CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION -- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014214
`
`WESTERNGECO
`
`09-CV-01827
`
`PTX073
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 1
`
`

`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
`
`SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014215
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 2
`
`

`
`Pulling
`
`snreaer into line
`
`330
`
`300
`
`250
`
`200
`
`150
`
`100
`
`50
`
`000
`
`500
`
`1000
`
`1500
`
`2000
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION -- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG000 14216
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 3
`
`

`
`dl
`
`.7
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
`
`SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014217
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 4
`
`

`
`Cross flow feathering
`
`100
`
`80
`
`50
`
`50
`
`40
`
`30
`
`20
`
`1000
`
`500
`
`500
`
`xm
`
`1000
`
`5500
`
`2000
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION -- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014218
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 5
`
`

`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
`
`SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG000I 4219
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 6
`
`

`
`Pulling
`
`streamer into line
`
`00
`
`80
`
`50
`
`40
`
`lCO0
`
`xm500
`
`1000
`
`1500
`
`2500
`
`CONADENTIAL INFORMATION -- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG000I 4220
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 7
`
`

`
`Streame through
`
`turn
`
`1500
`
`1000
`
`500
`
`500
`1000
`
`500
`
`xm
`
`1000
`
`1500
`
`CONADENTIAL INFORMATION -- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG000I 4221
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 8
`
`

`
`TURN WITH 6KM STREAMER WITHOUT BIRDS
`
`1900m
`Turn radius
`Streamer dia.52mm
`
`28000.0
`27000.0
`26000.0
`250O0O
`24000.0
`23000.0
`8888
`20000.0
`19000.0
`18000.0
`17000.0
`16000.0
`15000.0
`14000.0
`13000.0
`12000.0
`11000.0
`10000.0
`9000.0
`8000.0
`7000.0
`6000.0
`5000.0
`
`-1000.0
`-2000.0
`-30000.0
`
`-20000.0
`
`-10000.0
`
`0.0
`
`10000.0
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION -- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014222
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 9
`
`

`
`seconds
`
`TEST 2JXT Chart
`
`Birds pulling streamer nto line
`
`Initial
`
`angIe
`degrees
`feathering
`birds at 200m spacing
`400N pull per bird
`
`300
`
`200
`
`100
`
`Cross flow
`
`500
`
`-3000
`
`-1000
`
`1000
`
`2000
`
`3000
`
`4000
`
`5000
`
`50
`
`Pagel
`
`CONADENTIAL INFORMATION -- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG000I 4223
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 10
`
`

`
`REDUCTION OF RUNN FOR 6KM STREAMER
`
`Turn radius
`
`Towing speed
`Number of birds
`
`Bird spacing
`
`1900m
`3m/s
`
`19
`200m
`
`front
`
`525N
`Bird lift force
`Streamer dia 52mm
`
`16000.0
`
`15000.0
`
`14000.0
`
`130000
`
`12000.0
`
`11000.0
`
`10000.0
`
`9000.0
`
`8000.0
`
`7000.0
`
`6000M
`
`5000.0
`
`4000.0
`
`3000.0
`
`2000.0
`
`1000.0
`
`0.0
`
`-1000.0
`-15000.0
`
`-5000.0
`
`0.0
`
`5000.0
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION -- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014224
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 11
`
`

`
`E0
`
`.2 ft0
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION -- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG000 14225
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 12
`
`

`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION -- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014226
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 13
`
`

`
`LJ
`
`fri
`
`fL
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION -- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014227
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 14
`
`

`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION -- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014228
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 15
`
`

`
`the last one only ftansfers
`the pull from the tailbuoyAccordingIy the length increase as
`of the drag will diminish linearly down the streamerHowever
`since the wires are connected to the
`the start and end of each section there will not be
`skin only at
`perfect linearity it will be stair
`function with
`step at each joint The skin is not designed to take any in-line pressure therefore
`the drag from section will be transferred to the front If there had been no tailbuoy
`the last sec
`tion would not get any stretch
`
`function
`
`steel wire will also change its length as
`function of the temperature
`The expansion coeffi
`is O0O00tl5 pr degree Celsius For wire it will be less but
`cient
`for solid steel
`find the exact value as this will de@end on the stress in the wire If the coefficient
`60Cm streamer deployed in waters with
`means that
`100 different
`from the condi
`temperature
`tions where it was manufactured will shrink or expand 069 meters As the change for wire
`will he much less
`this correction can be regarded as insignificant
`for our purpose
`
`it is difficult
`
`to
`
`stated is used it
`
`How to include the stretch in the computations
`
`The additional
`
`length of
`section caused by the stress can be expressed as
`dLLxP/ExC
`
`Elasticity module
`
`for steel wire
`
`for
`
`The elasticity module
`on the type of wire and if and how it might
`steel wire is dependent
`have been pretensioned It is not
`it varies slightly with the tensionFor low tension the
`constant
`value is small meaning large elongation but
`it increases towards the value for solid steel with
`stress near the breaking point.For our purpose it is found most convenient
`based on actual
`tests It is no secret
`that the opinion about what
`the years and might change again as we learn more
`
`to use an average
`is the best value has changed over
`
`figure
`
`While all our sections so far have three steel wires to take the stress there will be
`change rn the
`not
`too distant future to keviar or similar materials While this will give increased strength the
`elongation will be larger
`
`Combining
`
`and
`
`into one constant we get 114
`
`106 kg
`
`The formula can then be written
`
`dLLxP/0.4x 106
`
`or more convenient
`
`then be
`The true length
`DLxlPx2.5x106
`
`will
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
`
`-- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014229
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 16
`
`

