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`v a abl quarterly
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`IPR2014-00717 BHM Ex. 2014
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`/
`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright© 1999 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary. -- 4th ed.
`p. em.
`Previous eds. published under title: Microsoft Press computer
`dictionary
`ISBN 0-7356-0615 -3
`1. Computers Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers
`I. Microsoft Press computer dictionary.
`QA76.15.M538 1999
`004'.03--dc21
`
`Dictionaries.
`
`99-20168
`CIP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 MLML
`
`4 3 2 1 0 9
`
`Distributed in Canada by ITP Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further information
`about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press
`International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at mspress.microsoft.com.
`
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of Apple Computer,
`Inc. Kodak is a registered trademark of the Eastman Kodak Company. Intel is a registered trademark and lndeo
`is a trademark of Intel Corporation. Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, Active Platform, ActiveX,
`Authenticode, BackOffice, Directlnput, DirectX, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, MS-DOS, MSN, NetMeeting,
`NetShow, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual 1++, WebTV, WebTV Network, Win32, Win32s, Windows,
`Windows NT, and XENIX are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the
`United States and/or other countries. P ANTONE is a registered trademark of Pantone, Inc. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, people, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No associa(cid:173)
`tion with any real company, organization, product, person, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Christey Bahn
`Project Editor: Kim Fryer
`
`IPR2014-00717 BHM Ex. 2014
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`

`
`Advanced Digital Network
`
`agent
`
`Advanced Digital Network n. A dedicated line ser(cid:173)
`vice capable of transmitting data, video, and other
`digital signals with exceptional reliability, offered as
`a premier service by communications companies.
`Usually Advanced Digital Network refers to speeds
`at or above 56 kilobits per second (Kbps). See also
`dedicated line.
`Advanced Interactive Executive n. See AIX.
`Advanced Mobile Phone Service n. See AMPS.
`Advanced Power Management n. An application
`programming interface developed by Microsoft and
`Intel to monitor and conserve power on a PC-based
`system, particularly a battery-powered laptop com(cid:173)
`puter, by enabling programs to communicate their
`power requirements so that the system can route
`power away from unused hardware components.
`Acronym: APM. See also application programming
`interface.
`Advanced Program-to-Program Communication n.
`SeeAPPC.
`Advanced Research Projects Agency Network n.
`See ARPANET.
`Advanced RISC n. Short for Advanced Reduced
`Instruction Set Computing. A specification for a
`RISC microchip architecture and system environ(cid:173)
`ment designed by MIPS Computer Systems to pro(cid:173)
`vide binary compatibility among software
`applications. See also RISC.
`Advanced RISC Computing Specification n. The
`minimum hardware requirements enabling a RISC(cid:173)
`based system to comply with the Advanced Comput(cid:173)
`ing Environment standard. See also Advanced RISC.
`Advanced SCSI Programming Interface n. An inter(cid:173)
`face specification developed by Adaptec, Inc., for
`sending commands to SCSI host adapters. The inter(cid:173)
`face provides an abstraction layer that insulates the
`programmer from considerations of the particular
`host adapter used. Acronym: ASP!. See also adapter,
`SCSI.
`Advanced Streaming Format n. An open file format
`specification for streaming multimedia files contain(cid:173)
`ing text, graphics, sound, video, and animation. ASF
`does not define the format for any media streams
`within the file . Rather, it defines a standardized, ex(cid:173)
`tensible file "container" that is not dependent on a
`particular operating system or communication proto(cid:173)
`col, or on a particular method (such as HTML or
`
`MPEG-4) used to compose the data stream in the
`file. An ASF file consists of three objects: a Header
`object containing information about the file itself; a
`Data object containing the media streams; and an
`optional Index object that can help support random
`access to data within the file. The ASF specification
`has been submitted to the ISO (International Stan(cid:173)
`dards Organization) for consideration. Acronym:
`ASF. See also streaming.
`adventure game n. A role-playing computer game in
`which the player becomes a character in a narrative.
`In order to complete the game, the player must solve
`problems and avoid or overcome attacks and other
`forms of interference from the game's environment
`and other characters. The first adventure game was
`called "Adventure." It was developed in 1976 by Will
`Crowther of Bolt, Baranek & Newman. See also role(cid:173)
`playing game.
