`
`Gamputar
`0
`Desktop
`Emcyclwpedm
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Ninth Edition
`
`Alan Freedman
`\\
`
`Osborne/ McGraw-Hill
`
`New York Chicago San Francisco
`Lisbon London Madrid MexicoC'ny Milan
`New Delhi SanJuan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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`Page 1 of 9
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`VIRNETX EXHIBIT 2027
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`Trial |PR2014-00610
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`VIRNETX EXHIBIT 2027
`Microsoft v. VirnetX
`Trial IPR2014-00610
`
`

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`
`
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`r:N
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, Ninth Edltion
`
`o.
`{AA-Copy ight © 2001 by "the McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Printed in the
`Unit
`States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part
`of t
`15 publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or
`5
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`a0
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`parts of
`ISBN 0-07-219306-9
`
`Publisher
`Brandon A. Nordin
`
`Computer Designers
`Lauren McCarthy, Tabitha Cagan
`
`Vice President &-. Associate Publisher
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`Editorial Director
`Roger Stewart
`Senior Project Editor
`Pamela Woolf
`
`Illustrators
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`Series Design
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`Cover Design
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`ny errors or umissmns or
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`Page 2 of 9
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`Page 2 of 9
`
`

`

`
`
` CLIENT PLATFORMS (CPU 5 OS)
`
`when»: 31.95/98, NT
`Mac OS
`Mac 05
`and 2000
`NUX (UMX) NX (WIX)
`005
`
`not:
`Solidi (UNIX)
`lnluwhlo UNIX
`500 Open Oakley (UNIX)
`sine-1W
`NuXISton {Wm
`
`mp?“
`
`Pentium:
`
`-
`
`
`
`
`
`E”ARC-inlet!
`
`146
`
`client
`
`
`
`
`
`(1) A workstation or personal computer in a client/sewer
`client
`environment. See client/server and [at client.
`(2) One end of the spectrum in a request/ supply relationship
`1
`between programs. See X Window and OLE.
`
`An application running in a workstation or
`client application
`
`personal computer on a network. See also OLE.
`
`Refers to hardware or software that runs in the user's
`client based
`machine (client). Contrast with server based.
`
`A user’s workstation that is attached to a network.
`client machine
`'lhe term can also refer to a portable computer that is plugged into the
`network. See client and client/server.
`
`client program Software that runs in the user’s PC or workstation.
`Contrast with server program, which resides in a server in the network.
`
`
`An architecture in which the user’s PC (the client) is
`client/server
`the requesting machine and the server is the supplying machine, both of
`which are connected via a local area network (LAN) or wide area network
`(WAN). Throughout the late 19805 and early 19905, client/server was
`the hot buzzword as applications were migrated from centralized
`minicomputers and mainframes to networks of personal computers.
`in dient/server, the client processes the user interface (Windows, Mac,
`etc.) and can perform some oral] of the application processing. Servers range
`in capacity from high-end PCs to mainframes A database server maintains
`the databases and processes rcquwts from the client to attract data from or
`to update the database. An npplioition server provides additional business
`processing for the clients. See client/server development system.
`Client/sewer Versus the Web
`Because of the Internet, terms such
`as "Web based” and "Web enabled” have replaced the client/server
`buzzword, yet the client/server architecmre is conceptually the same.
`Users' PCs are still clients, and there are tens of thousands of Web servers
`throughout the lntemet delivering Web pages. Nevertheless, clicnt/
`server is mostly used to refer to "legacy," non-Web based systems.
`On the Web, the client runs the browser and just like legacy client/
`server can perform little or a lot of processing: simple displaying of
`HTML pages, more processing with embedded scripts or considerable
`processing with Java applets. A myriad of browser plug-ins provide all
`sorts of client processing.
`The server side of the Web is a multi-tier server architecture with
`interlinked Web servers, application servers, database sewers and
`
`caching servers. See application server,
`
`I
`
`’
`
`i
`
`'
`
`"
`
`
`
`3M
`
`M" 0""
`Heiux (LNIX)
`
`Digit-I umx
`OMVMS
`Windows NI
`
`vvts
`um (umxi
`
`HP 0000
`(VA-wise)
`Solltls(UNl>i)
`
`c
`XEEF
`AIX (W)
`
`v
`"9 ax
`iRIX (UNIX)
`
`
`
`
`
`Silicon Gnuhla
`IBM RMBW
`(MIP8)
`
`
`Non Cllonlisinvev
`
`Database
`100.900
`
`SM 150.1!!!)77
`
`Non-Client/Servor
`Although there are clients and servers in this
`scenario. this Is not “true" client/sewer,
`because the sewer is nothing more than a
`remote disk drive. and the client does all the
`processing. Lengthy searches can bog down the
`network, because each client has to read the
`entire database. At 1,000 bytes per record.
`a database wulh 100,000 records sends
`100MB over the LAN.
`
`A person responsible for performing
`client/server analyst
`analysis and design of a client/server system. A knowledge of two-tier and
`three tier client/server architectures is required. See systems analyst and client/server.
`_______._————-
`An environment in which the application processing is divided between client
`client/sewer architecture
`workstations and servers. it implies the use of desktop COmputerS interacting with sewers in a network, in contrast to
`processing everything in a large centralized mainframe. See client/sewer.
`
`Cnnpnter Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`Page 3 of 9
`
` clier
`
`deve
`Art at
`systet
`appli.
`enviri
`systei
`build
`the m
`and l\
`langi.
`busin
`and/
`tools.
`man)
`man:
`
`Syba:
`may
`F1
`parts
`NT, (
`softu
`A
`Bask
`appli
`no “t
`dcvn
`
`clie
`appl
`cite
`used
`
`clie
`suPi
`and
`
`Page 3 of 9
`
`

