`
`Vehicular Electric
`Power Systems
`
`Land, Sea, Air,
`and Space Vehicles
`
`Ali Emadi
`Illinois Institute of Technology
`Chicago, ”linois, U.S.A.
`
`Mehrdad Ehsani
`Texas A&M University
`College Smrion, Texas. USA.
`
`John M. Miller
`J-NiJ Miller Design Services, PAC.
`Cedar, Michigan, USA,
`
`LLLLLL
`
`.
`
`fl MARCH. DEKKER, INC.
`‘‘‘‘‘‘
`
`
`
`NEW YORK - BASEL
`UUSI, LLC
`Exhibit 2017
`
`WEBASTO ROOF SYSTEMS,
`INC.
`
`Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`UUSI, LLC
`Patent Owner
`
`Case:
`
`|PR2014-00650
`
`Patent: 7,579,802
`
`

`

`
`
`Vehicular Electric
`Power Systems
`
`Land, Sea, Air,
`and Space Vehicles
`
`Ali Emadi
`Illinois Institute of Technology
`Chicago, Illinois, USA.
`
`Mehrdad Ehsani
`Texas A&M Univerxiry
`College Station, Texas. USA.
`
`John M. Miller
`J-NJ Mifler Design Services, PIC.
`Cedar, Michigan, U.S.A.
`
`MARCLL
`
`fl MARCH. DEKKER, INC.
`I
`EEEEEE
`
`th YORK - BASE].
`
`
`
`UUSI, LLC
`UUSI, LLC
`Exhibit 2017
`Exhibit 2017
`1/10
`1/10
`
`

`

`
`
`Although great care has been taken to prmide accurate and current information. neither the
`aurhor(s) nor the publisher. nor anyone else associated with this publication. shall be liable
`for any loss, damage. or liability directl) or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by [his
`book. The material contained herern is not intended to provide specific advice or recom-
`mendations for any Spectfic simation
`
`Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks
`and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publicatiori Data
`A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
`ISBN: 0-8247-4751-8
`
`This book is printed on aCid-free paper.
`Headquarters
`Marcel Dekker, Inc , 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, L' S A.
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`
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`mation. write to Special Salesf'Prcfcssional Marketing at the headquarters address above
`
`Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. Ali Rights Reserved.
`
`Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by an)
`means) electronic or mechanical. including photocopying. microfilming, and recording. or
`by any information storage and retrieval system. without permissmn in \mtmg from the
`publisher,
`
`Current printing (last digit):
`10987654321
`
`PRINTED 11‘ THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
`
`UUSI, LLC
`UUSI, LLC
`Exhibit 2017
`Exhibit 2017
`2/10
`2/10
`
`

`

`
`
`Contents
`
`Prefix?
`
`..
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`. .
`
`.
`
`. m
`
`Introduction mElectrlcal Power Systems ..................
`1,]
`Fundamentals of Electric Circuits .
`l 2
`Com-ml Systems
`..
`.,
`1.3
`Electrical Systems .
`1.4
`References
`..................... .,
`
`
`
`..
`
`.
`
`,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .
`
`1
`
`2
`
`3
`
`..
`
`
`
`............
`........
`
`,.
`Fundamentals ofl’nwcr Electronics .
`.....
`.
`..... .
`21
`AC'DC Retailers“...
`.....W W
`
`DC DC C‘um‘eners .
`..
`2.2
`2.3
`DC AC lnveners ..
`
`..............
`2.4
`Selecied Readings
`..
`_
`.
`.
`Electric Machmm
`..
`3.]
`Electra-mechamcal Power Transfer Systems. ..
`
`
`3.2
` Fundamentals of Elcctmmagnettsm.
`3.3
`DC Machines ..
`.
`14
`Induction Machines ..
`
`
`Synchronous Machines
`..
`3.5
`
`Selected Readings...
`..
`.. ...
`3 6
`.
`'4 Amumotu'e P0“ 51' Systems...
`4 1
`Com cnhonal 14V Electrical System Architecture
`4 2
`Advanced Elecmcal Loads ......................
`4.3
`Increasmg the System Voltage to 42\'
`.
`
`.
`
`
`..
`.
`....
`....
`7
`.
`. ......
`73
`
`..
`
`l
`l
`g
`11
`l}
`
`15
`16
`25
`39
`47
`
`40
`49
`53
`55
`59
`63
`(35
`
`xi
`
`UUSI, LLC
`UUSI, LLC
`Exhibit 2017
`Exhibit 2017
`3/10
`3/10
`
`