`AE n. Acronym for application entity. In the ISO/OSI
`reference model, one of the two software parties in(cid:173)
`volved in a communications session. See also ISO/
`OSI reference model.
`AFC n. See Application Foundation Classes.
`AFDW n. See Active Framework for Data Warehous(cid:173)
`ing.
`AFIPS \a'fips\ n. Acronym for American Federation
`of Information Processing Societies. An organization
`formed in 1961 for the advancement of computing
`and information-related concerns. The U.S. represen(cid:173)
`tative of the International Federation of Information
`Processing, AFIPS was replaced by the Federation on
`Computing in the United States (FOCUS) in 1990.
`AFK adv. Acronym for away from keyboard. A
`phrase occasionally seen in live chat services on the
`Internet and online information services as an indica(cid:173)
`tion that one is momentarily unable to answer. See
`also chat1 (definition 1).
`AFS n. Acronym for Andrew File System. A distrib(cid:173)
`uted file system for facilitating accessibility to re(cid:173)
`mote files in large networks. Owned and maintained
`by Transarc Corporation, AFS was originally devel(cid:173)
`oped as part of the Andrew project at the Information
`Technology Center at Carnegie-Mellon University.
`agent n. 1. A program that performs a background
`task for a user and reports to the user when the task
`is done or some expected event has taken place. 2. A
`program that searches through archives or other re-
`
`18
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`

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`AGP
`
`aliasing bug
`
`positories of information on a topic specified by the
`user. Agents of this sort are used most often on the
`Internet and are generally dedicated to searching a
`single type of information repository, such as
`postings on Usenet groups. Spiders are a type of
`agent used on the Internet. Also called intelligent
`agent. See also spider. 3. In client/server applica(cid:173)
`tions, a process that mediates between the client and
`the server. 4. In Simple Network Management Proto(cid:173)
`col (SNMP), a program that monitors network traffic.
`See also SNMP.
`AGP n. Acronym for Accelerated Graphics Port. A
`high-performance bus specification designed for fast,
`high-quality display of 3-D and video images. Devel(cid:173)
`oped by Intel Corporation, AGP uses a dedicated
`point-to-point connection between the graphics con(cid:173)
`troller and main system memory. This connection
`enables AGP-capable display adapters and compat(cid:173)
`ible chip sets to transfer video data directly between
`system memory and adapter memory, to display im(cid:173)
`ages more quickly and smoothly than they can be
`displayed when the information must be transferred
`over the system's primary (PCI) bus. AGP also al(cid:173)
`lows for storing complex image elements such as
`texture maps in system memory and thus reduces the
`need for large amounts of memory on the adapter
`itself. AGP runs at 66 MHz-twice as fast as the PCI
`bus-and can support data transfer speeds of up to
`533 Mb per second. See also PCI local bus.
`AI n. See artificial intelligence .
`. aiff n. The file extension that identifies audio files in
`the sound format originally used on Apple and Sili(cid:173)
`con Graphics (SGI) computers.
`AIFF n. The sound format originally used on Apple
`and Silicon Graphics (SGI) computers. AIFF stores
`waveform files in an 8-bit monaural format. See also
`waveform.
`AIX n. Acronym for Advanced Interactive Executive.
`A version of the UNIX operating system developed
`and maintained by IBM for its UNIX workstations
`and PCs.
`alarm n. A visual or auditory signal from a computer
`alerting the user to an error or hazardous situation.
`alert n. 1. In many operating systems with GUis
`(graphical user interfaces), an audible or visual alarm
`that signals an error or represents a warning of some
`sort. See also alert box. 2. In programming, an asyn(cid:173)
`chronous notification sent by one thread to another.
`
`The alert interrupts the recipient thread at defined
`points in its execution and causes it to execute an
`asynchronous procedure call. See also asynchronous
`procedure call, thread (definition 1).
`alert box n. An on-screen box, in a GUI (graphical
`user interface), that is used to deliver a message or
`warning. Compare dialog box.
`ALGOL \a!' gal, a!' go!\ n. Acronym for Algorithmic
`Language. The first structured procedural program(cid:173)
`ming language, developed in the late 1950s and once
`widely used in Europe.
`algorithm n. A finite sequence of steps for solving a
`logical or mathematical problem or performing a
`task.