`

`PC
`
`735
`
`
`
`PATROL An application management suite from BMC that uses agents to report on software activities on all the
`servers within the enterprise. Using the information in ”knowledge modules” (KMs) about each system component,
`agents detect events, collect information and notify system and network administrators to take corrective action.
`
`PAX (1) (Private Automatic Exchange) An inhouse intercom system.
`(2) (Parallel Architecture Extended) A parallel processing environment standard based on Intel’s i860 RISC Chip,
`UNIX System V and Alliant Computer’s parallel and 3—D graphics technologies.
`The data-carrying capacity of some structure. It typically refers to a part of a packet or frame in a
`payload
`communications system that holds the message data in contrast to the headers, which are considered overhead.
`
`
`
`payment service
`
`See Web payment service.
`
`payware
`
`Software distributed for money. Contrast withfreeware.
`
`PB See PowerBuilder.
`
`PBX
`(Private Branch eXchange) An inhouse telephone switching
`system that interconnects telephone extensions to each other, as well as
`to the outside telephone network. It may include functions such as least
`cost routing for outside calls, call forwarding, conference calling and call
`accounting. Modern PBXs use all-digital methods for switching and may
`support both digital terminals and telephones along with analog
`telephones. See WPBX.
`
`.“nm'.
`’mm
`
`t
`
`An Early PBX
`This PBX began operation in Bangor, Maine in
`1883. (Image courtesy of AT&T.)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`Page 4 of 9
`
`Multlmadla
`Controller
`(sound, game)
`
`Internal
`Modem
`
`"0 Controller
`
`
`(hard dlsk,
`floppy, sellal,
`parallel)
`
`
`
`
`Motherboard
`CPU
`
`
`What’s lnslde a PC?
`
`PC (5) (Printed Circuit) See printed circuit board.
`(2) (Personal Computer) Any laptop or desktop
`computer such as Windows machine or a Macintosh.
`(1) (Personal Computer) A stand-alone laptop or
`desktop computer running Windows (or DOS for earlier
`applications). PC hardware and operating systems are
`primarily governed by Intel and Microsoft respectively.
`The PC is the world’s largest computer base.
`PCs are also widely used as clients and servers in a local
`area network (LAN). PC clients predominantly run under
`Windows, but PC servers (x86-based servers) run under
`Windows, NetWare or a variation of UNIX such as Linux
`or UnixWare. PC servers may use Windows 95/98, but:
`Windows NT and 2000 are more likely choices.
`Although there are literally thousands of PC vendors,
`from mom and pop shops to large mail order houses (Dell,
`Gateway, etc.) to the major computer companies (Compaq,
`HP, etc), and of course IBM, still one of the world’s largest
`PC makers, all PCs use an Intel x86 or compatible CPU.
`After IBM introduced the PC in 1981, the first attempts at
`cloning it were mostly unsuccessful. Except for Compaq’s first
`PC, from 1982 to 1985, there were a lot of ”almost compatible” PCs. However, as soon as the part of the operating system
`known as the BIOS was successfully cloned and made Commercially available, true compatibles appeared in abundance.
`Before Windows 95, adding another peripheral device to a PC was often an exercise in trial and error. Modifying
`DOS’s infamous configuration files (AUTOEXECBAT and CONFIGSYS) caused many a user to give up. Windows 95,
`rt, you can replace hard disks and display adapters, as
`98 and 2000 added Plug and Play, which means for the most pa
`well as acid a scanner, CD-ROM or other device without difficulty.
`The PC has become a commodity item, winding its way onto the shelves of retail outlets worldwide. This is a
`testimonial to the power of a computer standard, even one fraught with loopholes and inconsistencies.
`
`Page 4 of 9
`
`

