(12) United States Patent
`(10) Patent No.:
`US 6,209,672 B1
`
`Severinsky
`(45) Date of Patent:
`Apr. 3, 2001
`
`US006209672B1
`
`(54) HYBRID VEHICLE
`
`(75)
`
`Inventor: Alex J. Severinsky, Washington, DC
`(US)
`
`(73) Assignee: Paice Corporation, Silver Spring, MD
`(US)
`
`( * ) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
`(21) Appl. No.2 09/264,817
`
`(22)
`
`Filed:
`
`Mar. 9, 1999
`
`Related U-S- Application Data
`ng‘éisional application No. 60/100,095, filed on Sep. 14,
`(60)
`Int. Cl.7 ....................................................... B60K 6/04
`(51)
`(52) U..S. Cl.
`...........................
`ISO/65.2, 180/65.4, 60/711
`(58) Fleld of Search .................................. 180/652, 65.3,
`180/6542 65-62 6582 165; 60/7162 7182
`706, 711; 290/17, 40 R, 40 C; 322/16
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
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`.
`
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`.
`.
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`,
`,
`,
`Kalberlah, “Electric Hybrid Drive Systems .
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`.
`. ” SAE
`Paper No. 891659 1989.
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`Primary Examiner—J. J Swann
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`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Michael de Angeli
`
`. ”, SAE Paper
`
`.
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`,
`,
`,
`,
`,
`,
`A hybrid vehicle comprismg an an internal combustion
`engine controllably coupled to road Wheels of the vehicle by
`a clutch, a traction motor coupled to road. Wheels of said
`vehicle, a starting motor coupled to the engine, both motors
`being operable as generators, a battery bank for providing
`electrical energy to and accepting energy from said motors,
`and a microprocessor for controlling these components is
`operated in different modes, depending on its instantaneous
`torque requirements, the state of charge of the battery bank,
`and other operating parameters. The mode of operation is
`selected by the microprocessor in response to a control
`strategy.
`
`33 Claims, 10 Drawing Sheets
`
`”P:
`
`INVERTER / CHARGER
`
`
`
`
`
`
`’17
`“NEWER /C\—\MLC1ER ——1
`754
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`VIII/Ill
`
`
`Page 1 of 34
`Page 1 of 34
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`

`US 6,209,672 B1
`
`Page 2
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`.
`4/1979 Cummmgs -
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`
`.
`
`.
`
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`5,318,142
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`5,327,987
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`5,337,848
`5,343,970 *
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`5,441,122
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`.
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`.
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`.
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`12/1994 Hasebe et a1.
`.
`5/1995 Hammond .
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`.
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`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`223:: gram...
`2722219:
`'
`’
`’
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`.
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`.
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`5,667,029
`.
`9/1997 Donegan et a1.
`5,672,920
`5,697,466 * 12/1997 Moroto et a1.
`...................... 180/65.2
`5,704,440
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`.
`5,705,859
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`.
`5,713,425
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`.
`5,713,814
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`.
`5,722,911
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`.
`5,725,064
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`5,755,303
`5/1998 Yamamoto et a1.
`5,757,151
`5/1998 Donegan et a1.
`.
`6/1998 Lansberry ............................ 318/146
`5,767,637 *
`
`6/1998 Schiebold et a .
`.
`5,773,904
`5,775,449
`7/1998 Moroto et a1.
`.
`5,778,326
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`.
`.
`5,778,997
`7/1998 Setaka et a1.
`5,785,136
`7/1998 Falkenmayer et a1.
`5,785,137
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`5,788,003
`8/1998 Spiers .
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`5,788,597
`8/1998 Boll et a1.
`.
`5,789,881
`8/1998 Egami et a1.
`5,789,882
`8/1998 Ibaraki et a1.
`5,791,426
`8/1998 Yamada .
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`8/1998 Yamaguchi et a1.
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`9/1998 Yamaguchi et a1.
`5,806,617
`9/1998 Yamaguchi et a1.
`5,820,172
`10/1998 Brigham et a1.
`.
`5,823,280 * 10/1998 Lateur ................................. 180/65.2
`5,823,281
`10/1998 Yamaguchi et a1.
`.
`5,826,671
`10/1998 Nakae et a1.
`.
`5,831,341
`11/1998 Selfors et a1.
`5,833,022
`11/1998 Welke .
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`11/1998 Dietzel .
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`11/1998 Mikami et a1.
`5,841,201
`12/1998 Tabata et a1.