`algorithmic language n. A programming language,
`such as Ada, Basic, C, or Pascal, that uses algorithms
`for problem solving.
`Algorithmic Language n. See ALGOL.
`alias n. 1. An alternative label for some object, such
`as a file or data collection. 2. A name used to direct
`e-mail messages to a person or group of people on a
`network. 3. A false signal that results from the digiti(cid:173)
`zation of an analog audio sample.
`aliasing n. In computer graphics, the jagged appear(cid:173)
`ance of curves or diagonal lines on a display screen,
`which is caused by low screen resolution. See the
`
`illustration. r r
`
`Aliasing. The lower resolution of the image on the right
`reveals the aliasing effect.
`
`aliasing bug n. A class of subtle programming errors
`that can arise in code that performs dynamic alloca(cid:173)
`tion. If several pointers address the same chunk of
`storage, the program may free the storage using one
`of the pointers, but then attempt to use another one
`(an alias), which would no longer be pointing to the
`desired data. This bug is avoidable by the use of allo(cid:173)
`cation strategies that never use more than one copy
`of a pointer to allocated core memory, or by the use
`of higher-levellanguages, such as LISP, which em(cid:173)
`ploy a garbage collection feature . Also called stale
`pointer bug. See also alias, dynamic allocation, gar(cid:173)
`bage collection.
`
`19
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`

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`file server
`
`·-: sharing
`
`filter
`
`f an operating system or
`i!e physical placement of
`>gram files.
`i. numbers, and allowable
`o distinguish it from all
`rectory on a disk. A
`,.-hich a computer user
`of information. Both pro(cid:173)
`nes and often extensions
`e or purpose of the file.
`s maximum length and
`Leuame, vary from one
`·. See also directory, path
`
`~tens ion (definition 1).
`or device by which the
`file are maintained.
`range from allowing read-
`sswords to covering the
`s.t and locking away
`·ve fi les.
`, of reconstructing lost or
`es are lost when they are
`on-disk information
`~ged. or when the disk is
`!Yes the use of utility
`!build on-disk information
`of deleted files. Because
`sk space available but
`:!ata that has not yet been
`ed. In the case of damage.::
`grams read whatever raw
`e the data to a new disk or
`mary or hexadecimal)
`owever, such reconstructe,:
`.;:;eous or mixed informa(cid:173)
`te. The best way to recoYe;(cid:173)
`t backup copy.
`;:-cessing a data file, trans(cid:173)
`cation to the machine
`
`:!.eYice on a local area net-
`1 users on the network.
`1 appears to the user as a
`,.-er is a sophisticated de(cid:173)
`es bm manages them and
`
`:.:....:1tains order as network users request ftles and
`- :ke changes to them. To deal with the tasks of han(cid:173)
`:..g multiple-sometimes simultaneous-requests
`iiles, a file server contains a processor and control(cid:173)
`; software as well as a disk drive for storage. On
`area networks, a file server is often a computer
`:.:; a large hard disk that is dedicated only to the task
`~aging shared files. Compare disk server.
`sharing n. The use of computer files on networks,
`-~ei n files are stored on a central computer or a
`er and are requested, reviewed, and modified by
`e than one individual. When a file is used with
`=-ITent programs or different computers, file shar(cid:173)
`; :-an require conversion to a mutually acceptable
`t. When a single file is shared by many people,
`_ess can be regulated through such means as pass(cid:173)
`j protection, security clearances, or file locking
`.rohibit changes to a file by more than one person
`
`e n. The length of a file, typically given in
`s. A computer file stored on disk actually has
`file sizes, logical size and physical size. The
`:: :a! file size corresponds to the file 's actual size(cid:173)
`e ::;umber of bytes it contains. The physical size
`!!.!75 to the amount of storage space allotted to the
`on disk. Because space is set aside for a file in
`-:c; of bytes, the last characters in the file might
`.:ompletely fill the block (allocation unit) re-
`- ed for them. When this happens, the physical size
`ger than the logical size of the file.
`n. See file specification (definition 1).
`>:pecification n. 1. Abbreviated filespec. The path
`~ iile, from a disk drive through a chain of direc-
`files to the filename that serves to locate a par(cid:173)
`file. 2. A filename containing wildcard
`ters that indicate which files among a group of
`Jily named files are requested. 3. A document
`jescribes the organization of data within a file .