`

`751
`
`(Practical Extraction Report Language) A programming language written by Larry Wall that combines syntax
`Perl
`from several UNIX utilities and languages. Introduced in 1987, Perl is designed to handle a variety of system
`administrator functions and provides comprehensive string handling functions. it is widely used to write Wet: server
`programs for such tasks as automatically updating user accounts and newsgroup postings, processing removal rmuests,
`synchronizing databases and generating reports. Peri has also been adapted to non-UNIX platforms. See also PURL.
`
`(1) A soil font that is kept in the printer’s memory until the printer is turned off.
`permanent font
`(2) Same as internal font.
`
`permanent memory
`
`Same as non-volatile memory.
`
`One possible combination of items out of a larger set of items. For example, with the set of numbers
`permutation
`
`1, 2 and 3, there are six possible permutations: 12, 21, 13, 31, 23 and 32.
`
`perpendicular recording
`
`See vertical recording.
`
`
`
`per seat By workstation. See per seat licensing.
`
`Software licensing based on a per user basis. For example, a 100-user license means that up
`per seat licensing
`to 100 specificallyflamed users have access to the program. Per seat licensing is administered by providing user-level
`security to the directory containing the program. Contrast with concurrent licensing.
`
`(1) in a CRT, the time a phosphor dot remains illuminated after being energized. Long-persistence
`persistence
`phosphors reduce flicker, but generate ghost-like images that linger on screen for a fraction of a second.
`
`(2) in object technology, the storage of an object on a disk or other permanent storage device.
`
`Data that exists from session to session. Persistent data is stored in a database on disk or tape.
`persistent data
`Contrast with transient data.
`
`
`
`perslstent link See hot link.
`
`An object that continues to exist after the program that created it has been unloaded. An
`persistent ODJBCt
`object’s class and current state must be saved for use in subsequent sessions. In object technology, persistence means
`storing the object for later use.
`
`
`
`personal agent See agent.
`
`personal communicator
`
`See FDA.
`
` personal computer
`
`Synonymous with "microcomputer,” ”desktop computer,” and "laptop computer," it is a
`personal computer
`computer that serves one user in the office or home. A complete personal computer system with printer can cost as
`little as $1,000 or as much as $8,000 or more. Size is based on memory and disk capacity. Speed is based on the CPU
`that runs it, and output quality is based on the type and resolution of its monitor and printer.
`Major Suppliers of Personal Computers
`The personal computer world is dominated by Windows-based PCs.
`There are thousands of vendors that make them, from mom and pop shops to huge companies such as Compaq, HP
`and IBM. The alternate personal computer standard is Apple’s Macintosh, which is only made by Apple. Atari and
`Commodore once carved out their respective niches, but Atari returned to its gaming roots and Commodore has since
`closed its dodrs.
`
`
`
`
`The industry began in 1977, when Apple, Radio Shack and Commodore
`The History of Personal Computers
`introduced the first off-thc-shelf computers as consumer products. The first machines used an 8—bit microprocessor
`with a maximum of (24K of memory and floppy disls for storage. The Apple ii, Atari 500, and Commodore 64 became
`popular home computers, and Apple: was successful in companies after the VisiCalc spreadsheet was introduced.
`However, the business world was soon dominated by the Z80 processor and CP/ M opera ting system, used by
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`Page 5 of 9
`
`_
`:i
`
`.i
`'
`
`.
`
`l
`i
`
`'
`
`;
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`
`‘
`
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`
`Page 5 of 9
`
`

