IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
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`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
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`AKER BIOMARINE AS
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`Petitioner
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`v.
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`NEPTUNE TECHNOLOGIES AND BIORESOURCES INC.
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`Patent Owner
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`CASE IPR: Unassigned
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`Declaration of Dr. Suzanne Budge in Support of Inter Partes
`Review of U.S. Pat. No. 8,278,351
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`I.
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`QUALIFICATIONS
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`1. My name is Dr. Suzanne Budge. I have been retained by counsel for
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`Respondents Aker BioMarine AS to testify as an expert in this inter partes review.
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`2.
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`I am currently an Associate Professor in the Food Science Program, in
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`the Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science at Dalhousie
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`University. I obtained a B.Sc. in Chemistry from Acadia University in 1993 and a
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`Ph.D. in Analytical and Marine Chemistry from Memorial University of
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`Newfoundland in 1999. My Ph.D. research primarily involved preparing extracts
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`of marine animals and analyzing the components of these extracts using various
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`analytical techniques. Upon obtaining my Ph.D., I joined Dalhousie University as
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`a Post-Doctoral Fellow, and in 2004 became an Assistant Professor. In 2009, I was
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`promoted to Associate Professor.
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`3.
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`Throughout my career, I have published numerous papers and given
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`numerous presentations related to the chemistry of marine animals, including many
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`related to marine oil extraction. As an Associate Professor, my research is focused
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`primarily on the preparation and analysis of marine oils. I have more than fifteen
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`years of experience in performing extractions of marine animals, and analyzing
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`marine extracts. I consider myself an expert in this field. My curriculum vitae is
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`attached as Exhibit A.
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`4.
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`In forming my opinions, I have considered and relied upon my
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`education, background, and experience in marine chemistry, as well as the
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`documents and information cited herein.
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`II.
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`INTRODUCTION
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`5.
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`I have been asked to review PCT Publication No. WO 00/23546
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`(“Beaudoin I”) and Canadian Patent Application No. CA 2,251,265 (“Beaudoin
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`II”) and to prepare krill extracts in accordance with the extraction procedure
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`described in those references, .
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`6.
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`I reviewed Beaudoin I and Beaudoin II from the perspective of a
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`person of ordinary skill in the art as of July 27, 2001. I understand that
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`Respondents have proposed that a person of ordinary skill in the art as of that date
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`is:
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`A person with an advanced degree in a field such as chemical engineering,
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`food engineering, pharmacology, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, organic
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`chemistry, biology, marine biology, or food chemistry, and at least (i)
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`several years of experience in preparing lipid extracts from biological or
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`natural products, for example in an industrial or research setting and/or (ii)
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`several years of experience in analytical chemistry. A person of ordinary
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`skill in the art may consist of a team of individuals with the foregoing
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`education and experience. The more education one has, for example post-
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`graduate degrees and/or study, the less industry experience is needed to
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`attain an ordinary level of skill.
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`
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`I interpreted Beaudoin I and Beaudoin II from the perspective of a person or team
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`who meets this criteria, and carried out the extractions described in this report
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`based on my understanding of Beaudoin I and Beaudoin II’s disclosures as viewed
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`from this perspective. I note that based on my education and experience, I met the
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`above criteria as of July 27, 2001.1
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`III. EXTRACTIONS
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`7.
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`I received two blocks of frozen krill identified as Euphausia pacifica
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`and Euphausia superba, on or about August 13, 2013, and August 16, 2013,
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`respectively. I received a third block of frozen krill, identified as Euphausia
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`superba, on September 6, 2013. Upon receipt, each of these lots was stored in a
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`freezer at -30°C until the extraction was performed.
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`8.
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`I repeated the Beaudoin I (pages 5-6 and Table 19) and Beaudoin II
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`(page 2 and Table 11) acetone extractions. Separate extractions were conducted
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`for the Euphausia pacifica sample and for the Euphausia superba samples. I used
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`the following procedure:
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`1
`I understand that Complainants have proposed that a person of ordinary skill in the art is “a person with at
`least a bachelor’s degree (or equivalent) who has studied or worked in the life sciences for at least 5 years and who
`has concentrated for at least 1 year on natural marine products.” As of July 27, 2001, I met this criteria as well.
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`1.
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`The frozen krill were removed from storage and ground
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`in a blender at 4oC to reduce particle size to < 5 mm.
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`2.
