CRC Handbook
`
`A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data
`
`of
`ChemiStry and Physics
`
`
`E-ditorin—Chief
`
`David R Lide, Ph.D.
`Former Director, Standard Reference Data
`National Institute of Standards and Technology
`
`CRC Press
`Beca Raton London New Yoi‘k Washington, DC.
`
`GILLETTE 1112
`
`GILLETTE 1112
`
`

`

`Page 2 of 3
`
`© 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996,
`1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 by CRC Press LLC
`A
`,
`‘
`
`© 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972,1973 by THE CHEMICAL RUBBER CO..
`Copyright 1918, 1920 by The Chemical Rubber Company (Copyright renewed 1946,1948 by,The Chemical Rubber Publishing Company)
`Copyright 1922 (Copyright renewed 1950), 1925 (Copyright renewed 1953), 1926 (Copyright renewed 1954), 1927 (Copyright renewed 1955),
`1929 (Copyrightrenewed 1957), 1936, 1937 (Copyright renewed 1965 by The ChemicalRubber Co.), 1939, 1940 (Copyright renewed 1968 by
`the Chemical Rubber Co.), 1941 (Copyright renewed 1969 by The Chemical Rubber Co.), 1942 (Copyrightrenewed 1970by The Chemical Rubber
`Co.), 1943 (Copyright renewed 1971 by The Chemical RubberCo.), 1944 (Copyright renewed 1972 by The Chemical RubberCo.), 1945 (Copyright
`renewed 1973_by The Chemical Rubber Co.), 1947, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952 (Copyright renewed 1980 by CRC Press, Inc.), 1953 (Copyright
`. renewed 1981a by CRC Press, Inc.), 1954 (Copyright renewed 1982 by CRC Press, Inc.), 1955 (Copyright renewed 1983 by CRC Press. Inc), 1956
`by Chemical Rubber Publishing Company
`.
`.
`'
`© 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962 by Chemical Rubber Publishing Company
`
`'
`
`This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources
`are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author
`and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
`Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means. electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
`microfilming, and recording,ror by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
`All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or persona1 use, or' the personal or internal uSe of specific clients, may be
`granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem,
`MA»01970 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-0482—2/01/$0.00+$.50. The fee is subject to change
`without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
`CRC Press LLC’s consent does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific
`permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press for such copying.
`Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 NW. Corporate Blvdj, Boca Raton, Florida 33431.
`
`© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
`
`, No claim to original US Government works
`International Standard Book Number 0—8493—0482-2
`7
`.
`Library of Congress Card Number 13-11056
`Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
`Printed on acid—free paper
`
`Page 2 of 3
`
`

`

`THE ELEMENTS (continued) ’
`
`Page 3 0f 3
`
`'
`
`Other compounds are of ind uStrial value; lead chromate is chrome yellow, a valued pigment. Chromium compounds are used in the textile industry
`as mordants, and by the aircraft and other industries for anodizing aluminum. The refraCtory' industry has found chromite useful for forming bricks .
`and shapes, as it has a high melting point, moderate thermal-'expansionfiand‘stabilityof crystalline structure‘Chr'omium is an essential trace element
`for human health. Many chromium compounds," ltowever, are acutely toxic, eiironically tbxic, and may be carcinogenic. They should be handled with
`propersafeguards. Natural chromium contains four isotopes. Twenty other isotopes lare’knOwn. Chromium metal (99.95%) costs about $600/kg.
`Commercial grade chromium (99%) costs abbut $75/kg.
`'
`_
`'
`'
`j
`' "
`.
`'
`V
`.
`'
`'
`'
`*
`Cobalt ~—(’_Kobald, from the Gerrnan, igoblin‘o‘r evil spirit,coba10r,iGreek, mine), co; at. wt."58.93320(l); at. no. 27; m.p. 1‘495°C; b.p. 2927°c;
`5p. gr. 8.9 (20°C); valence2 or3. Discovered by Brandt‘about 1735. Cobalt‘oceurs in themineralCo'bizltite, sm’izltite, and erythrite, and is oftenassociated
`with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores, from which it is most freQuently obtained asa‘ byeproduct. It is also present in meteorites. Important
`ore deposits are found in Congo-Kinshasa, Australia, Zambia, Russia, Canada, and elsewhere. The U.S.'_Geological Survey has announced that the
`bottom ofthe north central Pacific Ocean may have cobalt~rich deposits at relatively shallow depths in waters close to the Hawaiian‘lslands and other
`US. Pacific territories. Cobalt is a brittle,. hard metal, closely resembling iron and nickel‘in appearance. It has a magnetic p'e'nneability of about two
`thirds that ofiron. Cobalt tends to exist as amiXture oftwo allotropes otter; wide temperaturefrahge; the B-forrn predominates below-400°C, and the
`a above that temperature. The transformation is sluggish and accounts in part for the'wid'e hariation'in reported data on physical propertiesofcobalt.