`

`protocol stack
`
`c0m1
`PC“
`3&3
`so“)
`2000
`with
`pom
`MIF
`the (
`j
`p5)
`PS;oru
`lBIV
`firm
`[35
`PS
`,.
`P5
`.—PS
`
`_..
`PS
`gr?
`TH
`be
`ear
`bit
`I;thl
`
`804
`
`gned
`
`protocol stack The hierarchy of protocols used in a communications network. Network architectures desi
`in layers, such as TCP/1P, OSI and SNA, are referred to as stacks. See 05].
`
`
`Same as protocol stack.
`protocol suite
`(1) Creating a demo of a new system. Prototyping is essential for clarifying information requirement
`prototyping
`The design of a system (functional specs) must be finalized before the system can be built. While analytically-OrientedS‘
`people may have a clear picture of requirements, others may not.
`Using fourth—generation languages, systems analysts and users can develop the new system together. Databases Can
`be created and manipulated while the user monitors the progress. Once users see tangible output on screen or Paper,
`they can figure out what's missing or what the next question might be if this were a production system. If prototyping
`is carefully done, the end result can be a working system.
`Even if the final system is reprogrammed in other languages for standardization or machine efficiency, prototyping
`has served to provide specifications for a working system rather than a theoretical one.
`(2) Seefunction prototyping.
`
`provrswned
`Set up for a particular type of telecommunications service. See proviswnmg.
`
`provisioning
`Setting up a telecommunications service for a particular customer. Common carriers provision
`circuits by programming their computers to switch customer lines into the appropriate networks.
`
`proxy
`See proxy server.
`
`proxy cache
`A facility in a proxy server that caches incoming Web pages on the hard disk. If the next page
`requested by a browser is already in the proxy cache, the page is retrieved locally instead of from the Internet. With
`proxy caches, the browsers must be configured to use the proxy server. See proxy server, reverse proxy cache, transparent
`cache and Web cache.
`‘
`
`
`proxy server Also called a ”proxy” or ”application level gateway," it is an application that breaks the connection
`between sender and receiver. All input is forwarded out a different port, closing a straight path between two networks
`and preventing a hacker from obtaining internal addresses and details of a private network.
`Proxy servers are available for common Internet services; for example, an HTTP proxy is used for Web access, and
`an SMTP proxy is used for e—mail. Proxies generally employ network address translation (NAT), which presents one
`organization~wide IP address to the Internet. It funnels all user requests to the Internet and fans responses back out to
`the appropriate users. Proxies may also cache Web pages, so that the next request can be obtained locally. Proxies are
`only one tool that can be used to build a firewall. See LAN,firewall, proxy cache and SOCKS server.
`
`
`r.
`
`5“ I
`'
`
`é
`
`;
`5
`
`.
`
`5
`
`g
`
`-
`
`PR/SM (Processor Resource/Systems Manager) Hardware circuits and microcode built into IBM System/390
`mainframes that support logical partitions (LPARs). LPARs allow the running of multiple system images on a single
`processor complex. Each such image has a full complement of CPUs (dedicated or shared), central storage, expanded
`storage and channels. ESCON and FICON channels may be shared across images using the MIF feature. Pronounced
`"prism,” PR/SM was derived from VM, the IBM operating system that provides multiple system images in software.
`See LPAR, MIF and VM.
`
`PRT SC
`See print screen.
`ps
`(1) (PicoSecond) See space/time.
`(2) (PS—~Personal Services) IBM office automation software for PCs, minis and mainframes, which includes word
`processing, electronic mail and library services.
`(3) (PostScript) See PostScript.
`
`PS/1 An early IBM home computer series introduced in 1990. The original models featured an integrated monitor
`and easy-to~open case. The first I’S/l was a 286 with an ISA bus. See PC.
`
`.
`
`'
`
`P‘
`'
`“-
`p:tr
`.._
`p
`‘
`FP
`2
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`
`
`Page 6 of 9
`
`Page 6 of 9
`
`