`.
`
`180/65.2
`5,842,534 * 12/1998 Frank
`
`5,845,731 * 12/1998 Buglione et a1.
`................... 180/65.2
`5,846,155
`12/1998 Taniguchi et a1.
`.
`5,862,497
`1/1999 Yano et a1.
`.
`Page 2 of 34
`Page 2 of 34
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`
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`
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`

`US 6,209,672 B1
`Page 3
`
`.
`
`. ”, IEEE
`
`. ”, IEEE Spectrum, V01. 32,
`
`Wouk, “Hybrids: Then and Now”, IEEE Spectrum, V01. 32,
`7, Jul. 1995.
`Bates, “Getting a Ford HEV On the road .
`Spectrum, V01. 32, 7, Jul. 1995.
`King et al, “Transit Bus takes .
`.
`7, Jul. 1995.
`Yamaguchi, “Toyota readies gasoline/electric hybrid sys-
`tem”, Automotive Engineering, Jul. 1997, pp. 55—58.
`Wilson, “Not Electric, Not Gasoline .
`.
`. ”Autoweek, Jun. 2,
`1997, pp. 17—18.
`Bulgin, “The Future Works, Quietly”, Autoweek, Feb. 23,
`1998 pp. 12—13.
`“Toyota Electric and Hybrid Vehicles”, a Toyota brochure,
`undated.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`Yamaguchi et al.
`Tabata et al.
`.
`Miller .
`Ibaraki .
`.
`Drozdz et al.
`Yamaguchi et al.
`Moore .
`Koide et al.
`........................ 180/65.2
`Sakai et al.
`.......................... 340/636
`
`Werson ...........
`310/186
`...... 477/5
`Deguchii et al.
`
`.
`Tsuzuki et al.
`290/17
`........................ 701/102
`Egami et al.
`Frank ..................................... 322/16
`Schmidt—Brucken ............... 180/65.3
`
`2/1999
`3/1999
`4/1999
`4/1999
`4/1999
`5/1999
`6/1999
`8/1999
`10/1999
`11/1999
`11/1999
`1/2000
`1/2000
`4/2000
`5/2000
`
`* * **
`
`5,865,263
`5,887,670
`5,890,555
`5,893,895
`5,898,282
`5,899,286
`5,908,077
`5,934,395
`5,969,624
`5,986,376
`5,993,351
`6,018,198
`6,018,694
`6,054,844
`6,059,059
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technology, vol. SP—915, SAE,
`Feb, 1992.
`
`the Hybrid/Battery
`Nagasaka et al, “Development of
`EUC .
`.
`. ”, SAE paper 981122, 1998, pp. 19—27.
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`Page 3 of 34
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`

`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 3, 2001
`
`Sheet 1 0f 10
`
`US 6,209,672 B1
`
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`

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`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 3, 2001
`
`Sheet 2 0f 10
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`US 6,209,672 B1
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`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 3, 2001
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`Sheet 3 0f 10
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`US 6,209,672 B1
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`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 3, 2001
`
`Sheet 4 0f 10
`
`US 6,209,672 B1
`
`
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`Page 7 of 34
`Page 7 of 34
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`FMC 1028
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`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 3, 2001
`
`Sheet 5 0f 10
`
`US 6,209,672 B1
`
`F76. 6
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`US. Patent
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`

`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 3, 2001
`
`Sheet 8 0f 10
`
`US 6,209,672 B1
`
`MODE 1
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`Page 11 of 34
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`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 3, 2001
`
`Sheet 9 0f 10
`
`US 6,209,672 B1
`
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`Page 12 of 34
`Page 12 of 34
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`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 3, 2001
`
`Sheet 10 0f 10
`
`US 6,209,672 B1
`
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`US 6,209,672 B1
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`1
`HYBRID VEHICLE
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATION
`
`This application claims priority from Provisional Appli-
`cation Ser. No. 60/100,095, filed Sep. 14, 1998.
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`This application relates to improvements in hybrid
`vehicles, that is, vehicles in which both an internal combus-
`tion engine and one or more electric motors are provided to
`supply torque to the driving wheels of the vehicle. More
`particularly, this invention relates to a hybrid electric vehicle
`that
`is fully competitive with presently conventional
`vehicles as regards performance, operating convenience,
`and cost, while achieving substantially improved fuel
`economy and reduced pollutant emissions.
