2.1. Cured-In-Place Pipe Application
`
`Cured-in-place pipe is the most versatile and has the most widespread applicability com-
`pared to any of the other pipeline renewal methods available. Cured-in-place pipe is used
`to repair many types of piping systems including:
`
`(cid:120) Gravity flow storm sewers, sanitary sewers, and industrial process water sewers
`(cid:120)
`(cid:120) Air ducts
`
`Internal pressure water, natural gas and wastewater force main pipe
`
`Cured-in-place pipe is the only technology that can be used in such a wide variety of ap-
`plications. CIPP can span a size range of four inches to over one hundred inches in diame-
`ter with the ability to renew pipe with bends, concentric or eccentric diameter changes,
`circular and non-circular shapes (such as eggs, ovoid, and ellipses); in continuous lengths
`up to two thousand feet at a time. Tube and resin materials can be specified to accommo-
`date standard gravity sewer systems of a municipality or aggressive applications including
`concentrated chemicals, pressure and elevated temperature of an industrial application.
`CIPP materials are currently specified to a minimum fifty-year design life, but advances in
`resin technology and accelerated testing indicate that life expectancy will probably be
`much longer than fifty years.
`
`Cured-in-place pipe will accomplish the following:
`
`Seal joints and cracks to prevent I/I of groundwater into the pipe.
`
`Seal joints and cracks to prevent exfiltration of effluent into the surrounding soil.
`
`(cid:120)
`(cid:120)
`(cid:120) Arrest soil infiltration and void formation around existing pipes.
`(cid:120) Arrest root intrusion and loss of hydraulic capacity.
`(cid:120)
`(cid:120)
`(cid:120)
`
`Increase or restore the integrity of the existing soil-pipe system and span holes and
`missing sections of pipe.
`
`Smooth irregularities at joints, breaks, and cracks; and provide a smooth inside pipe
`surface with a low roughness coefficient to improve flow characteristics.
`
`Provide excellent corrosion resistance to a wide variety of acids, bases and oxidizing
`agents that may be present in the piping system.
`
`2.2. Cured-In-Place Pipe Description
`
`Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) consists of a soft, flexible tube that is impregnated with a
`thermoset resin, installed as a liner in an existing pipeline, and then cured by application of
`heat. Cured-in-place pipe is installed by many different techniques, but the most common
`are direct inversion and pulled-in-place installation. Direct inversion is accomplished with
`
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`Section 2: Cured-In-Place Pipe Installation And Construction
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`water or air pressure. Inflation of a pulled-in-place liner is accomplished by similar means
`(inversion of a calibration hose inside the liner using water or air pressure). After the tube
`has been installed in the existing pipe or conduit, heating the water or the air that was used
`for the inflation cures it. Once cured, a new continuous pipe within a pipe has been pro-
`duced. The ends must be cut open and any lateral connections on the pipe must also be re-
`opened to allow flow from connecting pipes. Under most conditions the new pipe within a
`pipe is installed without the use of any excavation.
`
`Various types of thermoset resins and materials for tube construction are used to accom-
`modate different piping conditions. Resins used include various types of polyester resins,
`epoxy vinyl ester resins, and epoxy resins (and their hardeners). Epoxy vinyl ester and
`epoxy resins are higher performance products for aggressive municipal and industrial ap-
`plications. Specific examples where these resins would be recommended include chemi-
`cal sewers and internal pressure pipe. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
`American Water Works Association (AWWA), and NSF International have also approved
`some epoxy resins for potable water pressure pipe renewal. High performance isophthalic
`polyester resins are most widely used for storm drain and gravity flow sewers. Specific
`details of resin systems and differentiated resin performance will be reviewed in the Mate-
`rial section of this Engineering Design Guide.
`
`Tube materials may consist of woven and non-woven felt(s), fiberglass, aramid and carbon
`fiber, or a combination of many of these products. Of these materials the most common
`by far is the non-woven needled felt made of polyester fibers. The tube is also manufac-
`tured with a plastic film on the outside which allows for a vacuum impregnation of the
`tube material, contains the resin inside the tube, and protects the resin from water during
`the installation and curing process.
