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`EX. PGS 1059
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`Patent Number:
`
`Date of Patent:
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`4,809,005
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`Feb. 28, 1989
`
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`
`[11]
`
`[45]
`
`
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`United States Patent
`
`
`Counsehnan, III
`
`
`
`[19]
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`
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`MULTI-ANTENNA GAS RECEIVER FOR
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`SEISMIC SURVEY VESSELS
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`Inventor: Charles C. Counselman, III, Belmont,
`Mass.
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`Assignee: Western Atlas International, Inc.,
`Houston, Tex.
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`Appl. No.2 147,123
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`Filed:
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`Jan. 21, 1988
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`Related U.S. Application Data
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`Continuation of Ser. No. 35,662, Apr. 6, 1987, which is
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`a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 852,016, Apr. 14,
`1986, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No.
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`353,331, Mar. 1, 1982.
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`[54]
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`[75]
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`[73]
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`[21]
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`[22]
`
`[63]
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`
`5/1985 Norway .
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`
`
`852191
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`
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`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
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`Charles C. Counselman III, “Radio Astrometry”, An-
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`nual Reviews of Astrometry and Astrophysics, vol. 14,
`1976, pp. 197-214.
`
`
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`(List continued on next page.)
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`[57]
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`ABSTRACI‘
`
`Primary Examiner—Theodore M. Blum
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`Assistant Examiner—John B. Sotomayor
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`Attorney, Agent, or Firm—-Norman E. Brunell; E.
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`
`Eugene Thigpen
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`Method and apparatus are disclosed for accurately de-
`terrnining position from GPS satellites and received on
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`a ship using observations of C/A code group delay, L1
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`band center frequency carrier phase, L1 band 5.115
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`MHz implicit carrier phase, and L2 band 5.115 MHz
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`implicit carrier phase. A precise measurement of the
`range to each satellite is made based upon the L1 center
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`frequency carrier phase. A correction for ionospheric
`effects is determined by simultaneous observation of the
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`group delays of the wide bandwidth P code modula-
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`tions in both the L1 and L2 bands. These group delays
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`are determined by measuring the phases of carrier
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`waves implicit in the spread-spectrum signals received
`in both bands. These carriers are reconstructed from
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`both the L1 and L2 band signals from each satellite
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`without using knowledge of the P code. The unknown
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`biases in the L1 center frequency carrier phase range
`measurements
`are determined from simultaneous,
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`pseudorange measurements, with time averaging. The
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`instantaneous position of the antenna receiving these
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`signals, and therefore the ship, may then be determined
`from the ranges so determined, with both the bias and
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`the ionospheric effects having been eliminated. Addi-
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`tional antennas are positioned on the ship and a seismic
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`streamer towed by the ship to reject false signals, com-
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`pensate for blockage of signals by the ship’s structure,
`and determine the position of sensors in the streamer.
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`9 Claims, 25 Drawing Sheets
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`[51]
`[52]
`[581
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`[56]
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`Int. Cl.4 ............................................ .. H04B 7/185
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`......... .. 342/352; 342/357
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`Field of Search ................... .. 342/352, 357; 375/1
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`References Cited
`
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`
`
`3,860,921
`1/1975 Wood .................................. 342/109
`
`
`
`
`
`342/103
`8/1975 Bouvier et al.
`3,900,873
`.
`
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`
`
`3,906,204 9/1975 Rigdon et al.
`......
`342/357 X
`
`
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`3/1976 Afendykiw et al.
`342/156
`3,943,514
`
`
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`
`
`4,045,796
`.342/103
`8/1977 Kline ................. ..
`
`
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`
`. 342/192
`4,054,879 10/1977 Wright et al.
`
`
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`
`9/1978 Raab ..... ... .. ..
`.. ... 342/394
`4,114,155
`4,170,776 10/1979 McDoran .
`. 342/458
`
`
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`
`
`4,232,389 11/1980 Loiler ..... ..
