NEWTUN’S
`TELECflIVI
`DICTIONARY
`11‘5‘Efliii0”
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`NEWTON'S TELECOM DICTIONARY
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`measurement ot 'low quickly data is transmitted. expressed 10 bps, bits-per-second
`Data Slak Part ol a termmal in whtch data is received from a data link .
`.. ta s..rc. The originating device in a data communications link.
`Data Stew_. A new role of data caretaker emerging in business uOIIs. Individual takes responsibitit" 1 the
`~~
`~~~~
`Data S...._ 1. Collection of characters and data bits transmitted through a Channel
`2. An SCSA term. A continuous flow of call processing data.
`Data s.fer A person who makes a living doing online research and information retrieval. Also known as a Cybrarian (comes
`from cyberspace librarian) or a super searcher. See CYBRARIAN.
`lata Strltcltllll ....... DSE. The equipment installed at a single location to perform switching functions such as cir(cid:173)
`cuit sw~ge switching. and packet switching.
`Data
`..._ The process of keeping database data timely and relevant by sending and receiving information
`tops, between desktops in the field and between bigger computers at headquarters. See also SYNCHRONIZATION
`between
`and REPliCATION.
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`lata ........, •••If•••• DTE. A definition of hardware specifications that provides for data communications. There are
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`two basic specs your hardware can conform to. DTE (Data Termmal Equipment) or DCE (Data Communications Equipment). See
`DCE andDTE .
`.. ta "'--MM • ..., One of the control signals on a standard RS- 232-C connector. It indicates if the data terminal equip(cid:173)
`ment is present. connected and ready and has had handshaking signals verified. See R5-232-C and the Appendix .
`.. ta ,_... .... The average number of bits. characters. or blocks per unit time passing in a data transmission system .
`.... hllsfer ...... t sap.l A call control signal transmitted by a DCE to a DTE to indicate that a distant DTE wants
`to exchange data.
`lata .._ ..... n.. The time that elapses between the initial offering of a unit of user data to a network by transmining data
`termi nat equipment and the complete delivery of that unit to receiving data terminal equipment.
`.. ta tw.-. When converting a database from one format to another. several conversion programs will convert the data to a
`common· format before converting it to the final version. During the conversion process a program may check through the data
`in the database to determine what it is and arbitrarily make one field numeric. one field character. one field memo. etc.
`lahl .......... A database warehouse consolidates information from many departments within a company. This data can
`either be accessed quickly by users or put on an OLAP server for more thorough analysis. Data warehouses often use OLAP
`servers. OLAP stands for On Line Analytical Processing, also called a multidimensional database. According to PC Week, these
`databases can slice and dice reams of data to produce meaningful results that go far beyond what can be produced using the
`traditional two-dimensional query and report tools that work with mosl relational databases. OLAP data servers are best suited
`to work with data warehouses.
`lat .. ore A collection of data structured and organized in a disciplined fashion so that access is possible quickly to infor(cid:173)
`mation of interest. There are many ways of organiZing databases. Most corporate databases are not one single, huge file. They
`are muHiple databases related to each other by some common thread, e.g. an employee identification number. Databases are
`made up of two elements. a record and a field. A record is one complete entry in a database, e.g. Gerry Friesen, 12 West 21
`Street. New York, NY 10010. 212-691·8215. A field would be the street address field, namely 12 West 21 Street.
`Databases are stored on computers in different ways. Some are comma delineated. They differentiate between their fields with
`commas -like Gerry's record above. A more common ~ of storing databases is with fixed length records. Here, all the fields
`and all the records are of the same length. The computer finds fields by index and by counting. For example. Gerry's first name
`might occupy the 11rst 15 characters. Gerry's last name might be the next 20 characters. etc. Where Gerry's names are too short
`to fill the full 15 or 20 characters. their fields are "padded" with specially-chosen characters which the computer recognizes as
`padded characters to be ignored. The most important thing to remember about databases is that all the common database pro(cid:173)
`grams. like dBASE, Paradox. Rbase. etc. don1 automatically make backups of their files like word processing programs do.
`Therefore. before you muck with a database file -
`sort it. index it. restructure it, etc. Please make sure you make a backup of
`the main database file .
`.. ....._ •••••••Ill s, .... DBMS. Computer software used to create. store. retrieve. change, manipulate. sort. for(cid:173)
`mat and print the information in a database. Database management systems are probably the fastest growing part of the com(cid:173)
`puter industry. Increasingly, databases are being orgamzed so they can be accessible from places remote to the computer they're
`kept on. The "classic" database management system is probably an airline reservation system.