`
`2.3. Industry Acceptance of CIPP
`
`Reportedly over sixty-five million feet of CIPP have been installed worldwide. By mid
`
`2001, approximately 6,400,000 linear feet of INLINER(cid:147) CIPP had been installed in sizes
`
`ranging from four inches (4”) to seventy-two inches (72”).
`
`The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has developed a materials speci-
`fication for CIPP in Subcommittee D20.23 of the Plastics Committee D20. This specifica-
`tion is ASTM D5813, Standard Specification for Cured-In-Place Thermosetting Resin
`Sewer Pipe [6]. This standard specification provides guidance for pre-qualifying mini-
`mum chemical resistance requirements of resins used for CIPP, as well as tube fabric ma-
`terials. In addition, D5813 provides significant guidance for sampling installed CIPP and
`proper methodology for preparing samples and testing them for physical property charac-
`terization.
`
`In the ASTM Subcommittee F17.67 of the Plastics Committee F17 two different standard
`practices have been developed for the installation and inspection of CIPP. ASTM F1216
`[7] was developed for the installation of CIPP by the direct inversion method of installa-
`tion and ASTM F1743 [8] was developed for the installation and inspection of CIPP with
`the pulled-in-place method of installation. ASTM F 1216 was first published in the An-
`nual Book of ASTM Standards in 1990. This was the first installation standard developed
`for CIPP and at the time was developed around a single patented process. Since that time
`the patent for that installation method expired and now many installers utilize this method.
`
`ASTM F1743 is the Standard Practice for Rehabilitation of Existing Pipelines and Con-
`duits by Pulled-In-Place Installation of Cured-In-Place Thermosetting Resin Pipe (CIPP)
`was published early in 1996. This standard practice provides guidance for the installation
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`of CIPP by pulled-in-place means, as previously described. This installation practice de-
`scribes the requirements to properly pull a tube in place and secondarily inflate it with the
`use of a calibration hose.
`
`2.4. CIPP Installation Details
`
`In this section of the Design Guide a general description of the pulled-in-place and direct
`inversion methods of installation will be reviewed. As described previously, Inliner Tech-
`nologies utilizes both installation methods depending on project and job site requirements.
`It should be understood that the following descriptions and pictorial representations are
`generalized and not intended to encompass every aspect of any given project. Job site
`conditions vary and conditions often change from installation to installation. The basic
`aspects of CIPP projects involve the following generalized steps:
`
`(cid:120)
`(cid:120)
`(cid:120) Lining tube preparation
`(cid:120) Lining tube installation
`(cid:120) Lining tube curing and cool down
`(cid:120) Lateral connection reinstatement (if laterals exist)
`(cid:120)
`
`Inspection
`
`Job site and pipe preparation
`
`Final inspection
`
`2.5. Inspection
`
`For CIPP to be properly designed and bid, a full inspection of the pipe and the surrounding
`job site conditions must be conducted. A full CCTV inspection of the pipe should be
`completed to determine the type and amount of debris, damage, possible root intrusion,
`offset joints and any other anomalies that may need to be taken into account before the
`project. In addition, this CCTV inspection will provide the engineer with the information
`necessary to determine the classification of the pipe damage, which will determine the de-
`sign criteria to be used (See Design Section). The underground inspection should also in-
`clude manhole conditions, pipe depths at each manhole (or pipe access), pipe segment
`lengths between access points, and active flow evaluations to determine what equipment
`and/or special preparations may be required to by-pass pump the effluent in the pipe. If
`the flow is significant, it may be necessary to observe flows at several different times of
`the day or night to determine peak rates.
`
`The above ground inspection should note general and specific job site conditions that will
`determine traffic control, equipment set up or special equipment necessary. Some specific
`items include the location of pipe access points, overhead obstructions such as trees or
`power lines, special easements (i.e. railway lines), and site conditions.
