co1\?E€:1sE
`OXFORD
`DICTIONARY
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`of
`Current English
`
`FIRST EDITED BY
`
`H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler
`
`EIGHTH EDITION
`
`EDITED BY R. E. ALLEN
`
`CLARENDON PRESS - OXFORD
`
`
`
`
`
`Patent Owner, Ex. 2005, pg. 1
`
`Patent Owner, Ex. 2005, pg. 1
`
`

`
`
`
`Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6‘DP
`Oxford New York Toronto
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`
`Oxford is a trade mark of Oxford University Press
`
`© Oxford University Press 1964, 1.976‘, 1982, 1990
`
`'
`
`.
`
`’
`
`Preface
`
`Acknowledgements
`
`vii
`
`X
`
`English over Fifteen Centuries
`
`Elghty Years of the Concise Oxford Dictionary
`‘
`_
`.
`Guide to the Use of the Dictionary
`
`xii
`
`XXI
`_
`xx1v
`
`Abbreviations used in the Dictionary
`_
`Note on Proprietary Status
`
`"
`
`Xxxvii
`_
`XXXIX
`
`DICTIONARY
`Appendices
`
`_
`1. Countries Of the World
`_
`,
`,
`_
`_
`_
`11- Malor D1V1S10nS of Geologlcal Tlme
`.
`III‘ The Chemlcal Elements
`IV. Weights and Measures
`
`V_ Counties of the United Kingdom
`
`VL states of the USA
`VII. Books of the Bible
`.
`VH1 Punctuatlon Marks
`
`.
`IX. The Greek and Russlan Alphabets
`
`1
`
`1431
`
`1436
`
`1437
`1439
`
`1442
`
`1443
`1444
`
`1445
`
`1453
`
`~
`
`.
`
`V
`
`I
`
`
`
`Published in the United States by
`Oxford University Press Inc., New York
`First ediiion1911
`New edition (revised) 1929
`Third edition (with Addenda) 1934
`Fourth edition 1951
`
`Fifth edi‘i°” 1964
`Sixth edition 1976‘
`Seventh edition 1982
`Eighth edition 1990
`
`V
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
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`without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press.
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`issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning
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`at the address “ewe
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`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
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`electronic, mechanical, [photocopying, recording, or otherise, without
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`
`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`The concise Oxford dictionary of current English.—8th ed.
`1. English language—Dictionaries
`1. Allen’ R. E_ (Robert Edward)’ 1944423
`ISBN 0—1.9—86I243—5 thumb index
`ISBN w1.%86‘1200—1 plain
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`The Concise Oxford dictionary of current English.—8th ed./edited by R. E. Allen.
`p.
`cm.
`‘First edited by H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler.’
`ISBN 0—I.9—86'120&1—-—ISBN 0—1.%86‘1243—5 (thumb index)
`1. English langiiage~Dictionaries.
`1. Allen, R. E.
`II. Fowler,
`H. W. (Henry Watson), 1858-1933.
`III. Fowler, F. G. (Francis
`George), 1870-1918.
`PE16‘28.C68
`1.9.90
`423——dc20
`8.%72114 CIP
`
`8109
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`
`
`Patent Owner, Ex. 2005, pg. 2
`
`Patent Owner, Ex. 2005, pg. 2
`
`

`
` r,
`
`cervelat
`
`184
`
`cervelat /'ss:ve,lu:, -,lat/ n. a kind of smoked pork
`sausage. [obs. F f. It. cervellata]
`1 of or
`cervical /s3:'vaIk(e)l, ‘ss:vik(a)l/ adj. Anat.
`2 of or
`relating to the neck (cervical vertebrae).
`relating to the cervix. ncervical screening ex-
`amination of a large number of apparently healthy
`women for cervical cancer. cervical smear a spe-
`cimen of cellular material from the neck of the womb
`for detection of cancer. [F cervical or mod.L cervicalis
`f. L cervix -icis neck]
`cervine /'s3:vain/ adj. of or like a deer. [L cervinus f.
`cervus deer]
`1 the
`cervix /’s3:viks/ n. (pl. cervices /-,si:z/) Anal.
`neck. 2 any necklike structure, esp. the neck of the
`womb. [L]
`Cesarean (also Cesarian) US var. of CAESAREAN.
`cesarevitch /SI'Z£BI‘IVIt_r/
`n.