`455/12
`
`
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`
`
`342/352
`4,368,469
`1/1983 Ott et al.
`..
`
`
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`
`375/1 X
`4,443,799 4/1984 Rubin ...........
`
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`
`
`342/357
`4,445,118
`4/1984 Taylor et al.
`
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`
`375/1 X
`6/1984 Baran ...........
`4,455,651
`
`
`
`
`
`342/460
`4,463,357
`7/1984 MacDoran
`
`
`
`
`342/460
`8/1984 Johnson et al.
`4,468,793
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`
`
`
`........ 375/1
`4,484,335 11/1984 Mosley et al.
`
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`
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`342/357
`4,578,678
`3/1986 Hurd .............. ..
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`
`
`
`
`........ 375/ 1
`7/1986 Kilvington
`4,601,005
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`
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`
`
`342/352
`4,613,864 9/1986 Hofgen
`
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`
`
`324/420 X
`.
`9/1986 Wong et al.
`4,613,977
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`
`
`
`
`342/357
`4,652,884 3/1987 Starker .............
`
`
`
`
`
`...... .. 375/ 1
`4/1987 Apostolos et al.
`4,656,642
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`
`
`6/1987 Fukuhara et al. ................. .. 342/357
`4,672,382
`
`
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`
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`
`
`
`..
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`EX. PGS 1059
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`Ex. PGS 1059
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`Page 2
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`4,809,005
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`Terminals for Earth Surveying”, Proceedings of the 9th
`
`
`
`
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`GEOP Conference, An International Symposium on
`
`
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`
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`the Applications of Geodesy to Geodynamics, Oct. 2-5,
`
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`
`
`1978, Dept. of Geodetic Science Report No. 280, The
`
`
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`
`
`Ohio State University, 1978, pp. 65-85.
`Peter F. MacDoran, “Satellite Emission Radio Interfer-
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`
`
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`
`
`ometric Earth Surveying Series-GPS Geodetic Sys-
`
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`tem”, Bulletin Geodesique, vol. 53, 1979, pp. 117-138.
`Peter F. MacDoran, “Series—Satellite Emission Radio
`
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`
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`
`
`
`Interferometric Earth Surveying”, Third Annual
`
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`NASA Geodynamics Program Review, Crustal Dy-
`
`
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`
`
`namics Project, Geodynamics Research, Jan. 26-29,
`
`
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`
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`
`
`1981, Goddard Space Flight Center, p. 76 (plus) Three
`View Graph Figures entitled: Satellite L—Band Iono-
`
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`
`
`
`
`
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`spheric Calibration (SLIC); Series One-Way Range
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`Receiver Simplified Block Diagram; and Series Re-
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`ceiver Range Synthesis.
`
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`Peter F. MacDoran, “Satellite Emission Range Inferred
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`Earth Surveying, Series—-GPS”, JPL, presented at
`
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`Defense Mapping Agency Meeting, Feb. 9, 1981, 13 pp.
`
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`
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`MacDoran, Spitzmesser and Buennagel, “Series: Satel-
`
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`
`lite Emission Range Inferred Earth Surveying”, Pres-
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`ented at the Third International Geodetic Symposium
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`on Satellite Doppler Positioning, Las Cruces, N.M.,
`
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`Feb. 1982, 23 pp.
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`MacDoran, Spitzmesser and Buennagel, “Series: Satel-
`
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`
`
`lite Emission Range Inferred Earth Surveying”, Pro-
`
`
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`
`
`ceedings of the 3rd International Geodetic Symposium
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`on Satellite Doppler Positioning, vol. 2, 1982, pp.
`1143-1164.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`“Operating Manual STI Model 5010 GPS Receiver”,
`Telecommunications
`Inc.,
`STI-O &
`Stanford
`
`
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`
`
`M-8707B, Feb. 25, 1980, selected pages as follows: Title
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`page, i-iv, 1-1, 1-3, 2-1 through 2-5, 3-1 through 3-3,
`
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`6-1 through 6-9.