`
`2.6. Job Site and Pipe Preparation
`
`As described previously, there are many different conditions that exist on any particular
`job and in any particular pipe. This Design Guide will not cover the details of all the
`equipment and preparation techniques, because they are project specific and variable.
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`Section 2: Cured-In-Place Pipe Installation And Construction
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`However, it should be noted that the success of any project being completed on time and
`within budget usually depends on proper project planning, which is carried through to site
`preparation.
`
`An extremely important requirement for successful pipe lining is the requirement that the
`pipe is free of dirt and debris before lining. CIPP can pass over debris and through col-
`lapsed pipe and offset joints, but the final product may not be acceptable. Wrinkles in the
`CIPP and reduced diameter may hinder equipment for final inspection and may impede the
`ability to properly clean the pipe. Before lining is conducted on any pipe a pre-lining in-
`spection that shows the full circumference should be conducted.
`
`2.7. Tube Preparation
`
`Pipe conditions will determine the design requirements of the tube, which includes the
`tube thickness and the type of thermosetting resin necessary for the project. Prior to lin-
`ing, the tube is prepared for resin saturation. INLINER installers typically prepare their
`liners in the controlled environment of a workshop where the resin, catalysts, and tube
`temperature and conditions are manageable. Although it is not a requirement, an installer
`may refrigerate the resin(s) used for lining, as well as the resin-saturated tube in order to
`slow the chemical reaction. This measure increases the stability of the catalyzed resin and
`increases the storage time before installation.
`
`The tube itself is prepared by evacuating the air from the liner with the use of a vacuum
`pump. The resin is catalyzed and infused into the tube with the aid of the vacuum. The
`proper amount of resin is gauged with the use of motorized pinch rollers that are set to a
`proper thickness based on the tube being impregnated. After the tube is resin-saturated in
`a controlled manner it is directly loaded into a truck that is typically refrigerated and the
`tube is transported to the job site. When the resin is properly stored, catalyzed, and the
`tube is properly handled, resin-saturated tubes can be stable in a refrigerated truck for two
`weeks or more. A diagram of the resin-saturation process of the tube going through the
`pinch rollers and being loaded into the truck has been given in Figure 1.
`
`Figure 1
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`2.8. Lining Tube Installation
`
`The following installation techniques are generalized descriptions of the pulled-in-place
`and direct inversion methods of installing CIPP. Inliner Technologies utilizes both tech-
`niques so both will be reviewed. Both methods have been used successfully to install mil-
`lions of feet of CIPP. Some equipment is common to both techniques, but some equip-
`ment and job site preparations are unique and therefore would be planned before a project
`is started.
`
`The pulled-in-place method of installing CIPP is generally described in ASTM F1743 and
`the techniques recommended and used by Inliner Technologies are designed to meet
`and/or exceed the requirements of this standard practice. This method requires the use of
`a separate inversion column and a calibration hose. The most common pulled-in-place
`technique utilizes a stay-in-place calibration hose, but removable calibration hoses are also
`used on specific projects. Initially the calibration hose is pulled through the inversion col-
`umn, turned inside out and attached to an elbow.
`
`Figure 3. Preparing calibration hose for inversion into the resin-saturated tube.
`
`The resin-impregnated tube is attached to a cable that has been pulled through the existing
`pipe. The tube is then carefully pulled through the pipe. Pulling techniques usually do not
`exceed 15% of the tensile strength of the tube and maximum stretching usually does not
`exceed 2-3% of the length of the pipe. Both of these conditions are far less than the max-
`imum allowable stretch specified in ASTM F1743. A diagram of the tube positioning
`process is given in Figure 2.
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`Section 2: Cured-In-Place Pipe Installation And Construction
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`Figure 2. Diagram of the process of pulling the resin-saturated tube into the existing pipe.