`(also
`cesarewitch
`/-witj‘/) 1 hist. the eldest son of the emperor of Russia
`(of. TSAREVICH). 2 (Cesarewitch) a horse-race run
`annually at Newmarket. [Russ. tsesarevich]
`—
`cesium US var. of CAESIUM.
`cessl /ses/ It. (also sess) Sc., Ir., & Ind. etc. a tax, a
`levy. [properly sess for obs. assess n.: see ASSESS]
`cess? /ses/ n. Ir. ubad cess to may evil befall (bad
`cess to their clan). [perh. f. cnss']
`cessation /se'se1_[(e)n/ n. 1 a ceasing (cessation of the
`truce). 2 a pause (resumedfighting after the cessation).
`[ME f. L cessatio f. cessare CEASE]
`cesser /'sese(r)/ n. Law a coming to an end; a
`cessation (of a term, a liability, etc.). [AF & OF, =
`CEASE]
`1 (often foll. by of) the ceding or
`cession /'se_f(a)n/ n.
`giving up (of rights, property, and esp. of territory
`by a State). 2 the territory etc. so ceded. [ME f. OF
`cession or L cessio f. cedere cess— go away]
`cessionary /'sejanari/ n. (pl. -ies) Law = ASSIGN n.
`cesspit /'sesp1t/ n.
`1 a pit for the disposal of refuse.
`2 = CESSPOOL. [cess in CESSPOOL + PI’I“]
`cesspool /‘sespu:l/ n.
`1 an underground container
`for the temporary storage of liquid waste or sewage.
`2 a centre of corruption, depravity, etc. [perh. alt.,
`after POOL‘,
`f. earlier cesperalle,
`f. suspiral vent,
`water—pipe,
`f. OF souspirail air-hole f. L suspirare
`breathe up, sigh (as son-, spirare breathe)]
`cestode /'sesteod/ n.
`(also cestoid /'sestoid/) any
`flatworm of the class Cestoda, including tapeworms.
`[L cestus f. Gk kestos girdle]
`CET abbr. Central European Time.
`cetacean /si'tei]”(e)n/ n. & adj. —n. any marine
`mammal of the order Cetacea with streamlined
`hairless body and dorsal blowhole for breathing,
`including whales, dolphins, and porpoises. —adj. of
`cetaceans. nncetaceous adj.
`[mod.L Cetacea f. L
`cetus f. Gk kétos whale]
`cetane /'si:tein/ n. Chem. a colourless liquid hy-
`drocarbon of the alkane series used in standardizing
`ratings of diesel fuel. ucetane number a measure
`of the ignition properties of diesel fuel. [f. SPERMACETI
`after methane etc.]
`ceteris paribus /,setaris ‘pwrI,bUs/ adv. other things
`being equal. [L]
`Ceylon moss /si'lnn/ n. a red seaweed, Gracilaria
`lichenoides, from E. India. [Ceylon, now Sri Lanka]
`CF abbr. Brit. Chaplain to the Forces.
`Cf symb. Chem. the element californium.
`cf. abbr. compare.
`[L confer
`imper. of conferre
`compare]
`c.f. abbr. carried forward.
`CFC abbr. Chem. chloro—fluorocarbon, any of various
`usu. gaseous compounds of carbon, hydrogen, chlor-
`ine, and fluorine, used in refrigerants, aerosol pro-
`pellants, etc., and thought to be harmful to the ozone
`layer in the earth’s atmosphere.
`CFE abbr. College of Further Education.
`cg abbr. centigram(s).
`CGS abbr. Chief of General Staff.
`cgs abbr. centimetre-gram-second.
`CH abbr. (in the UK) Companion of Honour.
`
`ch. abbr. 1 church. 2 chapter. 3 chestnut.
`V
`cha var. of CHAR“.
`(pl. same /-lIZ/) a d
`Chablis /‘j‘a3bl1/ n.
`burgundy wine. [Chablis in E. France]
`cha-cha /'tju:tj‘d:/ (also cha-cha-cha /,t_|'o:tju
`& v. ——n. 1 a ballroom dance with a Latin-Am
`rhythm. 2 music for or in the rhythm of
`"
`—v.intr. (cha-chas, cha-chaed /-t_[d':d/ orch
`cha-chaing /-tjdzin/) dance the cha-cha. [Ame
`chaconne /]‘e'knn/ n. Mus.
`1
`a a music
`consisting of variations on a ground bass. b a
`composition in this style. 2 hist. a dance pe
`to this music. [F f. Sp. chacona]
`chador /'tjAda(r)/ n. (also chadar, chuddar
`piece of cloth worn in some countries by
`women, wrapped around the body to leave-
`face exposed. [Pers. chador, Hindi chador]
`chaetognath /'ki:tag,na39/ ii. any dart-shape
`of the phylum Chaetognatha, usu.