`
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`
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`“Pioneer Venus Project, Differenced Long—Baseline
`
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`
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`Interferometry Experiment, Design Review Docu-
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`
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`ment”, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field,
`
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`
`
`Calif., Jul. 1, 1977, 23 pp.
`
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`
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`C. Goad, “Visit with P. MacDoran, Aug. 6, 198l”,
`
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`
`
`
`
`
`Memo to Capt. Bossler, sent to Dr. Counselman, Aug.
`12, 1981, 3 pp.
`
`
`
`Peter F. MacDoran, Statements made at the 3rd Inter-
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`
`
`
`
`
`
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`national Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Doppler
`
`
`
`Positioning, Feb. 1982.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`(List continued on next page.)
`
`
`
`EX. PGS 1059
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
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`
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`Counselman, Shapiro, Greenspan and Cox, “Backpack
`
`
`
`
`
`VLBI Terminal with Subcentimeter Capability”,
`
`
`
`
`
`NASA Conference Publication 21l5—Radio Interfer-
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`ometry Techniques for Geodesy, 1980, pp. 409-414.
`
`
`
`
`
`Counselman, Gourevitch, King, Herring, Shapiro,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Greenspan, Rogers, Whitney and Cappallo, “Accuracy
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`of Baseline Determinations by MITES Assessed by
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Comparison with Tapes, Theodolite, and Geodimeter
`
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`
`
`Measurements”, EOS, The Transactions of the Ameri-
`
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`
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`
`
`can Geophysical Union, vol. 62, Apr. 28, 1981, p. 260.
`
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`Counselman and Shapiro, “Miniature Interferometer
`
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`Terminals for Earth Surveying”, Bulletin Geodesique,
`vol. 53, 1979, pp. 139-163.
`
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`
`
`W. 0. Henry, “Some Developments in Loran”, Journal
`
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`
`
`
`
`of Geophysical Research, vol. 65, Feb. 1960, pp.
`506-513.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Pierce, “Omega”, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`and Electronics Systems, Vol. AES-1, No. 3, Dec.
`1965, p. 206-215.
`
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`
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`J. J. Spilker, Jr., “GPS Signal Structure and Perfor-
`
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`mance Characteristics”, Navigations, vol. 25, No. 2,
`
`
`
`1978, pp, 121-146.
`
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`
`
`
`Bossler, Goad and Bender, “Using the Global Position-
`
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`
`ing Systems (GPS) for Geodetic Positioning”, Bulletin
`
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`
`
`Geodesique, vol. 54, 1980, pp. 553-563.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Alan E. E. Rogers, “Broad-Band Passive 90° RC Hy-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`brid with Low Component Sensivity for Use in the
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Video Range of Frequencies”, Proceedings of the
`
`
`
`
`
`
`IEEE, vol. 59, 1971, pp. 1617-1618.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`M. L. Meeks, Editor, Methods of Experimental Physics,
`
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`
`
`
`
`vol. 12, (Astrophysics), Part C (Radio Observations),
`
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`
`
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`
`
`1976, pp. v—ix and as follows: Chapter 5.3: J. M. Moran,
`
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`
`
`“Very Long Baseline Interferometer Systems”, pp.
`
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`
`
`174-197, Chapter 5.5: J. M. Moran, “Very Long Base-
`
`
`
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`
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`line Interferometric Observations and Data Reduc-
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`
`
`
`tion”, pp. 228-260, Chapter 5.6: I. I. Shapiro, “Estima-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`tion of Astrometric and Geodetic Parameters”, pp.
`261-276.
`
`Counselman and Gourevitch, “Miniature Interferome-
`
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`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ter Terminals for Earth Surveying: Ambiguity and Mul-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`tipath with Global Positioning Systems”, IEEE Trans-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`actions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.
`
`
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`
`
`GE-19, No. 4, Oct. 1981, pp. 244-252.
`Counselman and Shapiro, “Miniature Interferometer
`
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`Ex. PGS 1059
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`Page 3.