`It is alloyed with’iron, nickel and 'other'riiietals’to make Alhictffanalloy eF-hhusual'mag'netic strength, with'rriany important‘uses. Stellite alloys,
`containing cobalt, chromium, and tungnen; are used to“: high-Speed; heavy—any; hi'gh'temiie‘ratiire cu'tgingjtoois,‘ and forjdiesLQCObalt is also used in .
`
`other magnet steels'and stainless steels'fand in alloys:used in jet turbines'and gas-turbine generators; The metal is fused in‘eleetroplatingbecauseof
`its appearance,-hardhess, and resistance to oxidaiidii'.iTheiszilts have
`nused'for oerituries ,for‘J't‘h'erprodnctionoibrillizii'i't'and'permanent bluecolors
`in porcelain, glass, pottery:tiles, and'enamels. his: the panein ingredient in‘Sevre’s and imitators bluetiAis‘ehition'offthe chloride(CoC12'. '6H20)
`
`is used as’sympauieti'cink. Thecobalt amines'aie'o‘rinteiejstithe-oxide and the‘nitrate eie‘i'in'
`n‘
`(Cobalt bareengaged‘it‘rthegtonhorthe chloride,
`sulfate, acetate, ornitrate liasbeen fouhdeffectivein cbrreétiiig d‘oertain mineral'deti'ciency-diseas'e in a'nnna'is'sought-onto contain 0;13 to 0.30 ppm
`. ofebbalt for proper animal nutritiori.Cobaltis‘fo\1nd in vitatniniezfiizgwhi’chis
`nti
`unian nutrition. (Cobalt-of 99i9+% puiityfis'priced‘at
`
`
`- about$500/l<g. Cobalt—60', anartificial isotope, is ari’ir‘npbrraiit'gaminaraysoiirEe;andISeiitensrvel'y used as'atraceiand aradiotherapeuticagent. Single
`compact sources of Cobalt-60 vary from about $1 to $‘10lc’urie; dépétiding‘ on Quantity'and'speEific'ac'tiyityZIThirty isotopes and isomers ofcobalt are
`mowd.‘
`'
`,
`'
`”'y“.>:."_ ‘_
`‘
`t":_",» ’
`l_-i‘-
`.
`‘4.
`3--,~ 1“:.=
`:. {'4 ’
`1:1.
`'
`I
`VA""'
`.
`'
`“
`
`
`
`'
`_
`.,
`'
`..
`.9
`..
`_
`.
`_
`f
`'
`"
`.. ' "'
`.‘Columbium'—‘SeeNiobium. "
`p. 163452 bC); bp. ’2562°C;‘sp; gr; 8:96 (2Q‘C);:Valenc’:e I
`Copper -—.~ (L; cuprztm, frOm the island ofCyprus), 'Cufat. wt. 63L54B(3)§ atf‘no. 2
`r mi' e than $5600 years. Itis oiie'ofman’sy'r‘nost- important
`or 2. The discoveryofcopper dates from prehistoric titties." It'is'said tohave'beefn min
`metals: Copperis reddish colored; takes on‘a bright metallic lueier, and is‘inalleablefiiir ilefarid‘aigoodconductxororhe'at andelectricityfiecond only
`
`to silver in electrical conductivity). The'electrical industry/"is one of‘the;greatest user's’bie pperfCoppEr'oceasionally‘oceiir‘s'inativefand is found in
`. many minerals suchas cu‘prite, malachite; aztirite, éhalcbpyfi'té, and b'omité; ‘Lar’gie copper'o're depbsits arefound iii the U;S., Chi
`';'_Zanibia, zair'e,
`Peru;andCanada. The mostimportantcopperores arethefsulfide's‘, oitides, and carbgh
`.