`
`DISCUSSION OF THE PRIOR ART
`
`For many years great attention has been given to the
`problem of reduction of fuel consumption of automobiles
`and other highway vehicles. Concomitantly very substantial
`attention has been paid to reduction of pollutants emitted by
`automobiles and other vehicles. To a degree, efforts to solve
`these problems conflict with one another. For example,
`increased thermodynamic efficiency and thus reduced fuel
`consumption can be realized if an engine is operated at
`higher temperatures. Thus there has been substantial interest
`in engines built of ceramic materials withstanding higher
`combustion temperatures than those now in use. However,
`higher combustion temperatures in gasoline-fueled engines
`lead to increase in certain undesirable pollutants, typically
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`Another possibility for reducing emissions is to burn
`mixtures of gasoline and ethanol (“gasohol”), or straight
`ethanol. However, to date ethanol has not become economi-
`cally competitive with gasoline, and consumers have not
`accepted ethanol to any great degree. Moreover, to make an
`alternate fuel such as ethanol available to the extent neces-
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`tional gasoline-fueled vehicles. See, generally, Simanaitis,
`“Electric Vehicles”, Road & Track, May 1992, pp. 126—136;
`Reynolds, “AC Propulsion CRX”, Road & Track, Oct. 1992,
`pp. 126—129.
`Brooks et al US. Pat. No. 5,492,192 shows such an
`electric vehicle;
`the invention appears to be directed to
`incorporation of antilock braking and traction control tech-
`nologies into an otherwise conventional electric vehicle.
`Much attention has also been paid over the years to
`development of electric vehicles including internal combus-
`tion engines powering generators,
`thus eliminating the
`defect of limited range exhibited by simple electric vehicles.
`The simplest such vehicles operate on the same general
`principle as diesel-electric locomotives used by most rail-
`roads. In such systems, an internal combustion engine drives
`a generator providing electric power to traction motors
`connected directly to the wheels of the vehicle. This system
`has the advantage that no variable gear ratio transmission is
`required between the diesel engine and the wheels of the
`locomotive.
`
`More particularly, an internal combustion engine pro-
`duces zero torque at zero engine speed (RPM) and reaches
`its torque peak somewhere in the middle of its operating
`range. Accordingly, all vehicles driven directly by an inter-
`nal combustion engine (other than certain single-speed
`vehicles using friction or centrifugal clutches, and not useful
`for normal driving) require a variable-ratio transmission
`between the engine and the wheels, so that the engine’s
`torque can be matched to the road speeds and loads encoun-
`tered. Further, some sort of clutch must be provided so that
`the engine can be mechanically decoupled from the wheels,
`allowing the vehicle to stop while the engine is still running,
`and to allow some slippage of the engine with respect to the
`drive train while starting from a stop.
`It would not be
`practical to provide a diesel locomotive with a multiple
`speed transmission, or a clutch. Accordingly, the additional
`complexity of the generator and electric traction motors is
`accepted. Electric traction motors produce full torque at zero
`RPM and thus can be connected directly to the wheels; when
`it is desired that the train should accelerate, the diesel engine
`is simply throttled to increase the generator output and the
`train begins to move.
`The same drive system may be employed in a smaller
`vehicle such as an automobile or truck, but has several
`distinct disadvantages in this application. In particular, and
`as discussed in detail below in connection with FIGS. 1 and
`
`2, it is well known that a gasoline or other internal com-
`bustion engine is most efficient when producing near its
`maximum output torque. Typically, the number of diesel
`locomotives on a train is selected in accordance with the
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`sary to achieve appreciable improvements in nationwide air
`quality and fuel conservation would require immense costs
`for infrastructure improvements; not only the entire nation’s
`motor fuel production and delivery system, but also the
`vehicle manufacture, distribution, and repair system, would
`have to be extensively revised or substantially duplicated.
`One proposal for reducing pollution in cities is to limit the
`use of vehicles powered by internal combustion engines and
`instead employ electric vehicles powered by rechargeable
`batteries. To date, all such “straight electric” cars have had
`total tonnage to be moved and the grades to be overcome, so
`very limited range, typically no more than 150 miles, have
`that all the locomotives can be operated at nearly full torque
`insufficient power for acceleration and hill climbing except
`production. Moreover, such locomotives tend to be run at
`when the batteries are substantially fully charged, and
`steady speeds for long periods of time. Reasonably efficient
`require substantial time for battery recharging. Thus, while
`fuel use is thus achieved. However, such a direct drive
`there are many circumstances in which the limited range and
`vehicle would not achieve good fuel efficiency in typical
`extended recharging time of the batteries would not be an
`automotive use, involving many short trips, frequent stops in
`inconvenience, such cars are not suitable for all the travel
`traffic, extended low-speed operation and the like.