`

`
`
`f_._____
`
`xii
`
`UV
`
`\J
`
`Contents
`
`4.4
`4 5
`4 6
`4.7
`48
`
`4.9
`
`
`77
`Advanced Distribution Systems .............................
`
`78
`.
`Starter. Alternator, and Integrated Starter/Alternator.
`120
`Automobile Steering Systems ......................
`
`. 132
`Semiconductors for Automotive Applications.
`Automotive Communication Networks and WireIESS
`Techniques ..........................................
`. 139
`References. ......
`.
`..................................
`183
`
`
`
`
`189
`Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles .................................................
`
`190
`5 1
`Principles of Hybrid Electric Drivetrains ......
`
`.
`., 194
`5 2
`Architectures ofl-lybrid Electric Drivetrams
`
`Electrical Distribution System Architectures .....
`. 195
`5.3
`5.4 More Electric Hybrid Vehicles .
`197
`.
`5.5
`Hybrid Control Strategies
`.. 198
`.
`.
`5.6
`Hybridization Effects .............. 206
`
`42V System for Traction Applications ..
`.......
`5.7
`208
`
`58
`Heavy Duty Vehicles.
`..
`..
`. 211
`
`.
`.,
`5 9
`Electric Dragsters
`219
`5 10 Modeling and Simulation oi Automotive Power Systems rrrrrrrr
`224
`5 11 Reterences ...................................................................
`22‘)
`
`.
`Aircraft Power Svstems
`
`6 1
`Com eritional Electrical Systems ..
`6 2
`Power Generation Systems
`.................
`
`6.}
`Aircraft Electrical Distribution Systems
`
`6.4
`Stability Analysis
`..
`
`6 5
`References........ ,.
`,
`..
`..
`.
`.......
`.
`
`..
`
`
`
`Space Power Systems .
`7.1
`Introduction ......
`
`72
`international Space Station ...............
`7 3
`Spacecraft Power Systems.
`
`7 4 Modeling and Analysis .
`1 D
`Real-Time State Estimation
`
`7.6
`Stability Assessment
`.
`7 7
`References
`
`Sea and Undersea V‘ehicles ........................................................
`8.1
`Power System Configurationsin Sea and L'nclersea Vehicles
`8.2
`Power Electronics Building Blocks (PEBBst .........
`.
`.
`8.3
`Controller Architecture for Power Electronic Crrcutts .
`.....
`.
`8.4
`Potter Management Center (PMCtu
`.
`.
`8.5
`Electrical Distribution Svstem in Sea and Undersea Vel'iicles
`8.6
`
`Ad»ansed Electrical Loadsin Sea andLndersea \ehicles....
`
`UUSI, LLC
`UUSI, LLC
`Exhibit 2017
`Exhibit 2017
`4/10
`4/10
`
`