`Da....,. Ollfact One of the components of a database: a table, view, index, procedure. trigger, column. default. or rule.
`latdna Sarnr A specialized computer that doles out database data to Pes on a LAN the ~ a file server doles out files.
`Where a traditional DBMS runs both a database application and the DBMS program on each PC on the LAN. a database server
`splits up the two processes. The application you wrote with your DBMS runs on your local PC. while the DBMS program runs
`on the database server computer. With a regular file server setup, all the database data has to be downloaded over the LAN to
`your PC, so that the DBMS can pick out what information your application wants. With a database server. the server itself does
`the picking, sending only the data you need over the network to your PC. So a database server means vastly less network traf(cid:173)
`fic in a multi-user database system. It also provides for bener data integrity since one computer handles all the record and file
`locking. See SERVER.
`Da .... •• A transmission method in which sections of a message are transmitted in scattered order and the correct order is
`re-established by the receiving workstation Used on packet-switching networks. The Dow Jones Handbook of
`Telecommunications defines it as. "A single unacknowledged packet of information that is sent over a network as an individual
`packet without regard to previous or subsequent packets." Here's another definition I found. A finite-length packet with sufficient
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`NEWTONS TELECOM DICTIONARY
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`MS and sells stconuary market telephone ~qu1prnenl . Gcne1ally in the secondary ~qwprnent1Jus1ness . a dealer takes owner(cid:173)
`shiP ol tile cqu1prnent (see BROKER) He tests and relurbishes 11 betorc rernarketmg. An authomed t!eJier has .J contract w1th
`tt manufacturer to buy equipment .at a preset pnce. He also has the added support ol a manulacturer's warranty An indepen(cid:173)
`delll dealer has no formal agreement with the manufacturer. He uses a var1ety ol sources to obtain equipment and his warranty
`is baCked ~~~~ the company's internal resources
`..--.,
`British term meaning "trading turret.·
`........... British term meaning •trading room.·
`..... w.n.a A remarkable woman of great stamina. great perseverance and great tolerance. How do we know this?
`.lflYO!le married to Stuart desperately needs these character traits. Favorite pastimes: Rachael and Jennifer.
`tiWt Ctml The term telephone "debit card" covers three categories of a new type of telephone calling card. variously called
`·calling card" and ·prepaid telephone card.· The definitions are in flux. Here's the besl shot at debit card A telephOne debit card
`sa piece of credit-card srze plastic with some technology on it or embedded into which represents the value of the money
`·emaining on the debrt card. Such money can be used to make phone calls. The technology on the card is most typically an inte(cid:173)
`Jraled circuit. a magnetic strip, bar codes which can be read by an optical reader See BREAKAGE. CALLING CARD and PRE(cid:173)
`PAID TELEPHONE CARD .
`...... A MS-DOS program to examine or alter memory, load and look at sectors of data from disk and create simple assem(cid:173)
`~ty-language programs. MS-DOS DEBUG. COM lets you write some small programs. You can use DEBUG to correct problems
`0 some programs.
`Jl( Digital Equipment Corporation. A leading manufacturer of minicomputers. The Unix operating system, developed at Bell
`.iJS. runs on DEC computers. DEC. with its headquarters in Massachusetts and having sold so many computers to Western
`EleCtric for inclusion in central office switches and toll switches. is sometimes referred to as "Eastern Electric.· Kenneth H. Olsen
`founded DEC in 1957 with three employees in 8,500 square feet of leased space in a corner of an old woolen mill.
`Jl( W A proprietary data communications protocol developed by DEC.
`11Ct1p DEC ASAI Gateway Services. Two-directional link to AT&fs Definity. See also OPEN APPLICATION INTERFACE.
`lldW dB. A unit for measuring the power of a sound or the strength of a signal. II is expressed as the ratro of two values.
`'iere is an explanation from James Harry Green's excellent book The Dow Jones-Irwin Handbook of Telecommunications. (Gel
`a copy from Telecom Library 1-800-LIBRARY.) Mr. Green writes. "The power in telecommunications circuits is so low that it is
`1()flllCIIIy measured in milliwatts. Howewr. the milliwatt is not a convenient way to express differences in power level between
`;ircuits. Voice frequency circuits are designed around the human ear. which has a logarithmic response to changes in power.