`requirements of most individuals. Accordingly, an electric
`car would have to be an additional vehicle for most users,
`So-called “series hybrid” electric vehicles have been
`proposed for automotive use, wherein batteries are used as
`posing a substantial economic deterrent. Moreover, it will be
`energy storage devices, so that an internal combustion
`appreciated that
`in the United States most electricity is
`engine provided to power a generator can be operated in its
`generated in coal-fired power plants, so that using electric
`most fuel-efficient output power range while still allowing
`vehicles merely moves the source of the pollution, but does
`not eliminate it. Furthermore, comparing the respective net
`the electric traction motor(s) powering the vehicle to be
`operated as required. Thus the engine may be loaded by
`costs per mile of driving, electric vehicles are not competi-
`tive with ethanol-fueled vehicles, much less with conven-
`supplying torque to a generator charging the batteries while
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`US 6,209,672 B1
`
`4
`the drive wheels through the engine, while in a second
`embodiment their respective positions are reversed.
`Nishida US. Pat. No. 5,117,931 shows a parallel hybrid
`vehicle where torque from an electric motor may be com-
`bined with torque from an internal combustion engine in a
`“torque transmission unit” comprising paired bevel gears
`and means for controlling the relative rates of rotation of the
`motor and engine, so that the motor can be used to start the
`engine, absorb excess torque from the engine (by charging
`a battery), or provide additional propulsive torque. A
`variable-speed transmission is coupled between the torque
`transmission unit and the propelling wheels. Both the torque
`transmission unit and the variable-speed transmission are
`complex, heavy, and expensive components,
`the use of
`which would preferably be avoided.
`Helling US. Pat. No. 3,923,115 also shows a hybrid
`vehicle having a torque transmission unit for combining
`torque from an electric motor and an internal combustion
`engine. However, in Helling the relative rates of rotation of
`the motor and engine input shafts are fixed; a flywheel is
`provided to store excess mechanical energy as well as a
`battery to store excess electrical energy. Albright, Jr. et al
`US. Pat. No. 4,588,040 shows another hybrid drive scheme
`using a flywheel in addition to batteries to store excess
`energy; various complicated mechanical connections are
`provided between the various components. Capacitors have
`also been proposed for energy storage; see Bates et al US.
`Pat. No. 5,318,142.
`
`Fj allstrom US. Pat. No. 5,120,282 shows a parallel
`hybrid drive train wherein torque from two electric motors
`is combined with torque produced by an internal combustion
`engine; the combination is performed by a complex arrange-
`ment of paired planetary gearsets, and unspecified control
`means are alleged to be able to allow variation of road speed
`without a variable-ratio transmission.
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`supplying electrical power to the traction motor(s) as
`required, so as to operate efficiently. This system overcomes
`the limitations of electric vehicles noted above with respect
`to limited range and long recharge times. Thus, as compared
`to a conventional vehicle, wherein the internal combustion
`engine delivers torque directly to the wheels, in a series
`hybrid electric vehicle, torque is delivered from the engine
`to the wheels via a serially connected generator used as a
`battery charger, the battery, and the traction motor. Energy
`transfer between those components consumes at
`least
`approximately 25% of engine power. Further, such compo-
`nents add substantially to the cost and weight of the vehicle;
`in particular, an electric motor capable of providing suffi-
`cient torque to meet all expected demand, e.g.,
`to allow
`reasonable performance under acceleration, during hill-
`climbing and the like, is rather heavy and expensive. Thus,
`series hybrid vehicles have not been immediately successful.
`Amore promising “parallel hybrid” approach is shown in
`US. Pat. Nos. 3,566,717 and 3,732,751 to Berman et al. In
`Berman et al an internal combustion engine and an electric
`motor are matched through a complex gear train so that both
`can provide torque directly to the wheels.
`In Berman et al, the internal combustion engine is run in
`several different modes. Where the output of the internal
`combustion engine is more than necessary to drive the
`vehicle (“first mode operation”) the engine is run at constant
`speed and excess power is converted by a first motor/
`generator (“speeder”) to electrical energy for storage in a
`battery. In “second mode operation”, the internal combus-
`tion engine drives the wheels directly, and is throttled. When
`more power is needed than the engine can provide, a second
`motor/generator or “torquer” provides additional torque as
`needed.