`
`and the major challenge
`The task can be split in two to establish
`is to find
`then to derive the changes going down the streamer
`The total drag in the front might be taken
`from tables/diagrams
`with streamer
`length and waLer
`speed as variables however nothing
`real observation Most vessels now have tØsin
`between the last stretch and the first active section with readout and graphical re
`room In the future this device will be interfaced to the navigation com
`then it will be sufficient
`puters Until
`to have
`representative figure for every line or might be
`group of lines In areas with cuffents it has to be checked more often as the water speed of tFe
`streamer will change with the line heading
`
`meters installed
`
`is like
`
`cording
`
`in the instrument
`
`for the first section
`
`If
`
`is the stress
`
`in front of the active section
`
`then the stress actmj on section no will be
`
`PnPtaiiPPtaiiNfl/N
`
`1\
`
`Section number
`
`Total number of sections
`
`Pj1 Drag from the tailbuoy
`
`The actual value for the tailbuoy drag is normally not measured Based on
`retical comnputation and experience
`value of 150 kg
`recommended
`around
`knots For significant
`speed differences it should be adjusted
`
`cominatio of theo
`
`the water-speed is
`
`set of coordinates
`
`length
`
`In our programs for receiver positions
`for one receiver is computed
`based on
`the position of the previous
`receiver an azimuth from the streamer shape model and the group
`To do this accurately we have to use the relaxed group length colTected with the stretch
`The cotrection for
`
`acceptable
`
`There might still be some conservative
`clients around that out of old habit insists on having some
`in the streamer The length of these should be added
`water-breaks
`meter for each Some acous
`tic systems also require insertion of special units
`
`The electronic units bubbles in our digital streamers require additional consideration
`In order to
`have the bubble in the center of
`special section used at the front of ev
`receiver group there is
`ery samer For NESSIE-2 this is meters and center of the first group will be the bubble be
`lOOm section NESSIE-3 have one 10 meters long This is used alone for
`tween this and the first
`12.5 rn group length for 6.25
`50
`groups it is followed by
`section For this purpose the two
`60m section
`special sections are built
`
`together
`
`to
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
`
`-- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014230
`
`certain receiver group will depend on in which section it is located
`wires as earlier mentioned is connected
`to the skin only at the front and end of
`section
`it is not
`to use receiver group numbers instead of section numbers
`in the formula above
`
`Since
`
`the
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 17
`
`

`
`lOOm
`
`Bubble
`
`lOOm
`
`Bubble
`
`lOm
`
`lOOm
`
`lOOm
`
`12.Sm
`
`Far 6.25
`
`group length one bubble is required for each section For 125
`groups only every
`second section will need one For NESSIE2 there will be an adapter dummy instead with the
`bubble In NESSIE3 however
`same length as
`there are no adapters
`and 0.48 meters has to
`be deducted from the given length for every second section
`
`To have
`
`Instruments
`
`nearly correct streamer
`
`length under average
`conditions sections manufactured at Fjord
`was made
`our US Marine Cable Fa
`bit shorter than nominal
`traditionally
`length
`cility in LaMarque Texas the nominal
`length has always been used and in order to have the
`same Fjord Instruments
`have now changed to using nominal
`length for analog sections The dif
`ference in length between NESSIE-2 and
`
`reflects the experience
`
`gained with respect
`
`to stretch
`
`The length of relaxed sections are
`
`ANALOG produced
`
`at LAMARQIJE
`
`74.94 meters
`
`ANALOG produced
`
`at FJORD after February 1989
`
`serial no
`
`311 and onwards
`
`7494 meters
`
`NESS IE-2
`
`Most vessels shooting with analog streamers have mixture of sections from LaMarque and old
`and new ones from Fjord It is an unrealistic
`demand to keep track of and use in the computation
`relaxed lengths The best approximation will be to count the number of each type of sec
`tions and then apply the average length Replacement of
`few sections with shorter or longer
`ones should not give any significant
`etrors
`
`different
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
`
`-- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014231
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 18
`
`