`likewise. the human eye has a logarithmic response to changes in light.) Therefore in telephony, the decibel. which is a loga(cid:173)
`rithmic rather than a linear measurement. is used as a measure of relative power between circuits or transmission level points.
`A change in level of 1 dB is barely perceptible under ideal conditions ... lncreases or reductions of 3 dB result in doubling or halv(cid:173)
`,og the power in a circuit. This ratio is handy to remember when evaluating power differences. The corresponding figure for dou(cid:173)
`~!ifl\l or halving voltage is 6 dB. See DB.
`ledlle A deadly computer virus .
`....... Our normal numbering system. It is to the base 10 .
`......_ Clrallt A circuit that measures the probable value of a signal element and makes an output signal decision based
`m the value of the input signal and a predetermined criterion or criteria .
`...... ..._. In the reception of a digital signal. the instant at which a decision is made by a receiving device as to the
`probab!e value of a signal condition .
`
`...._ s...ert s,.._ DSS. Computerized systems for transforming data into useful information. such as statistical
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`typically from analog to digital and vice versa See
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`nodel'l or predictions of trends which is used by management in the decision-making process. There are several aspects of the
`besl decision support systems: First, they are connected to mainframe databases. Second. they are accessible by executives from
`the1r desktops. Third. there are usually lots of programs for producrng graphs, charts and writing simple reports. i.e. for the exec(cid:173)
`:.tives to extract and portray information in forms that are most useful to them .
`..-t DEC's proprietary Ethernet LAN that works across all of the company's machines. endowed with a peer-to-peer method(cid:173)
`Jiogy. See DEC .
`......, A device that converts information from one form to another -
`DECODING.
`~hanging a digital signalrnto analog form or into another type of drgrtal srgnal. The opposite of Encodrng. See also
`oding and coding should not be confused with deciphering and ciphering. See DES .
`V.ODEM.
`............ In optics. that effect wherein a beam of parallel light rays is caused to diverge or converge from parallelism.
`Any of a large number of factors may cause this effect. e.g., refractive index inhomogeneities, occlusions. scattering, deflection.
`1iflraction. reflection. refraction .
`....._._..... The process of reformatting multi-column documents into a signal column. Generally. when you are pro(cid:173)
`:essing a document for use in a word processing program. a single column of text is preferable to multiple columns .
`.............. Decompression is the process of expanding a compressed image or file so it can be viewed. printed, faxed
`ll otherwise processed .
`....,. To convert encrypted text into its equivalent plain text by means of a cryptosystern. This does not include solution by
`:ryptanatysis. The term decrypt covers the meanings of decipher and decode.
`110 Digital European Cordless Telecommunication. The pan-European standard based on time division multiple access used
`'or limited-range wireless services. Based on advanced TDMA technology, and used primarily for wireless PBX systems. tele(cid:173)
`~int and residential cordless telephony today, potential uses for DECT include paging and cordless LANs. DECT frequency is
`1800-1900 MHz.
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`NEWTON'S TELECOM DICTIONARY
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`GSA General Services Administration.
`GSDN See GLOBAL SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORK.
`GSF See GENERIC SERVICES FRAMEWORK.
`GSM GSM stands for Groupe Speciale Mobile, now known as Global System for Mobile Communications, is the standard dig(cid:173)
`ital cellular phone service you will find in Europe anll Japan. GSM actually is a set of ETSI standards specifying the infrastruc(cid:173)
`ture for a digital cellular service. To ensure interoperability between countries, these standards address much of the network wire(cid:173)
`less infrastructure, including the radio interface (900 MHz), switching, signaling, and intelligent network. An 1,800 MHz version,
`DCS1800, has been defined to facilitate implementation in some countries, particularly the UK. Since GSM is limited to techni(cid:173)
`cal standards, an association of GSM operators called the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) ensures service interoper(cid:173)
`ability, allowing subscribers to roam across networks. GSM has gained widespread acceptance in several parts of the world,
`most notably Europe, with deployment in 52 countries by mid year '94. GSM subscriber data is carried on a Subscriber Identity
`Module (SIM) or "smartcard" which is inserted into the phone to get it ·going. As a result, the subscriber potentially has the
`option of either SIM card mobility or terminal mobility across multiple networks.
`One of GSM's major problem is that people wearing hearing aids can't use GSM cell phones, because GSM phones produce
`unpleasant high-pitched squealing the closer they get to the cell phone.