`
`thus show two separate electric motor/
`Berman et al
`generators separately powered by the internal combustion
`engine;
`the “speeder” charges the batteries, while the
`“torquer” propels the vehicle forward in traffic. This
`arrangement is a source of additional complexity, cost and
`difficulty, as two separate modes of engine control are
`required. Moreover, the operator must control the transition
`between the several modes of operation. Such a complex
`vehicle is unsuited for the automotive market. Automobiles
`
`Hunt US. Pat. Nos. 4,405,029 and 4,470,476 also dis-
`close parallel hybrids requiring complex gearing
`arrangements, including multiple speed transmissions. More
`specifically, the Hunt patents disclose several embodiments
`of parallel hybrid vehicles. Hunt indicates (see col. 4, lines
`6—20 of the ’476 patent) that an electric motor may drive the
`vehicle at
`low speeds up to 20 mph, and an internal
`intended for mass production can be no more complicated to
`combustion engine used for speeds above 20 mph, while “in
`operate than conventional vehicles, and must be essentially
`certain speed ranges, such as from 15—30 mph, both power
`“foolproof”, that is, resistant to damage that might be caused
`sources may be energized.
`.
`. Additionally, both power
`by operator error. Further, the gear train shown by Berman
`sources could be utilized under heavy load conditions.”
`et al appears to be quite complex and difficult to manufacture
`Hunt also indicates that “the vehicle could be provided with
`economically. Berman et al also indicate that one or even
`an automatic changeover device which automatically shifts
`two variable-speed transmissions may be required; see, e.g.,
`from the electrical power source to the internal combustion
`col. 3, lines 19—22 and 36—38 of US. Pat. No. 3,566,717,
`power source, depending on the speed of the vehicle” (col.
`and col. 2, lines 53—55 of US. Pat. No. 3,732,751.
`4, lines 12—16).
`Lynch et al US. Pat. No. 4,165,795 also shows an early
`However, the Hunt vehicle does not meet the objects of
`parallel hybrid drive. Lynch argues that maximum fuel
`the present invention, as discussed in detail below. Hunt’s
`efficiency can be realized when a relatively small internal
`vehicle in each embodiment requires a conventional manual
`combustion engine is provided, such that when the engine is
`or automatic transmission. See col. 2, lines 6—7. Moreover,
`operated at an efficient speed, it produces approximately the
`the internal combustion engine is connected to the transfer
`average power required over a typical mission. The example
`case (wherein torque from the internal combustion engine
`given is of an engine producing 25 hp maximum and 17 hp
`and electric motor is combined) by a “fluid coupling or
`at its most efficient speed, about 2500 rpm.
`torque converter of conventional construction”. Col. 2, lines
`16—17. Such transmissions and fluid couplings or torque
`This is to be combined with an electric motor-generator of
`converters are very inefficient, are heavy, bulky, and costly,
`about 30 peak hp. This vehicle requires a variable-ratio
`and are to be eliminated according to one object of the
`transmission to achieve reasonable performance. It appears
`present invention, again as discussed in detail below.
`that the engine is to be run continuously, at a steady speed,
`with torque provided by the motor when needed and excess
`Furthermore, the primary means of battery charging dis-
`torque used to charge the batteries otherwise. In a first
`closed by Hunt involves a further undesirable complexity,
`embodiment, torque provided by the motor is transmitted to
`namely a turbine driving the electric motor in generator
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`configuration. The turbine is fueled by waste heat from the
`internal combustion engine. See col. 3, lines 10—60. Hunt’s
`internal combustion engine is also fitted with an alternator,
`for additional battery charging capability, adding yet further
`complexity. Thus it is clear that Hunt fails to teach a hybrid
`vehicle meeting the objects of the 2-D present invention—
`that
`is, a hybrid vehicle competitive with conventional
`vehicles with respect to performance, cost and complexity,
`while achieving substantially improved fuel efficiency.
`Kawakatsu US. Pat. Nos. 4,305,254 and 4,407,132 show
`a parallel hybrid involving a single internal combustion
`engine coupled to the drive wheels through a conventional
`variable-ratio transmission, an electric motor, and an
`alternator, to allow efficient use of the internal combustion
`engine. As in the Hunt disclosure, the engine is intended to
`be operated in a relatively efficient range of engine speeds;
`when it produces more torque than is needed to propel the
`vehicle, the excess is used to charge the batteries; where the
`engine provides insufficient torque, the motor is energized as
`well.