`living
`marine plankton, and having a head with e
`thorny teeth. [mod.L Chaetognatha f. Gk kh
`.
`hair + gnathos jaw]
`chafe /tje1f/ v. & n. -v. 1 tr. & intr. make or b
`sore or damaged by rubbing. 2 tr. rub (esp.
`to restore warmth or sensation). 3 tr. & in
`or become annoyed; fret (was chafed byth
`—n.
`1 a an act of chafing. b a sore resultin
`this. 2 a state of annoyance. [ME f. OF chau '
`L calefacere f. calére be hot + facere make]
`chafer /'tj‘eife(r)/ n. any of various large slow _
`beetles of the family Scarabeidae, esp.
`th
`chafer. [OE ceafor, cefer f. Gmc]
`chafl‘ /t_[d:f/ n. & v. —n. 1 the husks of corn or
`seed separated by winnowing or threshing. 2 ch
`hay and straw used as fodder. 3 light-hearte j
`banter. 4 worthless things; rubbish. 5 strips
`foil released in the atmosphere to obstru
`detection. —v.
`1 tr. & intr. tease; banter. 2 tr
`(straw etc.). uchafi‘-cutter a machine for ch‘
`fodder. separate the wheat from the cha
`tinguish good from bad. on chaffy adj. [OE ce
`prob. f. Gmc: sense 3 of n. & 1 of v. perh. f. CI-IAF
`chaifer /'t,rmfa(r)/ v. & n. —~v.intr. haggle; ba
`—n. bargaining; haggling. an chaiferer n. [ME
`ceapfaru f. ceap bargain + faru journey]
`-
`chaflinch /'tjaefint_f/ n. Brit. a common Eur
`finch, Fringilla coelebs,
`the male of whic
`blue-grey head with pinkish cheeks. [OE ceafli
`-
`CHAFF, FINCH]
`<
`1 a cooking pot wi
`chafing-dish /'tjeifm/ n.
`outer pan of hot water, used for keeping food
`2 a dish with a spirit-lamp etc. for cooking at
`[obs. sense of CHAFE = warm]
`Chagas’ disease /‘tIa:ges/ (also Chagas’s di
`12. a kind of sleeping sickness caused by a pro
`transmitted by blood-sucking bugs. [C. Chagas,
`physician d. 1934]
`chagrin /'_[‘aegr1n, _[‘a'gri:n/ n. & v. -—n. acute ve
`or mortification. —v.tr. affect with chagrin
`chagrin(er), of uncert. orig.]
`,
`chain /t]‘ein/ n. & v. —n.
`1 a a connectedil
`series of esp. metal
`links as decoration 0 _
`practical purpose.
`b something resemblin
`(formed a human chain). 2 (in pl.) a fetters u
`confine prisoners.
`b any restraining force.
`sequence, series, or set (chain of events; mo
`chain). 4 a group of associated hotels, shops,
`papers, etc. 5 a badge of office in the form of a_
`worn round the neck (mayoral chain). 6 a aj
`measuring-line consisting of linked metal rods
`length (66 ft.). 7 Chem. a group of (esp. carbon)
`bonded in sequence in a molecule. 8 a figur
`quadrille or similar dance. 9 (in pl.) Naut. ch
`(see CHANNEL2).
`-10 (also chain-shot) hz
`cannon—balls or half balls joined by a chain an
`in sea battles for bringing down a mast etc. —-
`(often foll. by up) secure or confine with a ch
`confine or restrict (a person) (is chained to the
`
`
`
`J
`. warmour armour made of interlaced rings.
`,
`ridge a suspension bridge on chains. chain
`in
`system of transmission by endless chains.
`,_gang a team of convicts chained together and
`_to work in the open air. chain-gear a gear
`,.mltting motion by means of an endless chain.
`5 ‘ etter one of a sequence of letters the recipient
`h is requested to send copies to a specific
`er of other people. chain-link made of wire in
`d.5haped mesh
`(chain-link
`fencing).
`in mail = chain-armour. chain reaction 1
`C3 3 self-sustaining nuclear reaction, esp. one
`which a neutron from a fission reaction initiates
`1.195 of these. reactions. 2 Chem. a self-sustaining
`ea-may reaction ll’1.Wl’11Ch intermediate products
`age further
`reactions.