`tru cture n. A description of a file or group of
`... that are to be treated together for some purpose.
`:; a description includes file layout and location
`e2ch file under consideration.
`. stem n. In an operating system, the overall
`. ..,.:rure in which files are named, stored, and orga(cid:173)
`·.:d. A file system consists of files , directories, or
`. and the information needed to locate and
`-->S these items. The term can also refer to the
`-;)On of an operating system that translates re-
`
`quests for file operations from an application pro(cid:173)
`gram into low-level, sector-oriented tasks that can be
`understood by the drivers controlling the disk drives.
`See also driver.
`file transfer n. The process of moving or transmitting
`a file from one location to another, as between two
`programs or over a network.
`File Transfer Protocol n. See FTP' (definition 1).
`file type n. A designation of the operational or struc(cid:173)
`tural characteristics of a file . A file's type is often
`identified in the filename, usually in the filename
`extension. See also file format.
`fiiP n. In computer graphics, the colored or patterned
`"paint" inside an enclosed figure, such as a circle.
`The portion of the shape that can be colored or pat(cid:173)
`terned is the fill area. Drawing programs commonly
`offer tools for creating filled or nonfilled shapes; the
`user can specify color or pattern.
`fiiP vb. To add color or a pattern to the enclosed por(cid:173)
`tion of a circle or other shape.
`film at 11 A phrase sometimes seen in newsgroups.
`An allusion to a brief news break on TV that refers
`to a top news story that will be covered in full on
`the 11 o' clock news, it is used sarcastically to ridi(cid:173)
`cule a previous article's lack of timeliness or news(cid:173)
`worthiness. See also newsgroup.
`film recorder n. A device for capturing on 35-mrn
`film the images displayed on a computer screen.
`film ribbon n. See carbon ribbon.
`filter n. 1. A program or set of features within a pro(cid:173)
`gram that reads its standard or designated input,
`transforms the input in some desired way, and then
`writes the output to its standard or designated output
`destination. A database filter, for example, might flag
`information of a certain age. 2. In communications
`and electronics, hardware or software that selectively
`passes certain elements of a signal and eliminates or
`minimizes others. A filter on a communications net(cid:173)
`work, for example, must be designed to transmit a
`certain frequency but attenuate (dampen) frequenci es
`above it (a lowpass filter), those below it (a highpass
`filter), or those above and below it (a bandpass fil(cid:173)
`ter). 3. A pattern or mask through which data is
`passed to weed out specified items. For instance. a
`filter used in e-mail or in retrieving news group mes(cid:173)
`sages can allow users to filter out messages from
`other users. See also e-mail filter, mask. 4. In com-
`
`185
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`filtering program
`
`Fire Wi re
`
`~Nare
`
`puter graphics, a special effect or production effect
`that is applied to bitmapped images; for example,
`shifting pixels within an image, making elements of
`the image transparent, or distorting the image. Some
`filters are built into a graphics program, such as a
`paint program or an image editor. Others are separate
`software packages that plug into the graphics pro(cid:173)
`gram. See also bitmapped graphics , image editor,
`paint program.
`filtering program n. A program that filters informa(cid:173)
`tion and presents only results that match the qualifi(cid:173)
`cations defined in the program.
`FilterKeys n. A Windows 9x accessibility control
`panel feature that enables users with physical dis(cid:173)
`abilities to use the keyboard. With FilterKeys, the
`system ignores brief and repeated keystrokes that
`result from slow or inaccurate finger movements.
`See also accessibility. Compare MouseKeys,
`ShowSounds, SoundSentry, StickyKeys, ToggleKeys.
`Final-Form-Text DCA n. A standard in Document
`Content Architecture (DCA) for storing documents in
`ready-to-print form for interchange between dissimilar
`programs. A related standard is Revisable-Form-Text
`DCA (RFTDCA). Acronym: FFTDCA. See also DCA
`(definition 1). Compare Revisable-Form-Text DCA.
`find vb. See search2•
`Finder n. The standard interface to the Macintosh
`operating system. The Finder allows the user to view
`the contents of directories (folders) ; to move, copy,
`and delete files; and to launch applications. Items in
`the system are often represented as icons, and a
`mouse or similar pointing device is used to manipu(cid:173)
`late these items. The Finder was the first commer(cid:173)
`cially successful graphical user interface, and it
`helped launch a wave of interest in icon-based sys(cid:173)
`tems . See also MultiFinder.