`

`994
`
`TSOP
`
`(Thin Small Outline Package) A very~thin, plastic, rectangular surface mount chip package with gull—wing
`TSOP
`
`pins on its two short sides. TSOPs are about a third as thick as SO] chips. See gullewing lead, SOP, SO] and chip package.
`T-span
`A 24—channel group, which makes up one T1 line. See T1.
`
`TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident) Refers to a program that remains in memory when the user exits it in order
`that it be immediately available at the press of a hotkey. TSRs were popular under DOS to quickly pop up a calendar,
`calculator or other utility, because DOS did not have built-in task switching. Standards for writing TSRs were not
`codified early on, and TSRs often conflicted with each other and regular applications. After Windows 3.0, TSRs became
`
`moot, since any DOS or Windows application could be conveniently task switched in a separate window.
`T55
`See ITU.
`.._...._.
`(Tree and Tabular Combined Notation) A programming language endorsed by 150 that is used torwrite test
`TTCN
`suites for telecommunications systems. TTCN is used for "black box testing,” which means that all interaction to the
`system is via messages, rather than by a user with a mouse. Test suites are built in a hierarchical and modular manner,
`allowing many programmers to be involved in the project. Numerous telecom vendors use TTCN for their products, and
`
`organizations such as the EU, ATM Forum and ETSI, provide TTCN conformancetests for new standards.
`TTFN
`Digispeak for goodbye (”ta ta for now”).
`m
`TT font
`See TrueType.
`
`(1) (Transistor Transistor Logic) A digital circuit composed of bipolar transistors wired in a certain manner.
`TTL
`TTL logic has been widely used since the early days of digital circuitry. TTL designations may appear on input or
`' output ports of various devices, which indicates a digital circuit in contrast to an analog circuit.
`(2) (Time To Live) A set maximum amount of time a packet is allowed to propagate through the network before it
`is discarded.
`(3) (Through The Lens) Refers to a single-lens reflex camera that lets the photographer View the scene through the
`
`same lens that captures the image.
`T.TUD See T120.
`_____._...__.__
`(TeleTYpewriter protocol) A low-speed asynchronous communications protocol with limited or no
`TTY protocol
`
`error checking. See teletypewriter.
`
`tube
`
`See CRT and vacuum tube.
`
`;
`
`...‘
`
`_
`.
`
`i
`
`1
`
`.
`I
`
`f
`
`.
`
`i
`"
`,
`:
`l
`,i
`3
`E
`
`1
`l
`
`..
`:
`
`'
`
`3
`
`
`
`A laser that can change its frequency over a given range. In time, tunable lasers are expected to be
`tunable laser
`capable of switching frequencies on a packet-by-packet basis.
`
`tuner An electronic part of a radio or TV that locks on to a selected carrier frequency (station, channel) and filters
`out the audio and video signals for amplification and display.
`W
`Transmitting data structured in one protocol format within the format of another protocoi.Tunneling
`tunneling
`
`allows other types of transmission streams to be carried within the prevailing protocol. See lP tunneling and L2TP.
`
`
`
`.
`
`tuple
`
`In relational database management, a record, or row. See relational database.
`
`A C compiler from Borland used to create a wide variety of commercial products. It is known for its
`Turbo C
`well-designed debugger. Borland's object-oriented versions of C are Turbo C++ and Borland C++.
`The DOS version of this database is written in Turbo C. The Windows version is written in Microsoft C.
`
`A type of Channel coding that uses a convolutional code and a type of Viterbi decoder that outputs a
`turbo code
`continuous value rather than a O or 1. See convolutional code and Viterbi decoder.
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`
`
`
`
`,
`
`3
`Ct
`
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`Page 7 of 9
`
`Page 7 of 9
`
`