`3 a series of events,
`caused by the previous one. chain-saw a
`or-dI‘lVEl’1 saw with teeth on an endless chain.
`in.smoker a person who smokes continually,
`ne who lights a cigarette etc. from the stub of
`st one smoked. chain-stitch an ornamental
`idery or crochet stitch resembling chains.
`mstore one of a series of shops owned by one
`1-,m,and selling the same sort of goods. chain—wale
`ox-IANNELZ. chain-whee1- a wheel
`transmitting
`‘er by a chain fitted to its edges.
`[ME f. OF
`1.a(e)ine f. L catena]
`1 a separate seat for one
`‘ah: /t_['ee(r)/ n. & v. ——n.
`mg, of various forms, usu. having a back and
`om-_1egs. 2 a a professorship (oflered the chair in
`‘
`slcs). b a seat of authority, esp. on a board of
`ctors. c a mayoralty. 3 a a chairperson. b the
`for office of a chairperson (will you take the
`“gir?;1‘rn in the chair). 4 US = electric chair. 5 an
`2‘ steel socket holding a railway rail in place. 6
`=_ sedan chair. —v.tr. 1 act as chairperson of or
`side over (a meeting).
`2 Brit. carry (a person)
`loft in a chair or in a sitting position, in triumph. 3
`nstall in a chair, esp. as a position of authority.
`chair—bed
`a chair
`that unfolds
`into a bed.
`hair-borne colloq. (of an administrator) not active.
`lr-car a railway carriage with chairs instead of
`ong seats; a parlour car. chair-lift a series of chairs
`._on an endless cable for carrying passengers up and
`‘down a mountain etc. take a chair sit down. [ME f.
`-AF-chaere, OF chaiere f. L cathedra f. Gk kathedra:
`CATHEDRAL]
`ch rlady /'t_[ee,leidi/ n. (pl. -ies) = CHAIRWOMAN.
`‘airman
`/'t_[eaman/
`n.
`(pl.
`-men;
`fern.
`liairwoman, pl. -women)
`1 a person chosen to
`side over a meeting.
`2 the permanent president
`f a committee, a board of directors, a firm, etc. 3
`the master of ceremonies at an entertainment etc. 4
`* hist. either of two sedan-bearers. nu chairmanship
`
`135
`
`
`
`chamber
`ancient Chaldea or Babylonia. b the language of the
`Chaldeans. 2 an astrologer. 3 a member of the Uniat
`(formerly Nestorian) sect in Iran etc. —adj. 1 of or
`relating to ancient Chaldea or its people or language.’
`2 of or relating to astrology. 3 of or relating to the
`Uniat sect.
`[L Chaldaeus f. Gk Khaldaios f. Assyr.
`Kaldu]
`Chaldee /k$l'di:/ n. 1 the language of the Chaldeans.
`2 a native of ancient Chaldea. 3 the Aramaic language
`as used in Old Testament books.
`[ME,
`repr. L
`Chaldaei (pl.) (as CHALDnAN)]
`_
`chalet /'_]‘aelei/ n.
`1 a small suburban house or
`bungalow, esp. with an overhanging roof. 2 a small,
`usu. wooden, hut or house on a beach or in a holiday
`camp. 3 a Swiss cowherd’s hut, or wooden cottage,
`with overhanging eaves. [Swiss F]
`chalice /'t_[&lis/ n.
`1 literary a goblet. 2 a wine-cup
`used in the Communion service. [ME f. OF f. L calix
`-icis cup]
`1 a white soft earthy
`chalk /tj‘a:k/ n. & v. —n.
`limestone (calcium carbonate) formed from the skel-
`etal remains of sea creatures. 2 a a similar substance
`(calcium sulphate), sometimes coloured, used for
`writing or drawing. b a piece of this (a box of chalks).
`3 a series of strata consisting mainly of chalk. 4 =
`French chalk. ——v.tr.
`1 rub, mark, draw, or write
`with chalk. 2 (foll. _by up) a write or record with
`chalk. b register (a'success etc.).
`c charge (to an
`account). has different as chalk and (or from)
`cheese fundamentally different. by a long chalk
`Brit. by far (from the use of chalk to mark the score
`in games). chalk and talk traditional
`teaching
`(employing blackboard, chalk, and interlocution).
`chalk out sketch or plan a thing to be accomplished.
`chalk—pit
`a quarry in which
`chalk is
`dug.
`chalk-stone a concretion of urates like chalk in
`tissues
`and joints
`esp.