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`4,809,005
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`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
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`
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`
`
`A. E. E. Rogers, C. A. Knight, H. F. Hinteregger, A. R.
`
`
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`
`
`Whitney, C. C. Counselman III, I. I. Shapiro, S. A.
`
`
`
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`
`
`Gourevitch and T. A. Clark, “Geodesy by Radio Inter-
`ferometry: Determination of a 1.24-km Base Line Vec-
`
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`
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`tor with 5—mm Repeatability”, J. Geophysics. Res., vol.
`83, pp. 325-334, 1978.
`
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`
`
`W. E. Carter, A. E. E. Rogers, C. C. Counselman III,
`
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`
`
`
`
`
`and I. I. Shapiro, “Comparison of Geodetic and Radio
`
`
`
`
`Interferometric Measurements of the Haystack-West-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ford Base Line Vector”, J. Geophysics. Res., vol. 85,
`pp. 2685-2687, 1980.
`
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`
`
`
`
`
`
`R. A. Preston, R. Ergas, H. F. Hinteregger, C. A.
`
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`
`
`Knight, D. S. Robertson, 1. I. Shapiro, A. R. Whitney,
`
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`
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`A. E. E. Rogers, and T. A. Clark, “Interferometric
`
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`
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`Observations of an Artificial Satellite”, Science, vol.
`178, pp. 407-409, 1972.
`
`
`
`
`C. C. Counselman, III and I. I. Shapiro, “Miniature
`
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`
`
`Interferometer Terminals for Earth Surveying”, Proc.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`of the 2nd Int.’l Geodetic Symposium of Satellite Dop-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`pler Positioning, vol. 2, pp. 1237-1286, 1979, (avail.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`from Appl. Res. Lab., University of Texas, Austin, Tex.
`78758).
`
`R. J. Anderle, “Application of the NAVSTAR GPS
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Geodetic Receiver to Geodsey and Geophysics”, Naval
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Surface Weapons Center Tech. Rept., No. 80-282, 27,
`pp., 1980.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`J. J. Spilker, Jr., Digital Communications by Satellite,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., pp. 302-303,
`1977.
`
`P. L. Bender, “A Proposal to the National Aeronautics
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`and Space Administration for the Support of GPS Sat-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ellite Orbit Determination Using the Reconstructed
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Carrier Phase Method for Tracking”, Quantum Physics
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Division, National Bureau of Standard, Boulder, Colo.,
`
`
`
`
`
`pp. 1-12, submitted Aug. 5, 1980.
`Peter L. Bender, National Bureau of Standards, Private
`
`
`
`
`
`Communication, 1978.
`
`
`C. C. Counselman III, D. H. Steinbrecher, “The Mac-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`rometer TM: A Compact Radio Interferometry Termi-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`nal for Geodesy with GPS”, Proceedings of the Third
`
`
`
`
`
`International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Dop-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`pler Positioning, pp. 1165-1172, Feb. 8-12, 1982.
`C. C. Counselman III, R. J. Cappallo, S. A. Gourevitch,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`R. L. Greenspan, T. A. Herring, R. W. King, A. E. E.
`
`
`
`
`
`Rogers, I. I. Shapiro, R. E. Snyder, D. H. Steinbrecher,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`and A. R. Whitnet, “Accuracy of Relative Positioning
`by Interferometry with GPS: Double-Blind Test Re-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`sults”, Proceedings of the Third International Geodetic
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Symposium on Satellite Doppler Positioning, pp.
`1173-1176, Feb. 8-12, 1982.
`
`
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`
`
`
`
`
`
`R. L. Greenspan, A. Y. Ng, J. M. Przyjemski, & J. D.
`
`
`
`
`
`Veale, “Accuracy of Relative Positioning by Interfer-
`
`
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`
`
`
`ometry with Reconstructed Carrier GPS: Experimental
`Results”, Proceedings of the Third International Geo-
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`
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`
`detic Symposium on Satellite Doppler Positioning, pp.