`

`
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`
`1044
`
`total
`
`
`
`voxel
`
`resents a quantity of 3-D data just as a pixel represents
`(VOlume piXEL) A three-dimensional pixel. A voxel rep dical applications that process 3-D images.
`s in 2—D data. it is used in scientific and me
`a point or cluster of point
`s, NY,www.tbeach.com) A manufacturer of sound cards and music
`Turtle Beach Systems. Voyetra was founded
`Voyotra
`(Voyetra Turtle Beach, lnc., Yonker
`software that is a result of a Iatevl996 merger of Voyetra Technologies and
`New York state. it introduced the Voyet‘ra
`in 1975 as Octave Electronics, at synthesizer and repair facility in southern
`related applications. Voyetra utilities art,-
`synthesizer and later moved into software for MlDl sequencer and music-
`Turtle Beach was founded in 1985 in York, PA,and became known for its award-winning Multisound line of
`bundled with numerous sound cards.
`high-endsoundcards. itsconsumerbrands arealsopopularandare namedafterbeaches fromaround theworld
`rame multiprocessing that uses several computers under tight
`
`such as Malibu, Montego and Daytona.
`VPC (Virtual Processor Complex) An IBM main!
`central control.
`work that is configured within a public network. For years, common
`carriers havebuilt VPNs that appear asprivate national or internationalnetworks to the customer,but physically share
`VPN (Virtual Private Network) A private net
`backbonetrunks with otherCustomers.Vi’Nsenjoy the security of aprivatenetwork via access control and encryption,
`whiletakingadvantageof theeconomiesofscaleandbuilt-in managementfacilities oflargepublicnetworks.VPNshave
`been built over X25,Switched 56, frame relayand ATM tecluiologiei.Today, there is tremendous interest inVl’Ns over
`theInternet,especiallydue totheconstantthreat ofhackerattacks.TheVPN adds thatextralayerofsecurity,and ahuge
`growth inVPN useisexpected.See Pl‘TP,L2F, LZTP, lPsec,PVC,securityand transparent LANservice.
`
`VP ratio
`(Virtual Processor ratio) The number of virtual processors that a physic
`VPS
`(Vectors Per Second) The measurement of the speed of a vector or array processor.
`VR
`See virtual reality.
`_—
`
`at processor is simulating.
`
`VA‘IH’I
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`method that generates and tests a parity bit for each byte of
`
`VRAM Sac video RAM.
`VRC
`(Vertical Redundancy Check) An error checking
`
`data that is moved or transmitted.
`uage used on the Web. After downloading a
`VRML
`(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) A 3-D graphics lang ulated rooms can be "walked into." The VRML
`.
`VRMLpage,itscontentscanbeviewed,rotatedandmanipulated.Sim
`WebSp-acefromSGi,whoseOpeninventorgraphicslibrarywasthebasisfordeveloping
`(2)(VirtualStorage) AfamilyofminicomputersfromWangintroducedin1977,whichusevirtualmemorytechniques.
`VSAM (VirtualStorageAccessMethod) AnIBMaccessmethodforstoringdata,widelyusedinIBMmainframes.
`
`viewer is launched from within the Web browser.
`The first VRML viewer was
`her Windows viewers, and Whurlw‘md an
`VRML. Webl‘X, WorldView and Fountain are at
`
`d Voyager are Mac viewers.
`
`VS
`
`(1) (Virtual Storage) Same as virtual memory.
`
`it uses the B+tree method for organizing data.
`It station for satellite transmission that handles up to 56
`VSAT
`(Very Small Aperture satellite Terminal) A small eart rate (up to l .544 Mbits/sec) are called ”TSATs.”
`Kbits/sec of digital transmission. VSA'I‘s that handle the T1 data
`V58
`(1) (VME Subsystem Bus) An auxiliary"backdoor" protocol on theVMEbus that allows high-speed transfer
`between devices. It was faster than the main busbefore the 64-bit implementation arrived.
`(2) (Vestlgiai SideBnnd) A digital modulation method developed by Zenith for cable modems and terrestrial
`transmission for D'I'V. See B-VSB.
`
`
`
`
`‘
`
`2
`
`754E
`
`See DOS/V55.
`
`"4
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`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
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`Page 8 of 9
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`