`of hands
`and
`feet.
`chalk—stripe a pattern of thin white stripes on a
`dark background.
`chalk—striped' having chalk-
`stripes. [OE cealc ult. f. WG f. L CALX]
`chalkboard /'t_[o:kbo:d/ n. US = BLACKBOARD.
`a
`1
`chalky /‘t_[o:kI/ adj.
`(chalkier, chalkiest)
`abounding in chalk.
`b white as chalk.
`2 like or
`containing chalk stones. on chalkiness n.
`challenge /'tjaelmd3/ n. & v. —n. 1 a a summons to
`take part in a contest or a trial of strength etc., esp.
`to a duel. b a summons to prove or justify something.
`2 a demanding or difficult task (rose to the challenge
`of the new job). 3 Law an objection made to a jury
`member. 4 a call to respond, esp. a sentry’s call for a
`password etc. 5 an invitation to a sporting contest,
`esp. one issued to a reigning champion. 6 Med. a test
`of immunity after immunization treatment. —v.tr.
`1 (often foll. by to + infin.) a invite to take part in a
`contest, game, debate, duel, etc. b invite to prove or
`justify something. 2 dispute, deny (I challenge that
`remark).
`3 a stretch, stimulate (challenges him to
`produce his best). b (as challenging adj.) demanding;
`stimulatingly diflicult. 4 (of a sentry) call to respond.
`5 claim (attention, etc.).
`6 Law object
`to (a jury
`member, evidence, etc.). 7 Med. test by a challenge.
`Du challengeable /-d3eb(a)l/ adj. challenger n. [ME
`f. OF c(h)alenge, c(h)alenger f. L calumnia calumniari
`calumny]
`«
`Challis /'_fE£‘lIS, ‘jalil n. a lightweight soft clothing
`fabric. [perh. f. a surname]
`chalybeate /ka‘lib1et/ adj. (of mineral water etc.)
`impregnated with iron salts. [mod.L chalybeatus f. L
`, chalybs f. Gk hhalups -ubos steel]
`chamaephyte /'kaemi,fait/ n. a plant whose buds
`are on or near the ground. [Gk khamai on the ground
`+ -PHYTE]
`—
`a a hall used by a
`1
`chamber /'tj'e1mbe(r)/ n.
`legislative or judicial body. b the body that meets in
`it. c any of the houses of a parliament (Chamber of
`Deputies; second chamber).
`2 (in pl.) Brit. Law a
`rooms used by a barrister or group of barristers,
`esp. in the Inns of Court. b a judge’s room used for
`
`jirperson /‘t_[ee,ps:s(e)n/ n. a chairman or chair-
`man (used as a neutral alternative).
`se /Ie1z/ n.
`1 esp. hist. a horse-drawn carriage
`for one or two persons, esp. one with an open top
`nd two wheels. 2 = post—chaise (see POST”). [F var.
`f chaire, formed as CHAIR]
`chaise longue /_|‘eIz 'l'o13g/ n. a sofa with only one arm
`est. [F, lit. long chair]
`alaza /ke'leiza/ n. (pl. chalazae /-zi:/) each of two
`-twisted membranous strips joining the yolk to the
`nds of an egg. [mod.L f. Gk, = hailstone]
`lcedony /ka31'seden1/ n. a type of quartz oc-
`ring in several different forms, e.g. onyx, agate,
`1ger’s eye, etc. Du chalcedonic /_kaels1‘donik/ adj.
`{ME 1‘. L c(h)alcedonius f. Gk khalkédon]
`chalcolithic /,kaalke‘l161k/ adj. Archaeol. of a pre-
`historic period in which both stone and bronze
`mplements were used. [Gk hhalkos copper + lithos
`ne]
`Chalcopyrite /,kae1ka'paira1t/ n. a yellow mineral of
`—-°0Dper—iro1i sulphide, which is the principal ore of
`:00l>Der. [Gk khalkos copper + PYRITE]
`Chaltlean /kael‘di:en/ n. & adj. —n.
`
`1 a a native of
`
` lleg mman nno ppen rred ssit
`
`bbut ddog ffew gget hhe jyes kcat
`
`ttop V
`
`WW6
`
`z zoo 1' she
`
`rin
`3 decision 9 thin ofiis
`afenf
`
`Oil?/1neFf’“Ei?.’a2 (ll5‘5“,”f‘;’5g”j’f”e§’
`
`Patent Owner, Ex. 2005, pg. 3