`

`
`
`Contents
`
`87
`8,8
`
`Advanced Electric Drives in Sea and Undersea \‘elnclesr
`References”
`................................. ,.
`,,
`r,
`.........
`
`.
`
`9
`
`. .....
`
`.
`
`.7
`
`,
`
`.....
`
`xiii
`
`i»v.4
`we00
`u u '11
`
`mJ‘—I):30NJ00'1|
`.4I"U1I»«)4wnuu;JJO‘O‘O’J.N
`
`1;.
`
`.....................................................
`Fuel Cell Based \'ehicles...,
`9‘1
`Structures. Operations. and Properties of Fuel Cell:
`9.2
`Important Properties ofFuel Cells for Vehicles
`9.3
`lightDuiy Vehicles
`,
`,
`..
`9 4
`HeaQ—Dul)‘ Vehicles .
`
`95
`Current Status and Future Trends in Fuel Cell Vehicles
`
`9.6
`Aerospace Applications
`.,
`.. N .
`9.7
`Other Applications ofFuc-l Cells
`9%
`Conclusion .................
`9 0
`References...,,,
`.
`.,
`
`IO Electrical Modellng Techniques for Energy Storage Devices.
`
`101 Battery Mudeling ............
`
`.
`102 Modeling ofFuel Cells
`l0 3 Modding of Photcn ultaic [P\ )(,ells
`10.4 Modding nt' L’ltmcupacrtms .....
`,
`105 Conclu‘sion
`ll) 6 Refsrences ‘,
`
`1] Advanced Momr Drrves fur Vehicular Applications
`ll.l Bruslrless DC Motor Drives 7
`.
`.
`11,2
`Switched Reluctance anr Drives
`ll 3 Referencus ,,
`
`..
`
`.
`
`ll Miilti-L'ori\ertsr Vehicular Dynamics and C tmtrnl
`l2,l
`r\rlultrv(:‘tmvener Vehicular mecr LlEL‘erlllC Systems
`l2 2
`(‘onitant PU\\€I' Loads and Then (‘huracteristrca
`,
`.
`..
`.
`12 R Concept of Ncgame Impedance ll‘lSI‘elblllI}
`.
`12 4
`\Cgatixe Iiripcduirce Instability In the Singl? PW}! DC DC
`("0n\'r:rlc1$.,
`,
`.......
`,
`.
`,
`.
`.
`,
`.
`,
`_ .......
`Stuhllily Ol‘PWM DC D( Com ertcrs Dru 111g Several l Dads.
`..
`rerun:
`Stability Condition in a DC Vehicular Distribution System.
`,,
`.
`Negative Impedance Stabilizrng C mitml for I’WM DC DC
`Com EHEIS Nth ("onslam Po“ er and Resrsmc Loads”.
`(Ol‘lClUSlUllu
`.
`,,
`2 Q
`2.9 Retei'ances .....................
`L
`
`)01r
`
`UUSI, LLC
`UUSI, LLC
`Exhibit 2017
`Exhibit 2017
`5/10
`5/10
`
`r.
`13,] Vehicular AC Distribution Systems
`13.2 Modeling ot'AC Constant Puuer Loads .
`l
`3 Negative Impedance lnsmbrlrty Coridrlruiis ,,
`
`.
`
`r
`
`,
`
`.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`r—_____
`
`xiv
`
`Contents
`
`13.4 Hybnd (DC and AC) Vehlwlar Systems \\ 1th C(msmm Powe:
`
`.
`135 Conclusion .............. , ....... V
` ,,, ..
`136 RefEIences...,.
`.
`
`
`
`
`
`..
`
`,,
`
`.
`
`.
`
`483
`.. 490
`,, 491
`
`493’
`
`UUSI, LLC
`UUSI, LLC
`Exhibit 2017
`Exhibit 2017
`6/10
`6/10
`
`