`
`After the tube has been positioned in the pipe the elbow (with the calibration hose) is at-
`tached to the resin impregnated tube. The column is filled with water to apply a hydrostat-
`ic head pressure and the calibration hose is inverted into the resin-impregnated tube. The
`hydrostatic pressure sequentially inflates the tube and holds it tightly against the host pipe.
`In addition, any water in the existing pipe is pushed forward out of the pipe in front of the
`inverting calibration hose. The water circulation hoses used for curing the liner are at-
`tached to the end of the calibration hose and pulled the length of the existing pipe. The
`water circulation and cure process are shown in Figure 5 in the following section. The cal-
`ibration hose inversion and tube inflation has been diagramed in Figure 3.
`
`Figure 3. Inverting the calibration hose into the center of the resin-saturated tube, and inflating the tube
`tightly against the existing pipe.
`
`The direct inversion installation of CIPP is specified in ASTM F1216 and the techniques
`recommended and utilized by Inliner Technologies are designed to meet and/or exceed the
`requirements of this standard practice. Initially the resin-saturated tube is turned inside
`out and attached to a top ring or pulled through a column and turned inside out and at-
`tached to an elbow (similar to how the calibration hose was attached in the pull-in-place
`method). Water is then added to the tube to create hydrostatic water pressure and force the
`tube to continue to turn inside out on itself like the calibration hose previously described.
`As the resin-saturated tube is turned inside out, it sequentially inflates tightly against the
`host pipe as it moves forward from one access point to the other. The water circulation
`hose(s) is (are) attached to the end of the tube, and the circulation hose(s) is (are) pulled
`through the entire length of the pipe as the tube is inverted. A diagram of the inversion
`process has been given in Figure 4.
`
`Figure 4. Direct inversion of the resin saturated tube into the existing pipe and inflating it tightly against the
`pipe.
`
`2.9. Curing and Cool Down
`
`Once the tube has been installed, turning it into a pipe within a pipe requires the process of
`curing the thermosetting resin. Water is taken from the column and pumped through a wa-
`ter heater and out through the circulation hoses to the far end of the liner as shown in Fig-
`ure 5. For curing consistency and quality, the water temperature is carefully controlled
`and measured at several places throughout the system. The water temperature is typically
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`monitored at both the upstream and downstream ends of the tube and any intermediate ac-
`cess points. The temperatures between the resin-saturated tube and the existing pipe are
`also typically monitored at both ends of the pipe. By so doing, the temperatures inside and
`outside the tube are monitored so that the resin curing process can be controlled. The de-
`tails of the cure profile are not be covered in this manual, because curing temperatures and
`times vary depending on the type of resin and/or catalyst used, the thickness of the tube,
`and the conditions surrounding the pipe. It should be noted, however, that the physical
`properties of the finished product are very much governed by a properly selected and exe-
`cuted cure profile.
`
`Figure 5. Process of circulating the heated water throughout the length of the installed resin-saturated tube
`and curing the thermosetting resin to form a pipe within a pipe.
`
`2.10. Lateral Connection Reinstatement
`
`Once the liner has been installed the ends are removed and the lateral connections must be
`reinstated. Remotely operated robotic cutting equipment is positioned in the pipe and
`monitored with remotely operated CCTV equipment. ASTM F1216 and F1743 specify
`laterals to be reinstated to 90% of the original opening, but some municipalities may speci-
`fy other criteria. Larger diameter pipe that is capable of allowing a man to enter will typi-
`cally not be cut by remotely controlled cutters, but instead cut by hand.
