Exhibit 1016
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`
`

`
`(12) United States Patent
`Hanson et al.
`
`(10) Patent N0.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`US006546425B1
`
`(54) Ml*)TH()|) AND APPARATUS FOR
`PROVIDING MOBILE AND OTHER
`INTERMITTENT CONNECTIVITY IN A
`COMPUTING EWIRONMENT
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`(3., Sun Mierosystems, Inc., Internet Draft,
`Montenegro,
`“Reverse Tunneling for Mobile IP,” .Ian. 12, 1997.
`Bakre, A.; Badrinath, B.R., “I—TCP:
`Indirect TCP for
`Mobile llosts,” Department of Computer Science, Rutgers
`l”VCm0rS' Aaron D‘ Hanson’ Semlfi’ WA (US)’
`University, Piscataway, NJ 08855, DCS—TR—314, Oct.
`Emil A. Sturiiiolu, Medina, OH (US);
`1994
`Anatoly Menn, Seattle, WA (US); Erik
`I
`'
`D _[ P-, _- H D Phlf _ L C
`C
`D‘ Olson’ Seattle’ WA (US); Joseph T‘ cl! lrIloi'ey1blL{ml}e(llcore' “l\/lcfllilile Net(::I:rk
`Savarese, Edmonds, WA (US)
`Pr0t(:O1"(MN(~]§) 5 gap 3 {(397
`Netmotion Wireless, Inc., Seattle, WA
`Dt‘,1V'rid,i,\r'an]':lI1)":)%:‘iatL’
`C
`Us
`0
`(
`)
`0-7803-4386-7/98.
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`(List continued on next page.)
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`Pfimarv Exwm.m,r_Mehmel B. Geckfl
`U’S‘C' 154(b) by 0 days‘
`(74) Attomey. Agent, or Firm.—Nixon & Vanderliye RC.
`
`_
`
`_
`
`',
`
`El
`
`,
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`A seamless solution transparently addresses the character-
`istics of nomadic systems, and enables existing network
`applications to run reliably in mobile environments. The
`solution extends the enterprise network,
`letting network
`managers provide mobile users with easy access to the same
`1"1PPl1Ci1U0f15 35 511111011111Y 115915 W1tl10ut_S3C1'1fi‘3lHi9.~ rellflblllty
`01 0011111112911 1111111F1g01?1°111- T110 5011111011 00111011105 =1d"?111-
`*19;%,°1_W1°_-1116 1W1°11~.’ 511131115 3:111 91111619119
`mo 1 e stan arts to create a so iition t at wor s wit exist-
`mg network applications. A Mobility Management Server
`coupled to the mobile network maintains the state of each of
`any number of Mobile End Systems and handles the coiii—
`plex session nianagenient required to riiaintain persistent
`connections to the network and to other peer processes. If a
`Mobile End System becomes unreachable, ‘suspends, or
`changes network address (e.g., due to roaming from one
`network interconnect to another), the Mobility Management
`Server maintains the connection to the associated peer
`task—allowiiig the Mobile End System to maintain a coii-
`tinuous connection even though it may temporarily lose
`_
`_
`-
`-
`,
`-
`~
`V
`contact with its network medium. In one example, Mobility
`Management Server communicates with Mobile End Sys-
`tems using Remote Procedure Call and Internet Mobility
`P10100015-
`
`Appl. No.: 09/330,310
`Fjled;
`_]un_ 11, 1999
`
`Related U-S- APpllCfltl0Il Dfltfl
`Pr0ViSi011al application N0. 60./103,598, filed 011 Oct. 9,
`1998'
`Int. Cl.7 .............................................. .. G06F 15/16
`U.s. C].
`...................... AA 709/227; 709/228; 709/330
`Field of Search ................................. 709/245, 250,
`709/330’ 229, 228’ 227, 230, 203, 220’
`,.,1 70.,
`_ ’ _ _
`
`References Cited
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`
`...........N 370/401
`
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`
`AAAA
`
`(I .ist continued on next page.)