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`Approximately 300 g of ground krill was placed in a 4 L
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`Erlenmeyer flask and 1800 mL of cold acetone (0oC) was
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`added. The Erlenmeyer flask was placed in an ice water bath at
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`0oC and swirled for 20 min. The flask was then left to sit in the
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`ice water bath for an additional 100 min, for a total of two
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`hours.
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`3.
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`The acetone-krill mixture was filtered through an 18 cm
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`diameter Buchner funnel containing filter paper using a partial
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`vacuum created with an aspirator. After filtration, 600 mL of
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`cold acetone (0oC) was added to the Erlenmeyer flask. The
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`flask was then gently swirled and the acetone was used to rinse
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`the krill material remaining on the filter. A partial vacuum was
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`again applied. The filtration was considered complete when
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`filtrate no longer dripped from the funnel.
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`4.
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`The filtrate was transferred to a 3 L round bottom flask
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`and attached to a rotary evaporator. A partial vacuum was
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`applied using an aspirator and the sample was heated to 38oC in
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`a water bath. Evaporation was carried out until acetone was no
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`longer condensing.
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`5.
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`The liquid remaining after evaporation was transferred to
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`a 250 mL separatory funnel and allowed to separate into two
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`layers at 4oC. The top layer was collected and placed in a 15
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`mL test tube. When the collected material contained obvious
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`traces of water, it was centrifuged at approximately 275 g at
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`4oC and the top layer was again collected. Recovered extract
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`was stored at 4oC.
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`6.
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`The extracts generated by each individual extraction from
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`a given sample were pooled with the other extracts from that
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`same block of krill. The pooled extract was stored at 4°C.
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`9.
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`Respondents requested that I handle the resulting extracts in three
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`different ways: (1) no further treatment; (2) heat the extract to 60°C for 5
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`minutes as described at page 3 of Beaudoin II; and (3) heat the extract to
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`125°C for 15 minutes as described at pages 7 and 10 of Beaudoin I. I
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`carried this out as follows:
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`1.
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`The pooled extract was mixed well and then distributed
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`into three portions in test tubes.
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`2.
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`3.
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`One portion was stored at 4°C.
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`A second portion was heated in a hot water bath
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`maintained at 60oC. Nitrogen was blown on the surface of the
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`extract as it was heated to create an inert atmosphere. The
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`temperature of the extract was monitored using a thermometer.
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`When the extract reached 60oC, it was held there for 5 min.
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`The extract was then immediately returned to storage at 4oC.
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`4.
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`A third portion was heated in an oil bath maintained at
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`125oC.2 Nitrogen was blown on the surface of the extract as it
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`was heated to create an inert atmosphere. The temperature of
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`the extract was monitored using a thermometer. When the
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`extract reached 125oC, it was held there for 15 min. The extract
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`was then immediately returned to storage at 4oC.
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`10. Upon completion of the heat treatments, the extracts were distributed
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`into test tubes and labeled. I sent samples to Avanti Polar Lipids, Chemir
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`Analytical Services, and Dr. Richard Van Breemen, in accordance with the table
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`below. All samples were shipped on dry ice.
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`2
`I note that the extract took over one hour to reach 125°C. For the majority of the time,
`the sample temperature was over 100°C.
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`Sample Name
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`Raw material Heat Treatment
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`Shipped to
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`SB1-8/19/2013-BEA-P0
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`E. Pacifica
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`SB2-8/19/2013-BEA-P0
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`E. Pacifica
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`SB3-8/19/2013-BEA-P0
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`E. Pacifica
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`none
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`none
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`none
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`SB5-8/19/2013-BEA-P1
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`E. Pacifica
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`60°C/5 min
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`SB6-8/19/2013-BEA-P1
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`E. Pacifica
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`60°C/5 min
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`Avanti
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`Chemir
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`Van Breemen
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`Avanti
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`Chemir
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`SB7-8/19/2013-BEA-P1
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`E. Pacifica
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`60°C/5 min
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`Van Breemen
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`SB9-8/19/2013-BEA-P2
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`E. Pacifica
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`125°C/15 min