`finger' n. An Internet utility, originally limited to
`UNIX but now available on many other platforms, that
`enables a user to obtain information on other users
`who may be at other sites (if those sites permit access
`by finger) . Given an e-mail address, finger returns the
`user's full name, an indication of whether or not the
`user is currently logged on, and any other information
`the user has chosen to supply as a profile. Given a first
`or last name, finger returns the logon names of users
`whose first or last names match.
`finger2 vb. To obtain information on a user by means
`of the finger program.
`
`fingerprint reader n. A scanner that reads human
`fingerprints for comparison to a database of stored
`fingerprint images.
`fingerprint recognition n. A technology used to con(cid:173)
`trol access to a computer, network, or other device
`to a secure area through a user's fingerprints . The
`patterns of an individual 's fingers are scanned by a
`fingerprint reader or similar device and matched ~;;_:
`stored images of fingerprints before access is
`granted. See also biometric.
`FIPS \fips\ n. See Federal Information Processing
`Standards.
`FIPS 140-1 n. Acronym for Federal Information Pro(cid:173)
`cessing Standard 140-1. A U.S. government standar::..
`issued by the National Institute of Standards and
`Technology (NIST) , entitled Security Requiremen '
`for Cryptographic Modules . FIPS 140-1 defines foe
`levels of security requirements related to crypto(cid:173)
`graphic hardware and software modules within
`computer and telecommunications systems used fo~
`sensitive but unclassified data. The four security le· -
`els range from basic module design through increas(cid:173)
`ingly stringent levels of physical security. The
`standard covers such security-related features as
`hardware and software security, cryptographic algo(cid:173)
`rithms, and management of encryption keys. FIPS
`140-1 products can be validated for federal use in
`both the United States and Canada after independe(cid:173)
`testing under the Cryptographic Module Validation
`(CMV) Program, developed and jointly adopted b~
`NIST and the Canadian Communication Security
`Establishment. See also cryptography.
`firewall n. A security system intended to protect an
`organization's network against external threats, su -(cid:173)
`as hackers, coming from another network, such a
`the Internet. Usually a combination of hardware an.:.
`software, a firewall prevents computers in the org -(cid:173)
`ization's network from communicating directly wi·'(cid:173)
`computers external to the network and vice versa.
`Instead, all communication is routed through a pro
`server outside of the organization 's network, and
`proxy server decides whether it is safe to let a par(cid:173)
`ticular message or file pass through to the organ(cid:173)
`ization's network. See also proxy server.
`Fire Wire n. A high-speed serial bus from Apple
`that implements the IEEE 1394 standard. See also
`IEEE 1394.
`
`186
`
`-
`
`ware n. Software rou
`:::1ory (ROM). Unlike
`·_-,_\f), read-only memo
`-. ~ilce of electrical PO''
`-level input/output in
`..:e. It falls between sol
`e ·e of modification ..
`
`. uter, that exchange'
`-~ using infrared light.
`• ;:n port.
`• IT \f;Jrst\ n. Acronym
`::se and Security Tear
`- ~remet Society (ISO
`T in order to encour.
`- ed response to sect
`-
`~et Society.
`- ,eneration compute!
`in. first out n. A met
`.:.ich items are remo,(cid:173)
`~11 they were added(cid:173)
`- an order is typical o
`o be printed. Acron)7
`. are last in, first out.
`ormal form n. See r
`_ n. The calculation c
`-
`losely approximate
`- ~rements . See also r
`.iks\ n. Acronym for
`- ::tnection point bern:e
`s internets and the l
`lnternet Exchanges: f
`~ . California; and FL\
`-: land. Together, they
`;ET, ESnet (the TCP
`:of Energy), and
`' SI
`-~et) with NSFnet. Se·
`.-ITLNET, NSFnet, TC
`
`-length field n. In a n
`2 whose size in bytes i
`-·. A fixed-length field
`- unt of space on a di
`stored in the field i
`I""..h field.
`
`IPR2014-00717 BHM Ex. 2014
`
`

`
`point-and-click
`
`sh notation
`
`point-and-click adj. Enabling a user to select data
`and activate programs by using a mouse or other
`pointing device to move a cursor to a desired location
`("point") and pressing a button on the mouse or other
`pointing device ("click").