`
`A further Kawakatsu patent, No. 4,335,429, shows a
`hybrid vehicle, in this case comprising an internal combus-
`tion engine and two motor/generator units. A first larger
`motor/generator, powered by a battery, is used to provide
`additional
`torque when that provided by the engine is
`insufficient; the larger motor-generator also converts excess
`torque provided by the engine into electrical energy, to be
`stored by the battery, and is used in a regenerative braking
`mode. The second smaller motor/generator is similarly used
`to provide additional
`torque and additional regenerative
`braking as needed.
`More particularly, the latter Kawakatsu patent asserts that
`a single electric motor sized to provide sufficient torque to
`propel the vehicle would not be capable of providing suf-
`ficient regenerative braking force; see col. 1, line 50 - col. 2
`line 8. Accordingly, Kawakatsu provides two separate
`motor/generators, as noted; a separate engine starting motor
`is also provided. See col. 6, lines 22—23. In the embodiment
`shown, the larger motor/generator is connected to the wheel
`drive shaft, while the engine and the smaller motor/
`generator are connected to the wheels through a complex
`mechanism comprising three separately-controllable
`clutches. See col. 5, lines 50—62.
`Numerous patents disclose hybrid vehicle drives tending
`to fall into one or more of the categories discussed above. A
`number of patents disclose systems wherein an operator is
`required to select between electric and internal combustion
`operation; for example, an electric motor is provided for
`operation inside buildings where exhaust fumes would be
`dangerous, and an internal combustion engine provided for
`operation outdoors. It is also known to propose a hybrid
`vehicle comprising an electric motor for use at low speeds,
`and an internal combustion engine for use at higher speed.
`The art also suggests using both when maximum torque is
`required. In several cases the electric motor drives one set of
`wheels and the internal combustion engine drives a different
`set. See generally Shea (4,180,138); Fields et al (4,351,405);
`Kenyon (4,438,342); Krohling (4,593,779); and Ellers
`(4,923,025).
`Many of these patents show hybrid vehicle drives wherein
`a variable speed transmission is required, as do numerous
`additional references. A transmission as noted above is
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`660). Kinoshita (3,970,163) shows a vehicle of this general
`type wherein a gas turbine engine is coupled to the road
`wheels through a three-speed transmission; an electric motor
`is provided to supply additional torque at low speeds.
`For further examples of series hybrid vehicles generally
`as discussed above, see Bray (4,095,664); Cummings
`(4,148,192); Monaco et al (4,306,156); Park (4,313,080);
`McCarthy (4,354,144); Heidemeyer (4,533,011); Kawamura
`(4,951,769); and Suzuki et al (5,053,632). Various of these
`address specific problems arising in the manufacture or use
`of hybrid vehicles, or specific alleged design improvements.
`For example, Park addresses certain specifics of battery
`charging and discharge characteristics, while McCarthy
`shows a complex drive system involving an internal com-
`bustion engine driving two electric motors; the torque gen-
`erated by the latter is combined in a complex differential
`providing continuously variable gear ratios. Heidemeyer
`shows connecting an internal combustion engine to an
`electric motor by a first friction clutch, and connecting the
`motor to a transmission by a second friction clutch.
`Other patents of general relevance to this subject matter
`include Toy (3,525,874), showing a series hybrid using a gas
`turbine as internal combustion engine; Yardney (3,650,345),
`showing use of a compressed-air or similar mechanical
`starter for the internal combustion engine of a series hybrid,
`such that batteries of limited current capacity could be used;
`and Nakamura (3,837,419), addressing improvements in
`thyristor battery-charging and motor drive circuitry. Some-
`what further afield but of general interest are the disclosures
`of Deane (3,874,472); Horwinski (4,042,056); Yang (4,562,
`894); Keedy (4,611,466); and Lexen (4,815,334); Mori
`(3,623,568); Grady, Jr. (3,454,122); Papst (3,211,249); Nims
`et al (2,666,492); and Matsukata (3,502,165). Additional
`references showing parallel hybrid vehicle drive systems
`include Froelich (1,824,014) and Reinbeck (3,888,325).
`US. Pat. No. 4,578,955 to Medina shows a hybrid system
`wherein a gas turbine is used as the internal combustion
`engine to drive a generator as needed to charge batteries. Of
`particular interest to certain aspects of the present invention
`is that Medina discloses that the battery pack should have a
`voltage in the range of 144, 168 or