`

`Index
`
`A
`
`AC/DC rectifiers, I6»24
`single-phase, full-wave, controlled
`rectifiers, 22
`single-phase, full-wave,
`uncontrolled rectifiers, 20
`single—phase, half-wave, controlled
`rectifiers, 18
`single-phase, half-wave,
`uncontrolled rectifiers, 16
`Aerospace
`modeling, 257—272
`power generation, 234
`stability, 237, 282-289
`state estimation, 272—282
`Alternator, 78, 84
`Automotive
`cormnunieation networks, 138—183
`distribution system, 70
`semiconductors, 132‘138
`steering systems, 120-131
`wireless techniques, 138
`
`B
`
`Back—up power supply, 373
`
`Battery, 386
`ideal model, 386
`linear model, 387
`Thevenin model, 387
`Bluetooth, 164~182
`Brushless DC motor drive
`analysis, 404
`control, 404
`interior-mounted, 400
`machine structure, 399
`sensorless techniques, 407
`sinusoidal shape back—EMF, 404
`surface~rnounted, 399
`trapezoidal shape back-EMF, 401
`
`C
`
`Centralized digital controller, 300
`Cogeneration, 365
`Constant power loads, 428
`Control strategies, 198
`Control systems, 8
`Controller area network, 140145
`CAN error detection, 142
`CAN message arbitration, 141
`CAN message format, 141 ‘
`time triggered CAN, 145
`
`493
`
`UUSI, LLC
`UUSI, LLC
`Exhibit 2017
`Exhibit 2017
`7/10
`7/10
`
`

`

`494
`
`Cost analysis, 112
`Cyclo-converter, 320
`
`D
`
`DC/AC inverters, 39-47, 266
`current source, 315
`load commutated, 318
`pulse-width modulated inverters,
`43, 319
`square—wave, full-bridge inverters,
`4 1
`
`voltage source, 315
`DC/DC converters, 25-38
`Boost converter, 30, 264
`Buck converter, 26, 261
`Buck-Boost converter, 34, 265
`DC electrical power systems, 13
`DC machines, 55
`compound, 59
`separately excited, 55
`series, 57
`shunt, 56
`slotless armature, 311
`Digital systems, 7
`Distributed digital controller, 30]
`Distribution systems
`AC vehicular systems, 465
`advanced automotive systems, 77
`aircraft, 235~237
`automotive, 7O
`hybrid, 483
`hybrid electric vehicles, 595
`sea and undersea vehicles, 304
`zonal, 305-307
`
`E
`
`Earth orbiting system, 253
`Electric circuits, 1
`RC circuit, 3
`RL circuit, 3
`RLC circuit, 3
`Electric dragsters, 219-224
`Electric machines, 49-65
`
`lndex
`
`Electric vehicles, 189
`Electrical loads
`advanced aircrafi loads, 232
`advanced automotive loads, 72
`aircraft, 232
`automotive, 72
`sea and undersea, 307
`Electrical power systems, 1, 11-13
`14V electrical system, 70
`42V electrical system, 73
`42V electrical system for traction,
`208-211
`
`AC zonal electrical systems, 305
`aircrafi, 231-238
`automotive, 67
`DC zonal electrical systems, 306
`integrated, 296
`sea and undersea vehicles, 295-309
`segregated, 295
`space, 24l—251
`spacecraft, 251—257
`Electromagnetism, 53
`Electromechanical systems, 49
`
`F
`
`Feedback control, 9
`First harmonic approximation, 485
`Flywheel, 249
`Fourier series, 7
`Frequency domain analysis, 10
`Fuel cell, 335
`aerospace applications, 362
`alkaline, 343—345
`direct methanol, 342
`distributed generation, 365
`electrical characteristics, 352
`heavy~duty vehicles, 356
`light—duty vehicles, 353
`modeling, 388
`molten carbonate, 340—341
`operation, 335
`phosphoric acid, 337-338
`portable applications, 369
`power processing system, 346
`
`
`
`UUSI, LLC
`UUSI, LLC
`Exhibit 2017
`Exhibit 2017
`8/10
`8/10
`
`