`
`PointCast n. An Internet service that delivers and dis(cid:173)
`plays a personalized set of news articles to individual
`users. Unlike the World Wide Web and other Internet
`applications, PointCast is a push technology, where
`the server automatically uploads data without a spe(cid:173)
`cific command from the client. See also server (defi(cid:173)
`nition 2).
`
`point chart n. See scatter diagram.
`point diagram n. See scatter diagram.
`pointer n. 1. In programming and information pro(cid:173)
`cessing, a variable that contains the memory location
`(address) of some data rather than the data itself. See
`also address 1 (definition 1 ), handle (definition 1 ),
`reference 1• 2. See mouse pointer.
`
`pointing device n. An input device used to control an
`on-screen cursor for such actions as "pressing" on(cid:173)
`screen buttons in dialog boxes, choosing menu items,
`and selecting ranges of cells in spreadsheets or groups
`of words in a document. A pointing device is often
`used to create drawings or graphical shapes. The
`most common pointing device is the mouse, which
`was popularized by its use with the Macintosh. Other
`pointing devices include graphics tablets, styluses,
`light pens, joysticks, puc~s , and trackballs. See also
`graphics tablet, joystick, light pen, mouse, puck, sty(cid:173)
`lus, trackball.
`
`point listing n. A database of popular Web sites cat(cid:173)
`egorized by topics of interest and often rated by de(cid:173)
`sign and content.
`point of presence n. 1. A point in a wide area network
`to which a user can connect with a local telephone
`call. 2. A point at which a long distance telephone
`carrier connects to a local telephone exchange or to
`an individual user. Acronym: POP.
`
`point of sale n. See POS .
`
`point-to-point configuration n. A communications
`link in which dedicated links exist between indi(cid:173)
`vidual origins and destinations, as opposed to a
`point-to-multipoint configuration, in which the same
`signal goes to many destinations (such as a cable TV
`system), or a switched configuration, in which the
`signal moves from the origin to a switch that routes
`
`the signal to one of several possible destina
`Also called point-to-point connection.
`point-to-point connection n. See point-to-pa(cid:173)
`figuration .
`
`Point-to-Point Protocol n. See PPP.
`point-to-point tunneling n. A means of senii:;
`secure communications over an open, publi
`such as the Internet. See also PPTP.
`Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol n. See PP":"""
`Poisson distribution \pwo-son ' dis-trg-byro - (cid:173)
`A mathematical curve often used in statistics -
`simulation to represent the likelihood of som~ -
`occurring, such as the arrival of a customer ~ -
`queue, when the average likelihood is known -
`distribution, named after the French mathe
`S. D. Poisson, is simpler to calculate than th<!(cid:173)
`and binomial distributions. See also binomia:
`bution, normal distribution.
`poke vb. To store a byte into an absolute mell1':
`cation. PEEK (read a byte from memory) an.: -
`commands are often found in programming: -(cid:173)
`guages, such as Basic, that do not normally
`access to specific memory locations.
`
`polar coordinates n. Coordinates of the form
`used to locate a point in two dimensions (on ~ -
`The polar coordinate r is the length of the line
`starts at the origin and ends at the point, and _
`(Greek theta) is the angle between that line -
`positive x-axis. Compare Cartesian coordinac,
`polarity n. The sign of the potential (voltage -
`ence between two points in a circuit. When a ;:(cid:173)
`rial difference exists between two points , one •
`has a positive polarity and the other a negath ~ .
`ity. Electrons flow from negative to positi ve:~ ­
`vention, however, "current" is considered to I:
`from positive to negative.
`polarized component n. A circuit component·(cid:173)
`must be installed with its leads in a particul ar
`tation with respect to the polarity of the eire ill
`odes, rectifiers, and some capacitors are exa.m:;: -
`polarized components.
`polarizing filter n. A transparent piece of glas
`plastic that polarizes the light passing throug(cid:173)
`that is, it allows only waves vibrating in a ce:(cid:173)
`direction to pass through. Polarizing filters ar=
`used to reduce glare on monitor screens. See -
`glare filter.
`
`348
`
`n. See autopolling.
`
`cycle n. The time an
`- p-am to poll each of irs ·
`:1/so autopolling .
`
`an octagon, or a triang..