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`Avanti
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`SB10-8/19/2013-BEA-P2
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`E. Pacifica
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`125°C/15 min
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`Chemir
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`SB11-8/19/2013-BEA-P2
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`E. Pacifica
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`125°C/15 min
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`Van Breemen
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`SB13-8/19/2013-BEA-S0
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`E. Superba
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`SB14-8/19/2013-BEA-S0
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`E. Superba
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`SB15-8/19/2013-BEA-S0
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`E. Superba
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`none
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`none
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`none
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`SB17-8/19/2013-BEA-S1
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`E. Superba
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`60°C/5 min
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`SB18-8/19/2013-BEA-S1
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`E. Superba
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`60°C/5 min
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`Avanti
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`Chemir
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`Van Breemen
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`Avanti
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`Chemir
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`SB19-8/19/2013-BEA-S1
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`E. Superba
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`60°C/5 min
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`Van Breemen
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`SB21-8/19/2013-BEA-S2
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`E. Superba
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`125°C/15 min
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`Avanti
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`SB22-8/19/2013-BEA-S2
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`E. Superba
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`125°C/15 min
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`Chemir
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`SB23-8/19/2013-BEA-S2
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`E. Superba
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`125°C/15 min
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`Van Breemen
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`000008
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`SB25-9/8/2013-BEA-SU0
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`E. Superba
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`SB26-9/8/2013-BEA-SU0
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`E. Superba
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`SB27-9/8/2013-BEA-SU0
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`E. Superba
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`none
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`none
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`none
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`SB29-9/8/2013-BEA-SU1
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`E. Superba
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`60°C/5 min
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`SB30-9/8/2013-BEA-SU1
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`E. Superba
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`60°C/5 min
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`Avanti
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`Chemir
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`Van Breemen
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`Avanti
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`Chemir
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`SB31-9/8/2013-BEA-SU1
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`E. Superba
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`60°C/5 min
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`Van Breemen
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`SB33-9/8/2013-BEA-SU2
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`E. Superba
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`125°C/15 min
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`Avanti
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`SB34-9/8/2013-BEA-SU2
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`E. Superba
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`125°C/15 min
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`Chemir
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`SB35-9/8/2013-BEA-SU2
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`E. Superba
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`125°C/15 min
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`Van Breemen
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`IV. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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`11.
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`If asked, I anticipate testifying at trial about the extractions I
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`performed and opinions expressed in this report. I understand that I may be asked
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`to further elaborate on this report and possibly provide opinions on other issues. I
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`reserve the right to form and report on such additional opinions.
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`12. During the previous four years, I have not testified as an expert, either
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`at trial or by deposition.
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`13. For my work in this case, I am being compensated at my standard rate
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`of $200/hr for my time spent on this matter. My compensation is not contingent on
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`my testimony or the outcome of this investigation.
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`14.
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`I further declare that all statements made herein of my own
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`knowledge are true and that all statements made on information and belief are
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`believed to be true; and further that these statements were made with the
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`knowledge that willful false statements and the like so made are punishable by fine
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`or imprisonment, or both, under section 1001 of title 18 of the United States Code,
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`and that such willful false statements may jeopardize the validity of the application
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`or any patent issued thereon.
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`0000010
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`Suzanne Budge
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`Food Science Program
`Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science
`Dalhousie University
`Halifax, Nova Scotia
`Canada
`902 494-6010
`suzanne.budge@dal.ca
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`EDUCATION
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`Ph. D., Analytical and Marine Chemistry
`Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland
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`Thesis: Fatty acid determination in cold water marine samples
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`B. Sc. (Hon), Chemistry
`Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia
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`Thesis: A kinetic study of the reactions of O(3P) with acetonitrile and propionitrile
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`RESEARCH GRANTS
`
`Natural Sciences and Engineering Reaseach Council of Canada Discovery Grant
`Investigating marine carbon cycling using fatty acids and their stable carbon isotopes
`Value: $26 000/yr
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`Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada RTI Grant
`An isotope ratio mass spectrometer for tracking pathways of carbon flow within
`extreme and changing environments
`Value: $150 000
`Co-applicants: S. Ziegler and 3 others
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`Atlantic Innovation Fund
`Microalgal oils for the replacement of fish oils in aquafeeds
`Value: $1 000 000
`Co-applicants: R. Wagner and 10 others
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`North Pacific Research Board
`Temporal and spatial axes of variability in the structure in the Gulf of Alaska forage
`fish communities
`Value: $1 750 000 US
`Co-applicants: O. Ormseth and 6 others
`
`1999
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`1993
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`2012-2017
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`2010
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`2010-2012
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`2010-2013
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`0000011
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`Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada RTI Grant
`GC System for Analysis of Fatty Acids, Biodiesel and Volatiles
`Value: $41 000
`Co-applicants: G. Mazzanti and 4 others
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`National Science Foundation
`Tracking the seasonal contribution of algal fatty acids to the arctic marine system
`Value: $450 000 US
`Co-applicants: M. Wooller and 3 others
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`North Pacific Research Board
`Studying diets in threatened eiders using stable carbon isotopes of specific fatty acids
`Value: $200 000 US
`Co-applicants: M. Wooller and T. Hollmen
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`Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada RTI Grant
`HPLC system for the analysis of lipids, carbohydrates and other bioactives
`Value: $77 000
`Co-applicants: G. Mazzanti and 4 others
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`Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant
`Lipid Metabolism and Trophic Interactions
`Value: $60 000 CAN
`
`NSERC Strategic Project
`Integrated biorefinery strategy for production of biodiesel and a multitude of valuable
`products from animal rendering and fish processing wastes
`Value: $483 404
`Co-applicants: A. Ghaly and M.S. Brooks
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`Packard Foundation
`What do North Pacific albatross eat? Using albatross as a model system to advance
`the technique of quantitative fatty acid signature analysis
`Value: $10 600 US
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`Sea Duck Joint Venture
`Diet of Surf Scoters moulting in eastern North America
`Value: $7 400 US
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`Canadian Foundation for Innovation New Opportunities Fund
`Centre for Advanced Lipid Analysis
`Value: $270 000 CAN
`
`2010
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`2009-2011
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`2009-2011
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`2009
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`2009 - 2012
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`2008-2011
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`2007
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`2007
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`2005
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`Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant
`Lipid Metabolism and Trophic Interactions
`Value: $120 000 CAN
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`2004 - 2009
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`0000012
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`National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admisistration’s Cooperative
`Institute for Arctic Research
`Trophic Pathways on the Chukchi-Beaufort Shelf: Where do the Ice Algae go?
`Value: $350 000 CAN
`Co-applicants: A. Springer and 2 others
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`RESEARCH EXPERIENCE
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`Associate Professor
`Dalhousie University
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`Assistant Professor
`Dalhousie University
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`2002 - 2003
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`2009 –
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`2004 – 2009
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`Investigating the influence of dietary fats on the fatty acid composition of fish tissues and the subsequent
`volatile components arising from lipid oxidation; using fatty acids as algal biomarkers at higher trophic
`levels; establishing authenticity of fish fillets using fatty acid profiles and compound specific isotope analysis
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`Visiting Fellow
`University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland
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`2004
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`Monitoring climate change with lipids in whale and seal blubber; tracing carbon flow through the Arctic food
`web using compound specific isotope analysis
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`NSERC Post-Doctoral Fellow
`Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
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`2001 - 2003
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`Identification of trophic pathways of ice algae using fatty acid biomarkers; tracing the transfer of fatty acid
`signatures through fish and sea birds to apex predators including seals and polar bears
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`Post-Doctoral Fellow
`Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
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`1999 - 2001
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`Determination of biosynthetic pathways of fatty acids in seals using radiolabelled precursors analyzed with
`TLC, HPLC and scintillation counting; advanced statistical analysis of fatty acids of fish and seals
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`PUBLICATIONS
`Names of students are in bold
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`Refereed Journal Publications
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`
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`Sullivan Ritter, J.C., Budge, S.M. and Jovica, F. 2012. Quality analysis of commercial fish oil preparations.
`J. Sci. Food Agric. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.5994.
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`Sullivan Ritter, J.C. and Budge, S.M. 2012. Key lipid oxidation products can be used to predict sensory
`quality of fish oils with different levels of EPA and DHA. Lipids 47: 1169-1179.
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`0000013
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`Daboor, S.M., Budge, S.M., Ghaly, A.E., Brooks, M.S., Dave, D. 2012. Isolation and activation of collagenase
`enzymes from fish processing waste. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 3: 191-203.
`
`Zhou, L., Budge, S.M., Ghaly, A.E., Brooks, M.S., Dave, D. 2012. Extraction of chymotrypsin from red perch
`(Sebastes marinus) intestine using reverse micelles: optimization of forward extraction. Journal of Food
`Processing and Technology 3: 1-10.
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`Zhou, L., Budge, S.M., Ghaly, A.E., Brooks, M.S., Dave, D. 2012. Extraction of chymotrypsin from red perch
`(Sebastes marinus) intestine using reverse micelles: optimization of backward extraction. Journal of
`Bioprocessing and Biotechniques 2: 1-9.
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`Zhao, L., Budge, S.M., Ghaly, A.E., Brooks, M.S., Dave, D. 2012. Partitioning of pepsin from the stomach of
`red perch (Sebastes marinus) by aqueous two phase system: effect of salt type and concentration. Journal of
`Food Processing and Technology 3: 1-11.