`

`Index
`
`properties, 335
`proton exchange membrane, 33 8-
`340
`solid—oxide, 341—342
`structures, 335
`telecommunication applications,
`376
`
`utility applications, 364-369
`zinc air, 345
`
`495
`
`Kirchhoff‘s law, 1
`
`K
`
`L
`
`Laplace transform, 4
`Lightly hybridized vehicles, 209-211
`Local interconnect network, 161
`
`G
`
`M
`
`Gauss-Seidel load flow, 12
`Generalized state space averaging,
`259
`
`H
`
`Heavy-duty vehicles
`conventional, 212
`file] cell, 216, 356
`hybrid electric, 214
`Honda insight, 204
`Hybrid control strategies
`charge depleting, 201202
`charge sustaining, 200, 202
`parallel, 200-202
`practical models, 204-206
`series, 202-204
`Hybrid electric vehicles, 189
`drivetmin architectures, 194
`drivetrain principles, 190-194
`electrical distribution systems, 195
`more electric hybrid vehicles, 197
`Hybridization, 206-208
`
`I
`
`IEEE 1394 protocol, 153-156
`Induction machines, 59, 91, 99
`Integrated power modules, 136
`integrated starter/alternator, 87—90
`coupling configurations, 1 IS—l 19
`direct coupling, 117
`offset coupling, 115
`international space station, 242
`
`Matrix converter, 321—325
`Media oriented systems transport,
`156
`
`Modeling
`AC constant power loads, 468
`aerospace power systems, 25 7n272
`automotive power systems, 224-
`229
`
`energy storage devices, 385—397
`multi-converter, 275
`Motor drives
`
`adjustable speed, 314
`current source, 315
`cyclo-converters, 320
`DC, 331
`
`drives in sea and undersea vehicles,
`309
`multi-level, 325
`variable frequency, 315
`voltage source, 315
`Matti-converter systems, 260, 269
`Multi~levei inverter, 325-331
`cascaded single-phase H-bridge,
`327
`
`diode clamped, 325
`flying capacitor, 326
`hybrid H»bridge, 328
`modulation technique, 330
`
`N
`
`Negative impedance instability, 430,
`435, 453, 476
`
`UUSI, LLC
`UUSI, LLC
`Exhibit 2017
`Exhibit 2017
`9/10
`9/10
`
`

`

`496
`
`Ohm’s law, }
`
`O
`
`P
`
`Permanent magnet machines, 91-95,
`100, 312
`interior-mounted, 400
`surface-mounted, 399
`Per—unit quantity, 1 l
`Phasors, 6
`Photovoltaic (PV) cells, 390
`Power electronics, 15-47, 132, 367
`power electronics building blocks,
`298~300
`
`Power management center, 303
`Power network models, 1]
`Power steering, 123-126
`electric power steering, 126-227
`
`R
`
`Routh-Hurwitz criterion, 10
`Russian ISS segment, 248
`
`S
`
`SAE J1850,150—l53
`Satellite, 254
`Sea vehicies, 295
`Semiconductor device technology,
`134-136
`Sensorless operation, 407
`Signal-flow graphs, 8
`Sinusoidal excitation, 6
`Sliding-mode control, 440
`Spacecraft, 25}
`,
`Stability analysis, 10, 237, 282—289,
`444, 456
`Stabilizing controller, 440
`Starter, 78, 81
`State estimation, 272-282
`State space averaging, 259, 440, 484
`State space description, I l
`Steer-by—wire, 127—132
`
`Index
`
`Storage systems
`battery, 386
`energy storage devices, 385-397
`tow-voltage, 211
`ultracapacitor, 393
`Super conducting, 312
`Switched reluctance machines, 95-99,
`107, 413
`basic operation, 413
`control techniques, 417
`power electronic driver, 419
`torque-speed characteristics, 4 l 7
`Synchronous machines, 63
`
`T
`
`TERRA spacecraft, 253
`Time domain analysis, 10
`Torque~speed characteristics, 61, 64
`Toyota Prius, 204
`
`U
`
`Ultracapacitors, 393-397
`battery/ultracapacitor, 394
`double layer model, 393
`Undersea vehictes, 295
`US 338 segment, 248
`
`V
`
`Vehicles
`air, 231
`dynamics and control, 425-462
`fuel cell, 353—356
`land, 67, £89
`sea, 295
`space, 241
`undersea, 295
`
`“I
`
`Weighted least squares, 279
`
`X
`
`X~by~wire, 159
`
`
`
`UUSI, LLC
`UUSI, LLC
`Exhibit 2017
`Exhibit 2017
`10/10
`10/10
`
`