`1177-1198, Feb. 8-12, 1982.
`
`
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`
`T. P. Yunck, “An Introduction to Series—X”, Jet Pro-
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`
`
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`
`pulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
`NASA Contract NAS 7-1000, Nov. 1982.
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`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`
`Buennagel, MacDoran, Neilan, Spitzmesser & Young,
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`
`
`
`
`
`
`“Satellite Emission Range Inferred Earth Survey (Se-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ries) Project: Final Report on Research and Develop-
`ment Phase, I979 to 1983”, JPL Publication 84 16, Mar.
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`
`
`
`
`
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`
`1, 1984.
`
`
`Crow, Bletzacker, Najarian, Purcell, Statman &
`
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`
`
`
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`
`
`
`
`
`Thomas, “Series—X Final Engineering Report”, JPL
`D-1476, -Aug. 1984.
`‘
`
`
`
`
`MacDoran, Whitcomb & Miller, “Cordless GPS Posi-
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`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`tioning Offers Sub-Meter Accuracy”, Sea Technology,
`Oct. 1984.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`MacDoran, Miller, Buennagel & Whitcomb, “Cordless
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`
`Systems for Positioning with Navstar—GPS”, First In-
`
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`
`
`
`
`ternational Symposium on Precise Positioning with the
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`
`
`
`Positioning
`System,
`Positioning with
`Global
`
`
`
`
`GPS—1985, Apr. 15-19, 1985.
`
`
`
`
`
`James Collins, “GPS Surveying Techniques”, ACSM
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`
`
`
`Bulletin, Jun. 1985, pp. 17-20.
`Ron L. Hatch, “The Synergism of GPS Code and Car-
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`
`
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`
`
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`
`
`
`rier Measurements”, Proceedings of the Third Interna-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`tional Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Doppler Posi-
`tioning, pp. 1213-1231, Feb. 8-12, 1982.
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`
`
`
`
`
`“Proposal for a GPS Geodetic Receiver”, The Johns
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`
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`
`
`
`Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Apr.
`1980.
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`
`
`
`
`
`
`Phil Ward, “An Advanced Navstar GPS Geodetic
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`
`
`
`Receiver”, Proceedings of the Third International Geo-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`detic Symposium on Satellite Doppler Positioning, pp.
`1213-1231, Feb. 8-12, 1982.
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`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Javad Ashjaee, “GPS Doppler Processing for Precise
`
`
`
`
`
`Positioning in Dynamic Applications”, IEEE Oceans
`’85, Nov. 1985.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`EX. PGS 1059
`
`Ex. PGS 1059
`
`
`
`US. Patent
`
`
`
`
`Feb. 28, 1989
`
`
`
`
`Sheet 1 of 25
`
`
`
`4,809,005
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`EX. PGS 1059
`
`Ex. PGS 1059
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Feb. 28, 1989
`
`
`Sheet 2 of 25
`
`4,809,005
`
`
`
`0 §
`
`
`SATELLITE
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`
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`34
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`54
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`DATA
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`
`
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`52
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`POSFHON
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`
`EX. PGS 1059
`
`SATELLWE
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`CLOCK
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`INFO.