`
`Examples
`
`The total
`
`length of
`
`streamer
`
`will be
`
`TLxNELx25 106PilPPNn/N
`FLxN Pjjx25x l06LPP11x25x l06EN-n/N
`
`to
`
`this can be written
`
`With summing from
`TLxNlPjx25xlO6Lppx25x1o6Nlxo5
`The effect of the stress can now be shown for some configurations The purpose is j(cid:224)st
`to the nominal
`length and the given figures will not equal
`
`elongation/shortening
`from the first
`
`tance
`
`relative
`
`to the last receiver
`
`to illustrate
`
`the dis
`
`3000m Analog sections
`
`from Fjord manufactured
`
`before February 1989
`
`2992m
`
`1000kg
`
`150kg
`
`1000kg
`
`150kg
`
`Total stress measured at front of streamer
`
`Assumed caused by the tailbuoy
`
`Water speed was around
`T29800L123 11299123
`
`knots
`
`3000m Analog sections
`
`from LaMarque
`
`Total stress measured at front of streamer
`
`Assumed caused by the tallbuoy
`
`Water speed was around
`T2997.601123A1 300183
`
`knots
`
`3000m NESSI2
`
`Start section not
`
`included
`
`Total stress measured at front of streamer
`
`Assumed caused by the tailbuoy
`
`Water speed was around
`
`knots
`
`298500
`
`075
`
`236
`
`2988 11
`
`6000m NESS1E3 125m groups
`
`Start section not
`
`included
`
`Total stress expected at fmnt of streamer5 knots
`
`Assumed caused by the tailbuoy
`
`Le 12
`
`short
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
`
`-- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014232
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 19
`
`

`
`59898O
`
`225
`
`1399
`
`600604
`
`Missing bubbles 30 O48
`
`l44O
`
`Total 5992
`
`All our 3D grids are defined in the UTM plane projection
`and the cqordinate
`computuions
`normally performed in this projection
`It is then necessary to scale the length input
`to the program
`
`are
`
`routines
`
`line in UTM can be expressed as
`For our purpose the scale factor for
`S099961/2R3xE50O2
`
`LL
`
`Easting coordinate
`
`for the middle of the line in km
`
`The formula will then be
`
`is defined as 500 km in the central meridian it means that
`Since
`correction of 40 cm for km or.4
`km streamenj
`for
`is 180 km from the central meridian
`680 km then the scale will be
`Further away it will be bigger
`the correction will make the line longer
`than
`meaning
`worst case will be found at equator where the correction might be up to 1.0 meters pr km
`When computing in the UTM plane any length should be multiplied with the scale factor
`
`If the line in question
`
`that
`
`The
`
`the scale here will be 0.9996 i.e
`
`The difference between actual curved streamer
`length and the chow is negligible for the group
`lengths in question Assuming the samer along
`circle segment with radius l000ni
`this might
`be the case in circular shooting the difference over 25 metres will be 0.6 millimeter
`
`Conclusion
`
`The elongation of the strtarners caused by drag has to be included
`positions
`
`in the computation of receiver
`
`Since
`
`the elongation
`
`for
`
`section will vary depending on the conditions and the location along
`the streamer it is not practical
`to make sections that will be correct The only advice to the
`and manufacturers
`as much as possible
`are to try to standardize
`
`streamer designers
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
`
`-- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014233
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 20
`
`