`
`76 Claims, 32 Drawing Sheets
`
`Mobile End System (MES)
`Central, User
`
`lnlerhice
`
`205'
`
`Apphuciunns
`
`Mobile Management Syslum (W5)
`,3,
`224
`: 2341
`__
`‘Conlml, User Intzrfnce
`Oontlgurution
`:1 Samar
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`
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`
`_
`
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`
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`225
`
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`
`233
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`Network
`flpptlcutiuns
`File)-‘Friat
`
`TCP. UDP Tmmzavl: II
`
`Exhibit 1016-00001
`
`

`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`Page 2
`
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`
`,>>>>>3>3>3>D>3>3>3>>>>>>>>>£I>£1>3>>>>D>>>>>>D>D>i>3>>3>3>>>>>>3>>D>3>3>
`
`5.420.037
`5,442,791
`5A40J30
`5,475,819
`5,481,535
`5,490,139
`5,491,800
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`5,752,185
`5,754,774
`5,758,186
`5,708,525
`5,771,459
`5,784.0’-43
`5,796,727
`5,848,064
`5.850.974
`5.889.810
`5,909,431
`5935212
`5,968,176
`6,006,090
`6,091,951
`6,112,085
`6,147,986
`6,154,461
`6,161,123
`0407513
`0,170,057
`0.330.135
`0,201,902
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`6,233,617
`6,233,619
`6,236,652
`6,243,753
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`0,308,281 B1
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`
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`
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`OTHER PUFILICATIONS
`
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`less—A Wide Area Viewpoint, Shaumburg, IL, 3 pages.
`Teknique, Data Sheet, TransRMail, Schaumburg,
`IL, 2
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`
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`nication Processor, Schaumburg, IL, 2 pages (1994).
`
`

`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`Page 3
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`
`* cited by examiner
`
`Exhibit 1016-00003
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8,2003
`
`23f01Al6ehS
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
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`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`
`Exhibit 1016-00004
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`23f02tCChS
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
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`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00005
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8,2003
`
`Sheet 3 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`Call
`
`to TDI Via Sockets
`
`or directly is intercepted
`
`Mobile interceptor packages
`TDI cell
`in an RPC
`
`datagram and sends to
`Mobile Management Server
`
`Mobile Management Server
`unpackages RPC datagram
`
`Mobile Management Server
`provides requested service
`
`Applications
`
`Configuration API
`
`Socket API
`
`RPC Protocol Engine 240
`
`Internet Mobility
`(interceptor Virtual Circuit)
`Protocol
`
`Engine 244
`
`‘ "i;a'i;i;;;; i;;i";;a:e-
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00006
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8,2003
`
`Sheet 4 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`RCV TDI CALL
`
`Post RPC coll
`to IM-P queue
`
`Delay for
`coalesce time
`
`302
`
`304
`
`Y
`
`Flush queue, coalesce the RPC
`calls into single fragment
`and foword to Server
`
`FIG. 3A
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00007
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8,2003
`
`23cl05tCChS
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`
`
`
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`ZTE Corporation and Z-TE (USA) Inc.
`
`Exhibit 1016-00008
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`Sheet 6 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`370
`
`74
`
`380
`
`Determine Association
`and Get Association
`Control Block
`
`Connect
`indication
`
`Start Associati_on_
`Create New Association
`Control Block
`
`Process
`Association
`Work
`
`.
`Eéggflgfit
`o
`
`N
`
`Stop Association
`Destroy Association
`Control Biock
`
`332
`
`Resources Ye
`
`-
`
`-
`
`NO
`
`Ping Inactivity
`Timeout
`
`_Shut Down
`Ping Association
`
`0
`
`State:
`Association
`Scheduie
`Again
`
`Schedule Association
`to Run Again
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00009
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8,2003
`
`Sheet 7 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`De—Queue
`Work Request
`
`364
`
`Start
`Receiving
`
`Issue TCP
`Connect
`
`Association
`
`MorgiovfirgugfieDlgggtch
`
`Queues Marked
`Eligible
`
`Set Sstgtej T|odAssoc_iotion
`
`C e "E agom
`
`Z-TE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`
`Exhibit 1016-00010
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`Sheet 8 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`f 3”
`
`ailocate and association control block
`
`3721*
`
`initialize system wide resources with defaults
`
`3728
`
`get configuration overrides
`with current configuration settings
`
`3728
`
`initialize flags
`
`372D
`
`initialize the associationwspecific work queue
`
`372E
`
`initialize association object hash table
`
`372F
`
`initialize the coalesce timer
`
`3729
`
`insert association control block into session table
`
`372*‘
`
`END
`
`FIG. 5A
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc
`Exhibit 1016-00011
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8,2003
`
`Sheet 9 of 32
`
`Us 6,546,425 B1
`
`START
`
`375\\
`
`mark the association as deleted to prevent any further
`processing of work that may be outstanding
`
`close all associated association objects including
`process, connection and address objects
`
`376A
`
`.3768
`
`free all elements on work queue
`
`376C
`
`stop coalesce timer if
`
`running
`
`3753
`
`decrement association control block reference count
`
`K’ 376E
`
`a .376F
`
`destroy association specific work queue
`
`destroy object hash table
`
`destroy coalesce ‘timer
`
`remove association control block
`
`from association table
`
`free control block
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc
`Exhibit 1016-00012
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`Sheet 10 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`CreditlNT
`=0
`
`mark association as "law mark pending" by setting the
`RPC_LMPQ_SEND_FLAG.