`GSM technical Characteristics: Receiver frequency: 935.2-959.8 MHz. Transmitter frequency: 890.2-914.8 MHz. Access
`method: mixed TDMA & FDMA with optional frequency hopping. Security: Optional radio interface encryption. Carrier frequen(cid:173)
`cy division: 200KHz. Users per carrier frequency: 8. Speech bit rate (transfer rate): full rate (13 kbps) or half rate. Total bit rate:
`21 Kbps. Bandwidth per channel: 25 KHz." A good book on GSM is "The GSM System for Mobile Communications" by Michael
`Mouly and Marie-Bernadette Paule!, both of France. The authors, in fact, contributed to the development of GSM. It's really the
`definitive document on GSM. See also BSS, which stands for BASE STATION SYSTEM. See also SIM CARD.
`GSM·900 Global System for Mobile Communications at 900 MHz. A wireless telecommunications term. A GSM (Global
`System for Mobile Communications) standard for cellular phone systems operating at 900 Megahertz. See GSM.
`GSTN General Switched Telephone Network. Same as public telephone network.
`GTA 1. Government Telecommunications Association. An association of local, state and federal telecommunications
`professionals in Washington, D.C.
`2. Government Telecommunications Agency. Specialized agency which provides telecom service to Canadian federal
`government departments.
`GTE General Telephone and Electronics. A major telecommunications company, whose main business is owning and operating
`"lndependenr (i.e. non Bell) telephone companies. in 1990 it bought Continental Telephone. GTE also has a small part of a long
`distance company called US Sprint, a packet switched operation called Telenet and various equity interests in various manufac(cid:173)
`turing operations making most things in telecommunications- from central offices to PBXs. Its partners in these joint ventures
`include Fujitsu and Siemens. See also GTE SPRINT and GTE TELENET.
`·
`GTE Sprint A long distance service once provided by GTE, then a 5Q-50 joint venture of GTE and United Telecom. Now major(cid:173)
`Ity owned (80%) by United Telecom and 20% or so by GTE. Now, GTE Sprint is just called Sprint. And Sprint is no longer owned
`at all by GTE.
`GTE TELENET A public data network which operates by using the ITU-T approved X.25 packet switching protocol. The new
`name for GTE TELENET Is SPRINTNET. It's owned and run by Sprint, which is 80% owned by United Telecom and 20% by GTE.
`GTN Global Transaction Network. An AT&T service which adds smarts to the routing of inbound 800 calls. It offers six call pro- ·
`cessing services: Next available agent routing, call recognition routing, transfer connect service (allows agents to transfer calls
`to distant ACDs), network queuing, 800 select again service and multiple number database (allows multiple 800 numbers to be
`assigned to a single routing plan in the network, rather than each 800 number having its own unique routing plan).
`GTP General Telemetry Processor.
`m Global Title Translations.
`Guard land A narrow bandwidth between adjacent channels which serves to reduce interference be~een those adjacent
`channels. That interference might be crosstalk. Guard bands are typically used in frequency division multiplexing. They are not
`used in time division multiplexing, because the technology is completely different.
`Guarding The process of holding a circuit busy for a certain interval after its release to assure that a necessary minimum dis(cid:173)
`connect interval will occur between calls.
`Guest Mailbox A mailbox used by a hotel or motel to set up temporary mailboxes for their guests. At least that was the orig(cid:173)
`inal definition. Now it seems every voice mail system comes with guest mailboxes that could be used for visitors, employees
`from out of town, etc. Same application as a hotel- temporary use.
`·
`GUI Graphical User Interface. A generic name for any computer interface that substitutes graphics for characters. GUis usually
`work with a mouse or trackball. Windows 3.0 and Windows 3.1 are the most famous GUis. Second most famous is the Apple
`Macintosh. GUI is pronounced "GOO-ey." See GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE.
`GUID A Versit term. Globally Unique IDentifier.
`Guided Ray In an optical waveguide, a ray that is completely confined to the core.
`Guided Wave A wave whose energy is concentrated near a boundary or between substantially parallel boundaries separat(cid:173)
`ing materials of different properties and whose direction of propagation is effectively parallel to these boundaries.
`Gutta·Percha a latex substance first discovered in 1847 and derived from the sap of Malayan evergreen trees. It first found
`use circa 1851 as the insulation in the first International telegraph cable which ran between England and France. Gutta-Percha
`was also the first insulator to survive in under seas applications (particularly for submarine cables) and was still the insulator
`material of choice for golf balls and telephone receivers until about 1947, when polyethylene finally began to gain acceptance.
`Guy Wire A wire used to support a radio mast.
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