`
`18 Streamer elonga
`
`ion
`
`on
`
`towed
`
`streamer
`
`is that the
`
`result from the induced drag forces
`nominal
`increase
`length will
`Since the drag is proportional
`to the streamer
`it means that the
`length
`first section will
`take the full force while the last one only
`transfers the pull
`from the tailbuoy
`the length
`increase
`Accordingly
`as
`linearly dow the streamer
`
`function of the drag will diminish
`
`The
`
`total
`formal
`
`length of
`
`streamer
`
`can
`
`be calculated
`
`using the following
`
`LxN1Ptailx25x10$LPPtailx2SxIQ- N1xO5
`
`is the relaxed
`length of
`the front of the streamer
`
`and
`
`is the total stress measured at
`section
`is the total ntther of sections
`
`We can assume that
`the stress caused
`by the tail buoy
`is 1500 kg at approx
`stress measured at
`the front end
`The streamer consist of 60 sections
`
`is 150 kg and the
`knots speed
`
`relaxed Nessie
`
`section
`
`is 9983
`
`including
`
`bubble
`
`598980
`
`225
`
`994
`
`600170
`
`for 625
`
`grouplength
`
`For 125
`048
`grouplength we mast subtract
`for the bubbles
`30
`missing which gives
`of 59873 in
`us
`total streamerlength
`
`It is reconuended to record the average
`tension of the streamer front
`in the line log This should
`line
`be done for each
`
`19 Tallbuoy Tow Cable nC
`
`The purpose of the TIC is to replace the previous
`rope and the
`tailbuoy
`to coimnunicate with the buoy It shall
`cable
`used
`the tugging
`reduce
`noise from the buoy
`to minimis and also be the electrical
`link
`handling both power and navigational
`signals
`
`Connected with
`bubble
`power
`Tail Buoy Voltage Regulator
`
`the TIC will supply 60 VOC to the IBVR
`onboard the tailbuoy
`
`Note that the TIC cable will shortcircuit
`without
`power bubble
`
`the streamer
`
`if connected
`
`The TIC layout drawing Fl 10388 also shows
`the wiring of the cable The
`to change aux functions
`be patched
`front coupler
`if you want
`can
`or to
`use the spare lines In that
`the insert plate has to be opened and
`case
`pulled out and the pincontacts moved
`
`In the tailbuoy end of the cable
`termination
`by opening the tail
`to standard
`identical
`
`pigtails used
`
`the pigtails can be easily changed out
`chamber
`The pigtails in use are
`on the airgun termination
`
`Page D13
`
`Issue
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
`
`SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014234
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 21
`
`

`
`via an aluminium tube some
`to the streamei
`Iliniwing is attached
`The
`and pulls the cable
`and out of
`distance
`behind
`the Monowiny
`sideways
`the Monowing wake
`its center axis but will stay
`is free to rotate around
`The Miniwing
`and abulb float installed
`bulb weight
`vertical
`in the water
`due to
`at
`the lower
`and upper
`tip of
`the foil
`respectively
`The
`is depending of
`and can be changed
`the foil
`sideways pull
`angle
`the center boss
`changing
`The Miniwing
`is made of glass fiber and is ballanced
`the led weights
`This is assured
`buoyant
`by adjusting
`weight
`to the salinity in the prospected
`
`according
`
`by
`
`to be neutral
`in the bulb
`area
`
`17 Streamer
`
`tension
`
`the streamer will vary with
`like
`factors
`number of
`tension
`The
`on
`and the speed
`streamer
`skin material diameter
`and length of streamer
`the water
`The drag from the tailbuoy will also be added
`
`through
`
`below are valid for straight
`the ship at
`course of
`The
`curves
`71 mm
`moderate sea state and with
`cable diameter of
`long streamer
`the tension measured
`For
`3000
`the front end will
`at
`1000 kg at
`knots
`
`typically be
`
`speed
`
`on
`
`The
`
`sea the tow force will not be uniform but
`In rough
`increase
`the same speed
`In any
`at
`case
`should
`not exceed
`the peaks
`tow force may also vary with number of birds
`slow down
`the speed when
`Always
`retrieving the streamer but
`with the frontend depth until
`the lead-in is onboard
`leadin will bring the streamer
`The
`front
`further
`heavy
`slows down
`when
`the speed
`
`aid decrease
`20 kN
`
`keep control
`
`immediately
`
`down
`
`Streamer tension Nesse3A
`3J-
`
`Active streamer iength
`
`809gm
`
`2.5
`
`LI
`
`Max tension normal
`
`oeration//0m/
`Max tension rough weatherV
`
`Water speed knots
`
`Page D12
`
`Issue
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
`
`-- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014235
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 22
`
`

`
`RECOMMENDATIONS
`
`Onboard
`
`The forms for steamer configuration shouid also include information about
`In ease there is mixture an average
`the sections
`should be worked out
`
`the relaxed length of
`
`The line logs should have
`place for recording of the tension at
`the front of the sueamers An
`figure for each line will be enough under normal conditions
`
`average
`
`Navigation processing centers
`
`Use correct
`
`grams
`
`relaxed length of the sections when inputting group interval
`
`to the existing pro
`
`Modify the software for receiver coordinate
`
`computations so that
`the elongation
`for Input should be the tension observed at
`drag is correctly compensated
`streamer and an estimated
`figure for the drag from the tailbuoy
`
`caused by the
`the front of the active
`
`Modify the source and receiver position program to apply the projection scale factor to all
`lengths
`
`RENAV
`
`In the software for The SUN 3D QC system implement
`the algorithms to account for length vari
`ations caused by stress
`in the streamer and projection scale factors
`
`Sandvika April 30 1991
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
`
`-- SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014236
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 23
`
`

`
`.1
`
`CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
`
`SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER
`
`WG00014237
`
`PGS v. WESTERNGECO (IPR2014-00689)
`WESTERNGECO Exhibit 2051, pg. 24