`
`379;.
`
`discard all received datagrams
`
`_
`
`3798
`
`received stream events by
`throttle a||
`refusing to accept
`the data
`
`37%
`
`refuse all
`
`received connect events for passive connections
`
`3790
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`Sheet 11 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`3:;§
`
`N0%F0%
`
`mEm
`
`
`
`EoEmo.¢£22
`
`
`
`32.5.{ozmzmoomonE
`
`Sontomsa
`
`mom
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00014
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`23pl021LlCChS
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`EOE303E05__8283
`
`§_Bo%_n_EEEgm__%2__sas
`
`mme%<$8
`
`932...;c€05
`
`\
`
`N3:o:n_820;
`
`1.3_..o_iEne,_8&
`
`.\
`
`xo:m>o
`
`
`
`
`
`30.30mmEuo<:80
`
`
`
`
`
`fimfiocozooccoo:80
`
`
`
`mm...:nu<$o_oomm<
`
`Homccoo
`
`EmEombm
`
`ucmmEombm
`
`EmEfimfioo
`
`ucomEEmSoo
`
`eczmm
`
`Eéum
`
`Eu>mtoo_o
`
`Bmccooma
`
`
`
`mmSuu<Bciommomfi
`
`E3032$,‘$20
`
`
`
`Sofiecozooccoommoa
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`
`Exhibit 1016-00015
`
`A2E
`
`o__n_525$.{oz
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ozmommomm
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8,2003
`
`Sheet 13 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`,/ 406
`
`queue:
`
`PRiOR|TY_H|GH
`
`Weight-—-queue
`Weight
`
`Queue
`Hove Work?
`
`Fig. 8
`Process Priority
`Dispatch Queues
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`
`Exhibit 1016-00016
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`23pl0.414|.66hS
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`280%
`
`
`
`
`
`u2o._mcou58...”..:.mm.o_u_%__
`
`58.0%ocomg=2_
`
`
`
`Emfifimccoomfi
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`
`Exhibit 1016-00017
`
`
`
`mmcoqmmmmzmumm
`
`
`
`Em>H._fimccoo
`
`
`
`
`
`EmflEEmBooo>_8mm_
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8,2003
`
`Sheet 15 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`Connect
`request?
`Yes
`
`<:li|1|ri)ii:¢?¢;[ti<‘in
`resources?
`
`State Configure
`
`“Error-
`Out of resources
`
`Queue connect or send request and signal global event — return to calling application
`
`Dispatch connect or send request
`from lMP global request queue
`
`Wait for application to
`queue work for
`connection. Go to step 625
`
`Go to step 615
`
`Wait for peer address.
`Continue queuing work.
`
`Wait for security context.
`Continue queuing work.
`Go to step 625
`
`FIG.
`
`Internet Mobility Protocol
`Connection Decision Tree.
`Connect and Send request
`
`logic
`
`Z-TE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00018
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8,2003
`
`Sheet 16 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`State Pending
`
`6083
`
`509
`
`510
`
`Send IMP Sync Frame
`
`Stort
`
`IMP retransmit
`
`timer
`
`Has
`Retransmit
`timer
`expired?
`
`Wait
`Go to
`step 525
`
`611A
`
`Yes
`
`State Established
`
`Total
`Retransrnit
`time expired
`
`Has_
`connechon
`been
`uthenhcoted
`
`Did
`authentication
`succeed?
`
`614A
`
`Abort Connection
`Go to step #999
`
`ZTE Corporation and Z-TE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00019
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8,2003
`
`Sheet 17 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`is
`
`-
`
`peeaifirggimit
`fun?
`
`Wait for
`
`acknowledgement.
`Go to step 625
`
`Create iMP data frame
`
`Send IMP data frame
`
`Is
`retransmit
`timer
`started?
`
`IMP
`Start
`retransmit
`timer
`
`Sleep waiting for more work.