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`Zhao, L., Budge, S.M., Ghaly, A.E., Brooks, M.S., Dave, D. 2012. Partitioning of pepsin from the stomach of
`red perch (Sebastes marinus) by aqueous two phase system: effect of PEG molecular weight and concentration,
`Accepted Journal of Enzyme Engineering.
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`Lind, Y., Bäcklin, B.M., Lundström, K., Budge, S.M., Walton, M., Karlsson, O. 2012. Stability of fatty acid
`composition in seal blubber during long-term storage. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 461: 283-291.
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`Sullivan, J.C., Budge, S.M. 2012. Fish oil sensory properties can be predicted using key oxidative volatiles.
`Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 114: 496-503.
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`Liwanag, H.E.M., Berta, A., Costa, D.P., Budge, S.M. and Williams, T.M. 2012. Morphological and
`thermal properties of mammalian insulation:
`Linn. Soc. 107: 774-787. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01992.x
`
`(cid:850)(cid:55) (cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:87)
`
`Budge, S.M., Penney, S.N., Lall, S.P. 2012. Estimating diets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using fatty
`acid signature analyses; validation with controlled feeding studies. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 69-1033-1046.
`
`Piercey, M.J., Mazzanti, G., Budge, S.M., Delaquis, P.J., Paulson, A.T., Truelstrup Hansen, L. 2012.
`Antimicrobial activity of allyl isothiocyanate entrapped in cyclodextrin when applied in vitro and to
`packaged, fresh-cut onions. Food Microbiology. 30: 213-218.
`
`Glover, K.E., Budge, S.M., Rose, M., Rupasingh, V., MacLaren,L., Green- Johnson, J., Fredeen, A. 2012.
`Effect of feeding fresh forage and marine algae on the fatty acid composition and oxidation of milk and
`butter. Journal of Dairy Science. 95: 2797-2809.
`
`Zhao, L., Budge, S.M., Ghaly, A.E., Brooks, M.S., Dave, D. 2011. Extraction, purification and
`characterization of fish pepsin: A critical review. Int. J. Food Eng. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-
`7110.1000126.
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`Zhou, L., Budge, S.M., Ghaly, A.E., Brooks, M.S., Dave, D. 2011. Extraction, purification and
`characterization of fish chymotrypsin: A critical review. American Journal of Biochemistry and
`Biotechnology. 7: 104-122.
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`0000014
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`Budge, S.M., Penney, S.N. and Lall, S.P. 2011. Response of tissue lipids to diet variation in Atlantic salmon
`(Salmo salar): Implications for estimating diets with fatty acid analysis. Journal of Experimental Marine
`Biology and Ecology 409: 267-274.
`Budge, S.M., Wang, S.W., Hollmén, T.E. and Wooller, M.J. 2011. Carbon isotopic fractionation in eider
`adipose tissue varies with fatty acid structure: Implications for trophic studies. Journal of Experimental
`Biology 214: 3790-3800.
`
`Rathgeber, B.M., Anderson, D.M., Thompson, K.L., MacIsaac, J.L. and Budge, S.M. 2011. Color and fatty
`acid profile of abdominal fat pads from broiler chickens fed lobster meal. Poultry Science 90: 1329-1333.
`doi:10.3382/ps.2010-01111
`
`Sullivan, J.C., Budge, S.M. and St-Onge, M. 2011. Modeling the primary oxidation in commercial fish oil
`preparations. Lipids 46: 87-93.
`
`Daboor, S.M., Budge, S.M., Ghaly, A.E., Brooks, S.L. and Dave, D. 2010. Extraction and purification of
`collagenase enzymes: A critical review. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 6: 239-263.
`DOI: 10.3844/ajbbsp.2010.239.263
`
`Hamam, F. and Budge, S.M. 2010. Structured and specialty lipids in continuous packed column reactors:
`Comparison of production using one and two enzyme beds. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society
`87: 385-394. DOI 10.1007/s11746-009-1515-z
`
`Sullivan, J.C., Budge, S.M. and Timmins, A. 2010. Rapid method for determination of residual tert- butanol
`in liposomes using solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatographic Science
`48: 289-292.
`
`Ghaly, A.E., Dave, D., Brooks, M.S. and Budge, S.M. 2010. Production of biodiesel by enzymatic
`transesterification: review. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 6: 54-76.
`
`Ghaly, A.E., Dave, D., Budge, S.M. and Brooks, M.S. 2010. Fish spoilage mechanisms and preservation
`techniques: review. American Journal of Applied Sciences 7: 859-877.