`'lJUnter polygons in graph
`· e n. An open shape
`-:ed segments. Polyline- a
`graphics programs. Set
`n. In an obje-~
`p1age, the ability to rede
`·s (a class that inherited 1
`..:ines from another clas:
`programmer to define a l
`..:.:ines that perform stand.:J.
`~elated objects, without F
`-· object. The programme
`- - in the derived class for
`_ unt the characteristics o
`<s, derived class, obj ec '
`-::nted programming.
`n. The first commercial
`
`:·b. To fetch the top (m~
`· ~m of a stack, removing tl
`....:k in the process. Cornpa
`;. \pop\ n. See point of p
`:ocol.
`
`P3 \pop-thre\ n. Acron~ll
`3. This is the current \ "ei
`_ ;ocol standard in comm<
`-ks. See also Post Office
`ate vb. 1. To put chip:
`.::rd. 2. To import prepare.
`m a file using a software
`· ing a human operator e
`
`_ up Help n. An online h•
`;es appear as pop-up win
`~ks on a topic or area of
`~:p is desired . Typically. a
`-:h as clicking the right rn
`:king, will activate pop-.
`•e also balloon help.
`
`IPR2014-00717 BHM Ex. 2014
`
`

`
`PSK
`
`i}.Utse
`
`Julse amplitude modu
`
`depend on server software to dynamically monitor
`the transmission. It can, however, play back only
`from the beginning of the file, rather than .from any
`point, as can be the case with true streaming. See
`also stream.
`PSK n. See phase-shift keying.
`PSN n. Acronym for packet-switching network. See
`packet switching.
`PSTN n. See Public Switched Telephone Network.
`p-system n. An operating system based on a pseudo(cid:173)
`machine implemented in software. A program written
`for the p-system is more portable than one written for
`a machine-dependent operating system. See also
`UCSD p-System.
`P-type semiconductor n. Semiconductor material
`in which electrical conduction is carried by holes
`("vacancies" left by electrons). Whether a semicon(cid:173)
`ductor is N-type or P-type depends on the kind of
`dopant added during manufacture. A dopant with a
`shortage of electrons results in a P-type semicon(cid:173)
`ductor. Compare N-type semiconductor.
`pub n. See /pub.
`/pub n. Short for public. A directory in an anonymous
`FTP archive that is accessible by the public and that
`generally contains files available for free download.
`See also anonymous FTP.
`public directory n. A directory on an FTP server that
`is accessible by anonymous users for the purpose of
`retrieving or storing files. Often the directory is
`called /pub. See also anonymous FTP, FTP (defini(cid:173)
`tion 1), FTP server, /pub.
`public domain n. The set of all creative works, such
`as books, music, or software, that are not covered by
`copyright or other property protection. Works in the
`public domain can be freely copied, modified, and
`otherwise used in any manner for any purpose. Much
`of the information, texts, and software on the Internet
`is in the public domain, but putting a copyrighted
`work on the Internet does not put it in the public do(cid:173)
`main. Compare proprietary.
`public-domain software n. A program donated for
`public use by its owner or developer and freely avail(cid:173)
`able for copying and distribution. Compare free soft(cid:173)
`ware, freeware, proprietary software, shareware.
`public files n. Files with no access restrictions.
`
`public folders n. The folders that are made accessible
`on a particular machine or by a particular user in a
`shared networking environment. Compare private
`folders .
`public key n. One of two keys in public key encryp(cid:173)
`tion. The user releases this key to the public, who ca.::.
`use it for encrypting messages to be sent to the user
`and for decrypting the user's digital signature. See
`also public key encryption. Compare private key.
`public key cryptography n. See public key encryptio::.
`public key encryption n. An asymmetric scheme tha:
`uses a pair of keys for encryption: the public key en(cid:173)
`crypts data, and a corresponding secret key decrypts
`it. For digital signatures, the process is reversed: the
`sender uses the secret key to create a unique elec(cid:173)
`tronic number that can be read by anyone possessini
`the corresponding public key, which verifies that the
`message is truly from the sender. See also private
`key, public key.
`public rights n. In the context of the Internet, the ex(cid:173)
`tent to which members of the public are permitted e
`use (and to place) information on the Internet under
`intellectual property law. See also fair use, public
`domain, public-domain software.
`Pu