`Return to global dispatcher
`
`FIG. 10C
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00020
`
`

`
`U.S. Pate11t
`
`Apr. 8,2003
`
`Sheet 18 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`Terminate Connection
`
`to global work queue
`Queue request
`and return to calling application
`
`Dispatched terminate request from
`IMP process global work queue
`
`628
`
`629
`
`A500
`
`Abort Connection
`Go to step #999
`
`Graceful
`
`628A
`
`State Closing
`
`630
`
`631
`
`Send lMP Mortis Frame
`
`State Mortis
`
`Start retransmit
`
`timer
`
`IMP
`Post Mortem
`frame
`received?
`
`Has
`retransmit
`timer
`
`gmlt
`0 i0
`Step 637
`
`State Post Mortem
`
`636
`
`637
`
`Release connection Resources
`
`Steep waiting for more work.
`Return to global dispatcher
`
`FIG. 11
`
`Terminate Connection request
`
`logic
`
`Abort Connection
`
`Go to step #999
`
`ZTE Corporation and Z-TE (USA) Inc
`Exhibit 1016-00021
`
`

`
`U S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8,2003
`
`Sheet 19 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`650
`
`—Event—
`Retransmit
`
`timer
`
`652
`
`Dismiss timer.
`
`entire retransmit
`period
`expired’?
`
`Steel? for difference
`in time
`
`No
`
`No
`
`Reprocess frame to remove
`any expired data
`
`Abort Connection
`Go to step #999
`
`State
`Dormant
`
`6568
`
`Retransmit Frame
`
`Restart retransmit
`
`timer
`
`660
`
`Fig. 12
`
`Retransmit Event Logic
`
`657
`
`65
`
`8
`
`659
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8,2003
`
`23f002teehS
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`.ouooI
`
`
`
`
`
`:cum1xnwcaoogum
`
`outsoo‘Sum_.nE=ouEvaxnzsooFem_.nE:ooEmaom2‘SumuooaommEE.._a:_cmno;4oucmaumm
`
`%_Q38
`
`@3030{O3n_2_
`
`‘Sum-;_DE_
`ontsoo
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00023
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`23f012teehS
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`oEE.._*0co_mm_Em=o:om
`
`us.0:§..%§_§2.32
`
`as:
`
`_ouooI
`
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`
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`
`co~_m
`
`
`
`E8:n=2_
`
`xxmucozamm
`
`E300$2826ugoeomN*30¢
`
`Z-TE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00024
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 3, 2003
`
`Sheet 22 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`—Event—
`Receive IMP frame
`event from network!
`
`670
`
`Pre—vaIidate IMP Frame
`
`674
`
`Connecfian
`associated with
`frame?
`
`677
`
`Place on connection receive queue
`
`Place on global
`
`receive queue
`
`578
`
`675
`
`Mark connection eiigible to receive
`
`Place receive queue on global work queue
`
`675
`
`Place connection on giobal work queue
`
`Signal globai work event
`
`FIG. 13A
`
`Receive Event Logic
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00025
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`Sheet 23 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`Dispatch receive eligible
`from global work queue
`
`580
`
`Dequeue frame from receive queue
`
`581
`
`Frame
`deqmed
`?
`
`682
`
`Sleep waiting
`for more work.
`Go to step #1012
`
`Yes
`533 \
`Validate IMP received frame
`
`Discard Frame
`
`684
`
`IMP
`frame ok?
`
`Yes
`
`Conne_ction
`associated
`9
`
`Parse IMP frame
`
`591
`
`an
`
`Yes
`
`Process Passive Connection
`request.
`(30 to step #720
`
`691A
`
`é:°::ii2gei*;z';
`
`Fig. 13B
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00026
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 3, 2003
`
`Sheet 24 of 32
`
`Us 6,546,425 B1
`
`592
`
`Process acknowledgement
`info and release
`any outstanding send frames
`
`693
`
`Post frame to security subsystem
`for possible decryption
`
`594
`
`Process any control data
`
`695
`
`596
`
`Any
`
`Yes
`
`Queue data to
`
`0pEj}E]($i;°nI application layer
`
`697A
`
`Change state
`back to
`Established
`
`Indicate disconnect
`application layer
`
`to
`
`Possibly
`Post Mortum
`frame?
`
`Go to step 530
`
`Sleep waiting for more work.
`Return to global work dispatcher
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00027
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`Sheet 25 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`there '§nothe,
`connection for this
`device?