`
`2.11. Final Inspection
`
`The last step in the CIPP rehabilitation process involves final CCTV inspection of the
`pipe. Most project engineers require a full inspection of the CIPP throughout the length of
`each installation. The full circumference of the pipe should be visible and the camera
`should be stopped for a full inspection of each lateral cut. The existing ASTM practices
`currently do not offer full detail of acceptable or unacceptable defects in CIPP. It should
`be understood that most pipe being renewed with CIPP is being done so because of defects
`in the existing pipe. CIPP forms over the defects of the existing pipe and these defects
`will often be visible in some degree through the liner. Inspection will reveal pipe joints
`and missing segments of pipe through the CIPP. Where sharp bends exist and/or where
`the diameter is reduced there may be some wrinkling in the CIPP where extra material
`bunched up into a fold. Wrinkles and visible defects of the existing pipe are considered to
`be acceptable for CIPP. Unacceptable defects include miss-cut laterals or cuts where no
`lateral exists. Lifts in the bottom of the CIPP where the liner was not properly cured
`and/or where the external water pressure exceeded the internal head pressure of the water
`column.
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`Section 3: Inliner Technologies Tube And Resin Materials
`
`Section 3: Inliner Technologies
`Tube And Resin Materials
`
`3.1. Inliner Technologies Research and Development Center
`
`The objective of this section of the Engineering Design Guide is to define the various base
`and composite materials used for the construction of CIPP. Engineers involved with spec-
`ifying CIPP should be able to utilize this section of the Guide to determine the minimum
`physical properties of the materials used for CIPP, as well as define the practical capabili-
`ties of these materials. Inliner Technologies is dedicated to material and product im-
`provement and has invested in the staff and facilities to advance underground technology.
`For information related to technical capability and services available, contact Inliner
`Technologies personnel.
`
`3.2. Tube Materials and Construction
`
`Liner Products is the preferred manufacturer of all Inliner Technologies inversion tubes,
`pulled in place tubes, and calibration hoses. Although they are separate companies Inliner
`Technologies has a unique partnership with Liner Products as the primary supplier for the
`group of licensees. Liner Products is an ISO 9001 manufacturing facility that was modi-
`fied specifically for manufacturing CIPP tube products. The 78,000 square foot facility is
`centrally located in southern Indiana.
`
`Tube construction for CIPP may consist of non-woven or woven fibers or a combination
`of these materials. The outer layer of the tube consists of an impermeable membrane coat-
`ing of a tough thermoplastic. Sheets are then cut to the required size from large rolls of felt
`or plastic coated felt. The tube is fabricated from the cut sheets of fabric according to the
`existing pipe size and required design thickness for a specific pipelining project. In order
`to build up the specified tube thickness multiple layers of woven and/or non-woven layers
`are utilized. The inner layers of fabric are joined by various means, depending on the con-
`struction and type of material used. The outer plastic coated layers are either chemically
`bonded or thermally bonded depending on the thermoplastic material of construction and
`the seal is made to be water and airtight.
`
`The plastic coated layers are always placed on the outside of the tube. The outer plastic
`coating serves several purposes. First, it allows the tube to hold a vacuum, thereby provid-
`ing complete resin saturation of the tube fabric. Secondly, it protects the resin from the
`water during the installation process. For the pull-in process the outer plastic coating also
`protects the resin and fabric from contaminants that may exist in the pipe. If specified, the
`outer protective coating of the pulled-in-place tube may be perforated to allow resin to be
`selectively squeezed out during the installation of the calibration hose. The outer plastic
`coating protects the inversion tube and calibration hose from the hydrostatic water pres-
`sure as the tube is being inverted. The outer impermeable membranes are made of several
`different types of thermoplastics. Inliner Technologies specifies both polyolefin and pol-
`yurethane coatings for their tube products. The calibration hose may be constructed to
`stay-in-place or to be removable. The stay-in-place calibration hose is constructed of a
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`Section 3: Inliner Technologies Tube And Resin Materials
`
`thin felt that is coated with an impermeable plastic membrane. When the calibration hose
`is inverted into the resin-saturated tube as described in the previous section, the felt is sat-
`urated with resin and becomes a permanent part of the CIPP after the tube is cured. The
`stay-in-place calibration hose process is by far the most prevalent method specified by us-
`ers of CIPP. The removable calibration hose is a thermoplastic membrane that can be re-
`moved from the CIPP after the curing and cool down process is complete. The most often
`application for this process is in the area of small diameter pipe such as lateral pipes where
`it is preferred not to cut the ends of the CIPP after it is installed.