`
`Sullivan, J.C., Budge, S.M. and St-Onge, M. 2009. Determining ethyl esters in fish oil with solid phase
`microextraction and GC-MS. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. 86: 743-748.
`
`Zahorodny Duggan, Z.P., Koopman, H.N. and Budge, S.M. 2009. Distribution and development of the
`highly specialized lipids in the sound reception systems of dolphins. Journal of Comparative Physiology B
`179: 783–798. DOI 10.1007/s00360-009-0360-6.
`
`Cooper, M.H., Budge, S.M., Springer, A.M. and Sheffield, G. 2009. Resource partitioning by sympatric
`pagophilic seals in Alaska: monitoring effects of climate variation with fatty acids. Polar Biology 32: 1137–
`1145. DOI 10.1007/s00300-009-0614-5.
`
`Budge, S.M., Wooller, M.J., Springer, A.M., Iverson, S.J., McRoy, C.P., and Divoky, G.J. 2008. Tracing
`carbon flow in an arctic marine food web using fatty acid-stable isotope analysis. Oecologia 157: 117-129.
`DOI 10.1007/s00442-008-1053-7
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`Budge, S.M., Springer, A.M., Iverson, S.J., Sheffield, G. and Rosa, C. 2008. Blubber fatty acid composition
`of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus: implications for diet assessment and ecosystem monitoring. Journal
`of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 359: 40-46.
`
`Chhetri, A. B., Tango, M. S., Budge, S. M., Watts, K. C. and Islam, M. R. 2008. Non-edible plant oils as
`new sources for biodiesel production. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 9: 169-180.
`
`Budge, S. M., Springer, A. M., Iverson, S. J. and Sheffield, G. 2007. Fatty acid biomarkers reveal niche
`separation in an arctic benthic food web. Marine Ecology Progress Series 336: 305-309.
`
`Thiemann, G. W., Budge, S. M., Iverson, S. J. and Stirling, I. 2007. Unusual fatty acid biomarkers reveal age-
`and sex-specific foraging in polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 85: 505-517.
`
`Budge, S. M., Iverson, S. J. and Koopman, H. N. 2006. Studying trophic ecology in marine ecosystems using
`fatty acids: A primer on analysis and interpretation. Marine Mammal Science 22: 759-801.
`
`Koopman, H. N., Budge, S. M, Ketten, D. and Iverson, S. J. 2006. The topographical distribution of lipids
`inside the mandibular fat bodies of odontocetes: Remarkable complexity and consistency. IEEE Journal of
`Oceanic Engineering 31: 95-106.
`
`Budge, S. M., Cooper, M. H. and Iverson, S. J. 2004. Demonstration of the deposition and modification of
`dietary fatty acids in pinniped blubber using radiolabelled precursors. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
`77: 682-687.
`
`Thiemann, G. W., Budge, S. M. and Iverson, S. J. 2004. Fatty acid composition of blubber: a comparison of
`in situ direct and traditional extraction methods. Marine Mammal Science 20: 284-295.
`
`Budge, S. M. and Parrish, C. C. 2003. Fatty acid determination in cold water micro-scale marine samples.
`Lipids 38: 781-791
`
`Budge, S. M. and Iverson, S. J. 2003. Quantitative analysis of fatty acid precursors in marine samples: direct
`conversion of wax ester alcohols and dimethylacetals to fatty acid methyl esters. Journal of Lipid Research
`44: 1802-1807.
`
`Budge, S. M., Iverson, S. J., Bowen, W. D and Ackman, R. G. 2002. Among- and within-species variability
`in the fatty acid signatures of marine fish and invertebrates on the Scotian Shelf, Georges Bank, and southern
`Gulf of St. Lawrence. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59: 886-898.
`
`Budge, S. M., Parrish, C. C. and McKenzie, C. H. 2001. Fatty acid composition of phytoplankton, settling
`particulate matter and sediments at a sheltered bivalve aquaculture site. Marine Chemistry 76: 285-303.
`
`Budge, S. M. and Parrish, C. C. 1999. Lipid class and fatty acid composition of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries
`and Pseudo-nitzschia pungens and effects of lipolytic enzyme deactivation. Phytochemistry 52: 561-566.
`
`Budge, S. M. and Parrish, C. C. 1998. Lipid biogeochemistry of plankton, settling matter and sediments in
`Trinity Bay, NF. II. Fatty acids. Organic Geochemistry 29: 1547-1559.