`
`|s_ __
`_
`the "1't'°'
`it
`connechon
`
`Abort Connection
`C0” Step #999
`
`Do
`sequence and
`connection ID
`match?
`
`Yes
`
`724
`
`Duplicate frome
`Discord
`
`725
`
`Go to step 680
`
`Aliocote
`Connection
`resources?
`
`‘E”0r"'
`Out of resources
`
`727
`
`State Configure
`
`can step #999
`
`730
`
`Acquire security context
`
`Go to Step 680
`729
`
`Did
`security
`succeed?
`
`FIG. 14A
`
`0 Passive Connection request
`
`logic
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00028
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`Sheet 26 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`7.32
`
`Send IMP establish Frame
`
`State Established
`
`732A
`
`733
`
`Start retronsmitter
`
`Wait
`For authentication process to
`conclude. Return-to global dispatcher
`
`Dewce
`and user
`authenticated?
`
`736
`
`Abort Connection
`Go to Step #999
`
`737
`
`738
`
`Indicate connection to
`listening application
`
`t.
`f.
`G t
`3 C0" ‘gum '°”
`
`Did
`C°"fl9U"0ti°"
`and connect
`indication
`succeed?
`
`740
`Abort Connection
`Go to step #999
`
`N
`
`°
`
`741
`
`‘'95
`
`Sleep waiting for more work
`Return to global dispatcher
`
`F IG. 14B
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00029
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8,2003
`
`Sheet 27 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`999
`
`1000
`
`_
`A50” C°*"”9Ct'°“ "eqU95t
`
`Dispatched
`Abort Connection request
`
`Connecfion
`associated
`with
`request?
`
`Save original state
`
`State Abort
`
`1002A
`
`1 004
`
`yes
`
`Indicate disconnection to
`listening application
`
`Connection
`indicated to listen
`application
`?
`
`1007
`
`No
`
`Go to step #1012
`
`FIG. 15A
`
`Abort Connection request
`
`logic
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00030
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`Sheet 28 of 32
`
`Us 6,546,425 B1
`
`IMP
`
`Frame
`
`associated?
`
`Send IMP Abort Frame
`
`Return to coliing routine
`
`FIG. 15B
`
`Z-TE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00031
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`Sheet 29 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`
`
`
`
`stunas5.:_§u.aom%\s=8Sgamma3...:nnqom.256
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`m23o::.mBoo.ocBm_._n_o_._o9.O_n_
`
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`
`
`
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`
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`
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`
`
`
`
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`
`gmémmmetauEmmmsonwQ\ozoiom
`
`
`
`Stemta:3gmttoo.ta:
`
`umtmm
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00032
`
`

`
`U.S. Pate11t
`
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`Sheet 30 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`
`
`
`
`Egg..E__o._$388.Egan__§com..m.>_8mm
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
`v_85mcE:8mac:..;..E__EmmaEB33%€<.
`
`E23E35.__o5,...>..m:..ALm.EmEm
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`Exhi
`it 1016-00033
`
`

`
`U.S. Pate11t
`
`Apr. 8, 2003
`
`23f0134|.0ChS
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`asas
`
`z
`
`Ecom$58$2:
`
`_2a_meoosmcgm
`
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`aman
`
`
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`
`
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
`an.6asGEam£3Em
`
`ZTE Corporation and Z-TE (USA) Inc.
`Exhibit 1016-00034
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 8,2003
`
`Sheet 32 of 32
`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`mg
`
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`
`ZTE Corporation and ZTE (USA) Inc.
`
`Exhi
`
`it 1016-00035
`
`

`
`US 6,546,425 B1
`
`1
`METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
`PROVIDING MOBILE AND OTHER
`IN'I‘ERlVII'I"I‘EN'I‘ C()NNEC'I‘IVI'I‘Y IN A
`COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`This application claims priority from provisional appli-
`cation No. 60/103,598 filed Oct. 9, 1998 entitled “Method
`and Apparatus I-"or Providing Wireless Connectivity In A
`Computing Environment” (which provisional application is
`incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).
`FIELD ()1-‘ THE INVENTION
`
`invention relates to connectivity between
`The present
`networked computing devices. More particularly,
`the
`present invention relates to methods and systems that trans-
`parently address the characteristics of nomadic systems, and
`enable existing network applications to run reliably in the
`associated mobile environments. Still more particularly, the
`invention relates to techniques and systems for providing a
`continuous data stream connection between intermittently-
`connected devices such as handheld data units and personal
`computing devices.
`BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE
`INVENTION
`
`Increasingly, companies are seeing rapid access to key
`information as the way to maintaining a competitive advan-
`tage. To provide immediate access to this information,
`mobile and other
`intermittently-connected computing
`devices are quietly and swiftly becoming an essential part of
`corporate networks—especially with the proliferation of
`inexpensive laptops and hand-held computing devices. “
`However, integrating these nomadic devices into existing
`network infrastructures has created a challenge for
`the
`information manager,
`Many problems in mobile networking parallel the diffi-
`culties in early local area networks (LANS) before the
`adoption of Ethernet. There are a variety of mobile protocols
`and interfaces, and because standards are just developing,
`there is little interoperability between systems. In addition,
`performance over
`these network technologies has been
`typically slow and bandwidth limited. Implementation costs
`to date have been high due the specialized nature of
`deployed systems.
`Along with these issues, mobile technologies present a
`category of problems unto their own. Interconnects back
`into the main network may travel over and through a public
`network infrastructure, thus allowing sensitive information
`to possibly be tapped into. Furthermore,
`if any of the
`intermediary interconnects are via a wireless interface, the
`information is actually broadcast, and anyone with a similar
`interface can eavesdrop without much difficulty.
`But, perhaps even more significantly, mobile networking
`has generally in the past been limited to mostly message-
`oriented or stateless applications—and thus has not been
`readily adaptable for existing or new corporate applications
`that use client/server, host-terminal, web-based or shared file
`systems models. This is because such commonly used
`applications need stateful sessions that employ a continuous
`stream of data—not just a stateless packet exchange—to
`work efifeetively and reliably.
`To this end, many or most popular oil"-the-shelf network-
`ing applications require TCP/IP sessions, or private virtual
`
`2
`circuits. These sessions cannot continue to function if they
`encounter network interruptions, nor can they tolerate roam-
`ing between networks (i.e., a change of network addresses)
`while established. Yet, mobile networking is, by its nature,
`dynamic and unreliable. Consider these common scenarios
`encountered in mobile networks:
`Disconnected or Out of Range User
`When a mobile device disconnects from a given network
`or loses contact (e.g., through an outage or “hole” in the
`coverage of a wireless interconnect), the session-oriented
`application running on the mobile device loses its stateful
`connection with its peer and ceases to operate. When the
`device is reattached or moves back into contact, the user
`must re-connect, log in again for security purposes, find the
`place in the application where work was left off, and
`possibly re-enter lost data. This reconnection process is time
`consuming, costly, and can be very frustrating.
`Moving to a Different Network or Across a Router Boundary
`(Network Address Change)
`Mobile networks are generally segmented for manage-
`ability purposes. But the intent of mobile devices is to allow
`them to roam. Roaming from one network interconnect to
`another can mean a change of network address, If this
`happens while the system is operational, the routing infor-
`mation must be changed for communications to continue
`between the associated peers. Furthermore, acquiring a new
`network address may require all of the previously estab-
`lished stateful application sessions to be terminated—again
`presenting the reconnection problems noted above.
`Security
`As mentioned before, companies need to protect critical
`corporate data. Off-the-shelf enterprise applications are
`often written with the assumption that access to the physical
`network is controlled (i.e., carried within cables installed
`inside a secure facility), and security is maintained through
`an additional layer of authentication and possible encryp-
`tion. These assumptions have not been true in the nomadic
`computing world—where data is at risk for interception as
`it travels over public airways or public wire-line infrastruc-
`tures.
`
`SUMMARY
`
`It would be highly desirable to provide an integrated
`solution that transparently addresses the characteristics of
`nomadic systems, and enables existing network applications
`to run reliably in these mobile environments.
`A presently preferred exemplary embodiment of the
`present invention solves this problem by providing a seam-
`less solution that extends the enterprise network,
`letting
`network managers provide mobile users with easy access to
`the same applications as stationary users without sacrificing
`reliability or centralized management. The solution com-
`bines advantages of present-day wire-line network standards
`with emerging mobile standards to create a solution that
`works with existing network applications.
`In accordance with one aspect of a presently preferred
`exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a Mobility
`Management Server (MMS) coupled to the mobile intercon-
`nect maintains the state of each of any number of Mobile
`End Systems (MES) and handles the complex session man-
`agement required to maintain persistent connections to the
`network and to peer application processes. If a Mobile End
`System becomes unreachable, suspends, or changes network
`address (e.g., due to roaming from one network inte