`

`
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`i
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`1080 workiunction
`
`bottom of the in basket. Automating workflow sets timers that ensure that documents move along at a prescribed pace and
`that the appropriate person processes them in the correct order.
`Integrating workflow into existing software applications may require extensive reprogramming, because although
`independent workflow software can launch a whole application, a workfiow system must be able to invoke individual
`routines within the application. As a result, Vendors of application software have teamed up with workflow vendors to
`provide the appropriate interfaces and/or they have developed their own workflow capability. Workflow standards
`developed by the Workflow Management Coalition (WI’MC) are expected to provide interoperability between workflow
`software and the applications as well as between different workflow systems.
`Workflow software is not the same as worhgroup software, otherwise known as groupware. Workflow deals with
`the step-by-step processes, whereas workgroup systems are concerned with information sharing and threaded
`discussions among users.
`For an excellent book on the subject of workflow written by the guru in this field, read The Workjlow Imperative by
`
`Thomas M. Koulopoulos, published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN 0-442-01975-0.
`
`
`work function
`
`The amount of photon energy required to cause an electron to be emitted from a material.
`
`Two or more individuals that share files and databases. LANs designed around workgroups provide
`workgroup
`electronic sharing of required data. In general, products designed for workgroups support up to 50 people, whereas
`departmental devices support several hundred, and enterprise devices serve several thousand. See groupware and workjiow.
`
`
`workgroup switch
`
`
`A network switdi designed for LAN traffic within an enterprise. Contrast with carrier-close; switch.
`
`
`
`working directory See current directory.
`
`The user interface in OS/2 introduced with Version 2.0. The Workplace Shell is extensible and
`Workplace Shell
`
`application developers can use Workplace Shell library functions when developing programs.
`
`worksheet Same as spreadsheet.
`
`worksheet compiler
`
`
`Same as spreadsheet compiler.
`
`(1) A high-performance, single-user computer used for graphics, CAD, CAE, simulation and scientific
`workstation
`applications. It is typically a RJSC-based computer that runs under some variation of UNIX. The major vendors of
`workstations are Sun, HP, IBM, Compaq and SC]. High-end Pentium PCs increasingly provide workstation performance.
`(2) A terminal or desktop computer in a network. In this context, workstation is just a generic term for a user’s
`machine (client machine). Contrast with server and host.
`(3) In the telecom industry, a combined telephone and computer.
`
`
`WorldCom (WorldCom, lnc., Jackson, MS, www.wcom.com) A major, international telecommunications carrier
`founded in 1983 as Long Distance Discount Service (LDDS), a reseller of A'l'&T WATS lines to small businesses. it grew
`by acquiring many small, and eventually, large long distance and networking organizations, including IDB WorldCom,
`a leading international carrier, Wil'l‘el, a major telecom carrier, and Mi-‘S Communications, an international phone
`company and recent parent of UUNET, a prominent internet provider.
`in 1997, the network operations of America Online and CompuServe became part of WorldCom. It also merged
`with Brooks Fiber and then acquired MCI in 1998 to become the MCI WorldCom powerhouse. While WorldCom may
`have been a pretentious name for rather modest beginnings, it was very prophetic, because the MCI name was later
`dropped, leaving WorldCom as the name of the company.
`
`World Wide Walt What many have called the Web while waiting patiently for the next page to download. The
`World Wide Wait is caused by any combination of a slow modem, overloaded Web server at the site you are accessing
`or any clog in one of the routers or switches at a national, regional or local ISP. See Internet service provider.
`
`
`An Internet facility that links documents locally and remotely. The Web document, or Web
`World Wide Web
`page, contains text, graphics, animations and videos as well as hypertext links. The links in the page let users jump
`
`
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`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
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`Page 9 of 9
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