`
`Rouhana, R., Budge, S. M., MacDonald, S. M. and Roscoe, S. G. 1997. Electrochemical studies of the
`interfacial behaviour of alpha-lactalbumin and bovine serum albumin. Food Research International 30: 13-20.
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`Caravan, P., Budge, S. M. and Roscoe, J. M. 1996. The reactions of O(3P) with some carboxylic acid and
`esters. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 74: 516-523.
`
`Budge, S. M. and Roscoe, J. M. 1995. The reactions of O(3P) with acetonitrile and propionitrile. Canadian
`Journal of Chemistry 73: 666-674.
`
`Book Chapters, Reports and Comments
`
`Sullivan, J.C. and Budge, S.M. 2010. Monitoring fish oil volatiles to assess the quality of fish oil. Lipid
`Technology 22: 230-232.
`
`Ackman, R.G., Timmins, A. and Budge, S.M. 2008. What’s in a potato chip? In: Teaching Innovations in
`Lipid Science, ed. R. Weselake. CRC Press, New York, pp.137-140.
`
`Budge, S. M., Iverson, S. J. and Koopman, H. N. 2006. Reply to Wetzel et al. (2007) “Identification of fatty
`acids by picolinyl ester derivatives.” Marine Mammal Science 23: 991-992.
`
`Budge, S. M. 2006. Marine lipids and chemometrics: applications in ecology and food science. Canadian
`Chemical News, July/Aug, 10-11.
`
`Thiemann, G. W., Budge, S. M., Bowen, W. D. and Iverson, S. J. 2004. Comment on Grahl-Nielsen et al.
`(2003) “Fatty acid composition of the adipose tissue of polar bears and of their prey: ringed seals, bearded
`seals and harp seals”. Marine Ecology Progress Series 281: 297-301.
`
`Parrish, C. C., Abrajano, T. A., Budge, S. M., Helleur, R. J., Hudson, E. D., Pulchan, K. and Ramos, C. 2000.
`Lipid and phenolic biomarkers in marine ecosystems: analysis and applications. In: The Handbook of
`Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 5, ed. P. Wangersky. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 193-223.
`
`Budge, S. M., Parrish, C. C., Thompson, R. J. and McKenzie, C. H. 2000. Fatty acids in plankton in relation
`to bivalve dietary requirements. In: Seafood in Health and Nutrition, ed. F. Shahidi. ScienceTech Publishing,
`St. John’s, Newfoundland, pp. 495-520.
`
`Budge, S. M., Parrish, C. C., McKenzie, C. H. and Thompson, R. J. 1998. Essential fatty acids in plankton
`from cold ocean environments. Bulletin of Aquaculture Association of Canada 98-2: 56-58.
`
`Budge, S. M., Parrish, C. C., McKenzie, C. H. and Thompson, R. J. 1997. Fatty acid signature compounds of
`a toxic diatom and a toxic dinoflagellate. Bulletin of Aquaculture Association of Canada 97-2: 78-80.
`
`Budge, S. M., Parrish, C. C., McKenzie, C. H. and Thompson, R. J. 1996. Fatty acid biomarkers of
`Alexandrium fundyense. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 2138: 13-14.
`
`Published Abstracts
`Wang, S.W., Budge, S.M., Horstmann-Dehn, L., Quakenbush, L.T., Springer, A.M. and Wooller, M.J. 2012.
`Foraging patterns of ice seals in Alaska inferred from fatty acid profiles. Alaska Marine Science Symposium,
`Anchorage, AK, Jan 21-25.
`
`Oxtoby, L.E., Budge, S.M., Horstmann-Dehn, L., Iken, K., Gradinger, R.R. and Wooller, M.J. 2012. Carbon
`cycling in the Bering Sea benthos: gaining insight from fatty acids. Alaska Marine Science Symposium,
`Anchorage, AK, Jan 21-25.
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`Duerksen, S.W., Thiemann, G.W., Niemi, A., Budge, S.M., Poulin, M., Wiktor, J. and Michel, C. 2012. Fatty
`acid composition of ice algae and pelagic zooplankton in the Canadian High Arctic. IPY 2012 Conference,
`Montreal, QC, April 22-27. Poster.
`
`Hall, J., Budge, S.M. 2011. Development of a rapid in-situ transesterification method for fatty acid analysis
`in algae. 24th Canadian Conference on Fats and Oils, Edmonton, AB, Sept 26-27. Oral. Awarded Best
`Student Oral Presentation.