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`PHASE AND
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`
`FROM
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`SHORE
`
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`ST'NS
`
`
`
`Ex. PGS 1059
`
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Feb. 28, 1989
`
`
`Sheet 3 of 25
`
`4,809,005
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`ANTENNA
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`62
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`80
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`F/G. 3
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`EX. PGS 1059
`
`Ex. PGS 1059
`
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`
`
`
`
`Feb. 28, 1989
`
`
`
`
`Sheet 4 of 25
`
`4,809,005
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`
`
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`EX. PGS 1059
`
`Ex. PGS 1059
`
`
`
`US. Patent
`
`
`
`
`Feb. 23, 1989
`
`
`
`
`
`Sheet 5 of 25
`
`
`4,809,005
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`
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`Ex. PGS 1059
`
`
`
`
`
`US. Patent
`
`Feb. 28, 1989
`
`
`
`
`
`Sheet 6 of 25
`
`
`4,809,005
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`MEASUREMENTS
`
`
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`
`42
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`EX.PGS1059
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`Ex. PGS 1059
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`
`
`
`
`Feb. 28, 1989
`
`
`
`308 -Fo CARRIER PHASE
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`
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`
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`ERROR DETECTOR
`
`
`
`
`Sheet 7 of 25
`
`4,809,005
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`
`Ex. PGS 1059
`
`
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`
`
`Feb. 28, 1989
`
`
`
`Sheet 8 of 25
`
`
`4,809,005
`
`
`
`
`2nd
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`Feb. 28, 1989
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`Feb. 23, 1989
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`EX. PGS 1059
`
`Ex. PGS 1059
`
`
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 28, 1989
`
`Sheet 22 of 25
`
`4,809,005
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`Ex. PGS 1059
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 28, 1989
`
`Sheet 23 of 25
`
`4,809,005
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`EX. PGS 1059
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`Ex. PGS 1059
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 28, 1989
`
`Sheet 25 of 25
`
`4,809,005
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`EX. PGS 1059
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`Ex. PGS 1059
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`
`
`1
`
`4, 809,005
`
`2
`
`MULTI-ANTENNA GAS RECEIVER FOR SEISMIC
`SURVEY VESSELS
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`This is a continuation of co-pending application Ser.
`No. 035,662, filed on Apr. 6, 1987, which is a continua-
`tion-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 852,016
`filed on Apr. 14, 1986 in the name of Charles C. Coun-
`selman III, which itself is a continuation-in-part of U.S.
`patent application Ser. No. 353,331 filed on Mar. 1,
`1982, also filed in the name of Charles C. Counselman
`III.
`
`The present invention relates generally to an im-
`proved method and system for measuring position on
`earth from a moving platform, such as a ship, using
`signals from the NAVSTAR Global Positioning Sys-
`tem satellites, commonly called GPS satellites. In par-
`ticular, the present invention relates to civilian GPS
`receivers, that is, receivers which do not utilize knowl-
`edge of the potentially unavailable P code component
`of the GPS signals to determine position information.
`Conventional civilian GPS receivers utilize simulta-
`neous pseudorange, in other words, group delay obser-
`vations of the C/A code components of the L1 band
`signals received from a plurality of GPS satellites to
`determine position information. A major source of posi-
`tion errors with such conventional GPS receivers is
`multipath. Multipath errors may be reduced by time
`averaging of observations made from a fixed position.
`Conventional time averaging, however, cannot be used
`to improve the accuracy of receivers on ships because
`the resultant position information would relate to the
`average position of the ship during the observation
`period, not the instantaneous position.
`Position errors also result from ionospheric group
`delay effects in such pseudorange measurements. The
`magnitude of the delay encountered by a signal in the
`ionosphere varies with local conditions and cannot be
`predicted with sufficient accuracy to be eliminated from
`position measurements made by GPS receivers. The
`magnitudes of such errors are frequency dependent,
`however, and can be determined from simultaneous
`measurements of signals in different frequency bands. In
`particular, the GPS system was designed so that simul-
`taneous measurement of signals in the L1 and L2 bands
`could be used to determine ionospheric delay. This
`technique is routinely used in military GPS receivers.
`Conventional civilian receivers measure the C/A code
`group delay in the L1 band, but cannot make L2 band
`C/A code group delay measurements because the C/A
`code modulation is not presently applied to signals
`transmitted in the L2 band. Simultaneous measurements
`therefore can not be conveniently made for both L band
`signals.
`In general, conventional civilian receivers are limited
`in accuracy because of their reliance on group delay,
`and because of their requirement for knowledge of a
`code modulating the signals in a GPS band in order to
`measure the group delay of the signals received in that
`band.
`
`The present inve