`rom‘these’k‘cgpperis obtained by’smeltirig, lea: hing;and
`
`by electrolysis. Its alloysrb'r‘aSS'ahd bronzeflon'gitsed,‘are‘still'_very importantf‘allflrrienc
`on she o’w copper.alleys; mohel andg'un‘
`etals also
`
`contain copper. The‘rnost iinponant‘co'rfipounds are'the oXideand the‘siilfate; blue ‘vit'riol?the'latfer'h‘zis‘ pretense" as an agricultur "poi
`~ ”and as an
`algicide in water purification. Copper compoundssuch as Fehling’s solution are widely used in analytical chemistry in tesié’toi‘itigarg'mghipuiity
`copper(99.999 + %) is readily available commercially. The price ofcommercial copperhas fluctuated widely. Thepriceofcopper'in becomberl999
`t was about $1.75/kg. Natural copper contains two isotopes. Twenty~six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are kn _ ii
`‘
`;
`-.
`“
`.h
`'
`,
`.
`Curium —— (Pierre and Marie Curie), Cm; at. wt. (247); at. no. 96; mp. 1345°C; sp. gr. 13.51 (calc.); valencej 33nd '4.‘ Althoughcunum follows
`americium in theperiodic system, it was actually known before americium and was the third transuranium elementteibejiiscoye‘red'.it was ideiitified
`by Seaborg, James, and Ghiorso in 1944 at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago as a result ofhelium-iori,_bjo'_mb_'ar'dn'ierig‘.ipiti23% in the
`Berkeley, California, 60-inch cyclotron. Visible amounts (30kg) of“Cm, in the form ofthe hydroxide, were firsttsolated byWernerand eriman
`ofthe University ofCalifornia in 1947. In 1950, Crane, Wallmann, and Cunningham found'that-themag etic susc 'pt
`tlityofrificrog'ram's
`ples of
`. CmF3 was ofthe same magnitude as that ofGdFa. This provided‘direct experimental evidence forfis‘gigmhgan electroniczconfiguratiori toCmfi. In
`1951, the same workers prepared curium in its elemental form for the first time.- Sixteen isotopes‘5?
`' are now known; the moststable'iifl‘VCm,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ruiriitsrare-
`aluminum.
`dis mere‘eleetropofitivéth
`.
`Cm02, Cm203, CmFg, CmFi, CmClg, CmBr3, and le3 have been prepared. Most compounds oftiivalerit curiumare faintly yellowinceloriffi‘sz
`- generates about three Watts of thermal energy per gram. This compares to one—half watt per gram‘olr ?33_Pu This;suggests 'use’fo'r cii‘rium as ‘a‘ power
`source. 244Cm is now offered for sale by the O.R.N.L. at $185/rng plus packingcharges. 24’3ka available at aebst of$l§0lug'; pluspacking charges,
`from the biR.N.L; Curiuin absorbed into‘the'body‘a'ccurnulateS in the bones-inn is'theiefoi‘e'very tbxic as,its radiation destroys theieaneitfoiniing
`mechanism. The maximum permissible total body’burden of :24“:Crn“(soluble)x’in a'hiirnan‘being is'OB uCi '(rriiéjrocri’rie);
`
`.
`.
`z“
`Deuterium,'an‘isotope'ofhydro‘genMsee Hydrogen.
`V‘
`i
`'_
`H i'
`""
`'
`:
`p;
`'
`..
`.V '
`.
`"
`
`’ Dubnium ——'- (named after the Joint Institute 9f Nuclear Research in one"
`us'sia)i’Db; at.th. [262]; 'at'no. j105.'rn i967 oi‘N;’i21etov‘teport‘ed
`that a‘Soviet team workih‘gjat the Icint Institute for NuclearResearch at' Dubna may-,haveproduced aife'w atoms of 260105 and 26‘105 by bombarding
`243Am with 22Ne. Their evidence was based on timeécoincidence measurements oialpha energies More recently; it was'repott‘ed thatearly in 1970
`Dubna scientiSts synthesized Element 105 and that by the end of April:l 970 “h‘ad'invesugated all the typesjof decay 'of the'new element and had
`determined its chemical prop'ertiesfiln late April 1970, it Wasannouncedthat Ghiorso, Nutmia: Ham's, K. A. Y. Espkolm'and P’. L.‘Eskola, working
`at the University of California-at Berkeley, had positivelyidentified_‘Element 105. Thedis'covery was made‘by bombarding a target of'249Cf with a
`beam Of84 MeV nitrogen nuclei ‘in theHe‘avy Io‘n Linear Accelerator (HI-LAC).HWIhen a‘15N nuclear'is absorbed by‘a 749Cf'hucleus, four neutrons are
`emitted and a new atom of250105 with'a half-life 6f L6 3 is formed. While the first atoms'ofElement '105 are said to have been detectedconclu'sively
`4—9 "
`
`Page 3 of 3
`
`