`
`Wang, S.W., Budge, S.M., Hollmén, T.E., Wooller, M.J. 2011. Validating stable carbon isotope analysis of
`fatty acids to estimate diets of threatened eiders. 4th International Sea Duck Conference, Seward, Alaska,
`Sept. 12-16. Oral. Awarded Best Student Presentation 3rd Place.
`
`Oxtoby, L., Budge, S.M., Gradinger, R.R., Iken, K., Oxtoby, L.E., Wooller, M.J. 2011. Relative importance
`of sea ice algal primary production to Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) diets. Alaska Marine
`Science Symposium (AMSS), Anchorage, AK, Jan 17-21. Poster. NSF grant Wooller.
`
`Reid, A.J., Budge, S.M. and St.-Onge, M. 2011. The antioxidant effect of phosphotidylserine in refined fish
`oil. AOCS Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 1-4. Oral.
`
`Sullivan, J.C. and Budge, S.M. 2011. Modeling the primary oxidation in commercial fish oil preparations.
`AOCS Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 1-4. Oral.
`
`Sullivan, J.C., Budge, S.M., St. Onge. 2011. Identification of key oxidative volatiles responsible for flavor
`differences in fish oil using SPME and GC-MS. AOCS Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 1-4. Oral. AOCS
`Honoured Student Award.
`
`Wang, S.W., Budge, S.M., Gradinger, R.R., Iken, K., Oxtoby, L.E., Wooller, M.J. 2011. Compound-specific
`stable isotope analyses of fatty acids in primary production from the Bering Sea: a foundation for food web
`biomarker studies. AMSS, Anchorage, AK, Jan 17-21. Poster. Awarded Best Student Poster.
`
`Aucoin, L.R., Budge, S.M., Ziegler, S. and Lall, S.P. 2010. Fractionation of carbon isotopes during fatty acid
`metabolism in Atlantic pollock (Pollachius virens). The 7th International Conference on Applications of
`Stable Isotope Techniques to Ecological Studies, Fairbanks, Alaska, August 9-13, 2010. Poster presentation.
`
`Douglas, H. D., Springer, A.M., Budge, S.M. and Oehler, D. 2010. Discrimination of intraspecificand
`interspecific differences in diets of planktivorous Aethia auklets using stable isotopes and fatty acids.
`The 7th International Conference on Applications of Stable Isotope Techniques to Ecological Studies,
`Fairbanks, Alaska, August 9-13, 2010. Poster presentation.
`
`Douglas, H. D., Springer, A.M., Budge, S.M. and Aucoin, L. 2010. Fatty acid and stable isotope analyses
`explain variability in ecosystem productivity and consumption patterns of top predators. Western Alaska
`Interdisciplinary Science Conference, Unalaska, AK, March 24-27, 2010. Oral presentation.
`
`Douglas, H. D., Budge, S. M., Springer, A. M. , Ermakov, I. and Gellerman, W. 2010. Discriminating
`variation in consumption patterns and carotenoid content of juvenile Pacific Salmon with fatty acid analysis
`and RAMAN spectroscopy. Western Alaska Interdisciplinary Science Conference, Unalaska, AK, March 24-
`27, 2010. Oral presentation.
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`Sullivan, J.C., Budge, S.M. and St-Onge, M. 2010. Identification of volatile oxidation products responsible
`for sensory degradation of fish oil using GCMS. American Oil Chemists’ Society Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona,
`USA, May 16-19, 2010. Invited oral presentation.
`
`Jovica, F. and Budge, S.M. 2010. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of omega-3 vegetable oils. American Oil
`Chemists’ Society Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, May 16-19, 2010. Oral presentation.
`Jovica, F. and Budge, S.M. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of omeg-3 vegetable oils. 2009. Northeastern
`Agricultural and Biological Engineering Conference, Halifax, NS, July 26-29, 2009. Oral presentation.
`Awarded Best Student Oral Presentation.
`
`Hamam, F. and Budge, S.M. Production of large-scale structured and speciality lipids in a packed bed reactor.
`Northeastern Agricultural and Biological Engineering Conference, Halifax, NS, July 26-29, 2009. Poster
`presentation.
`
`Jobb, E., Ghaly, A.E., Brooks, S. and Budge, S.M. Production of biodiesel from animal rendering waste.
`Northeastern Agricultural and Biological Engineering Conference, Halifax, NS, July 26-29, 2009. Poster
`presentation.
`
`Jobb, E., Ghaly, A.E., Brooks, S. and Budge, S.M. Fish processing waste as a potential feedstock for
`biodiesel production. Northeastern Agricultural and Biological Engineering Conference, Halifax, NS