`
`The most common tube construction for CIPP consists of non-woven synthetic fibers nee-
`dled into a dense felt. The felt materials specified for CIPP are a highly engineered prod-
`uct having many different components in order to optimize for resin-saturation, fabric
`strength, fabric flexibility, and final property of the installed CIPP. Felt can be construct-
`ed of polyester, polyethylene and/or polypropylene fibers or a combination of these fibers.
`The fibers have specified diameter and can also have specified geometry (other than circu-
`lar) and specified average length(s). Inliner Technologies specifies polyester fibers with a
`proprietary blend of diameters and geometry’s optimized for the direct inversion and
`pulled-in-place installation of CIPP. Experimentation by Inliner Technologies indicates
`that polyester fibers provide an optimized combination of adhesion to the resin, strength,
`and chemical resistance compared to the other fibers available. The tube is also engi-
`neered to have enough strength to minimize stretch during pull-in or inversion process, but
`also have enough flexibility to allow the tube to stretch out and fit tightly against the exist-
`ing pipe.
`
`ASTM D5813 and F1743 have specified minimum tube material properties for minimum
`tensile strength. The value specified in these ASTM practices is 750psi. The materials
`specified by Inliner Technologies are given in Table 1. These materials have been devel-
`oped to meet and/or exceed the minimum strengths specified by ASTM.
`
`Table 1. Typical properties of INLINER Technology felt and coated felt
`
`Material
`
`Felt
`
`Plastic coated felt
`
`Tensile Elongation
`
`Ultimate Tensile Strength
`
`85-95%
`
`70-75%
`
`900 psi
`
`1500 psi
`
`3.3. RESIN PRODUCTS FOR INLINER TECHNOLOGIES
`
`General Resin Overview
`
`The resin(s) specified for CIPP govern the short and long-term performance of the prod-
`uct. There are three general classifications of resins used for CIPP:
`
`(cid:120) Unsaturated polyester resin
`(cid:120) Epoxy vinyl ester resin
`(cid:120) Epoxy resin and curing agent
`
`Within each category of resin there are many different variations of these products with
`associated performance and cost features. Polyester resins are most commonly specified,
`followed by epoxy vinyl esters and the least commonly used are the group of epoxy resins.
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`The most commonly specified polyester resins are in the family of isophthalic polyester.
`The isophthalic polyester resins have high chemical and thermal resistance and process
`well to wet out the tube fabrics. Epoxy vinyl ester resins are much higher performance,
`but also have a higher associated cost. Epoxy vinyl ester resins have much higher strength,
`flexibility, and thermal resistance than a polyester resin. Epoxy vinyl ester resins are spec-
`ified most often with municipal and industrial end-users that want/need this level of per-
`formance.
`
`Another advancement for CIPP resin technology involves the use of specialized fillers that
`may be added to the resins. Fillers have mistakenly been associated with negative perfor-
`mance. Fillers have many beneficial property enhancements, which include, increased
`flexural modulus, improved thermal conductivity, and reduced CIPP shrinkage. All of
`these benefits can be obtained without loss of chemical resistance to common chemicals
`found in sanitary sewer systems. Improvement in the thermal conductivity helps to im-
`prove cure throughout the thickness of the liner by allowing the heat to transfer through
`more easily. For thick liners the heat generated by resin polymerization can more easily
`dissipate during the curing stage, which can produce a more uniform laminate. Many dif-
`ferent types of fillers can be used, but the most commonly specified filler for use in CIPP
`is aluminum trihydrate (ATH). A considerable amount of research and development has
`been devoted to the optimization of fillers used for CIPP. Filler type, particle size, size
`distribution and specialized surface chemical coatings are all critical components that al-
`low fillers to work consistently for CIPP. The particle size and distribution allow the fill-
`ers to wet out the tube fabrics easily and consistently. The filler type and surface treat-
`m