Paper No. 4
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`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`__________
`
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`___________
`
`SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO. LTD.; SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS
`AMERICA, INC.; SAMSUNG TELECOMMUNICATIONS AMERICA, LLC;
`AND SAMSUNG AUSTIN SEMICONDUCTOR, LLC;
`Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`REMBRANDT WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES, LP
`Patent Owner
`___________
`
`Case IPR2014-00515
`Patent 8,023,580
`___________
`
`
`
`
`
`AMENDED PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW
`OF U.S. PATENT NO. 8,023,580
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`

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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`I.
`
`INTER PARTES REVIEW .......................................................................... 1
`A. Certification The `580 Patent May Be Contested By Petitioner ..... 1
`B.
`Fee For Inter Partes Review (37 C.F.R. §§ 42.15(a) and 42.103) ... 1
`C. Mandatory Notices (37 C.F.R. §42.8) ................................................ 1
`1.
`Real Parties-In-Interest (§ 42.8(b)(1)) ........................................ 1
`2.
`Related Matters (§ 42.8 (b)(2)) ................................................... 2
`3.
`Lead And Backup Counsel (§ 42.8(b)(3)) .................................. 2
`4.
`Service Information (§ 42.8(b)(4)) ............................................. 2
`D.
`Proof Of Service (§ 42.6(e) and § 42.105(a)) ..................................... 2
`II.
`42.104(B)) ........................................................................................................ 2
`III. RELEVANT INFORMATION CONCERNING THE `580 PATENT .... 3
`A.
`Subject Matter Of The `580 Patent ................................................... 3
`B.
` ............................................................................................................... 6
`C.
`Person Of Ordinary Skill In The Art ................................................ 7
`D. How The Challenged Claims Are To Be Construed ........................ 7
`1.
`“Second Modulation Method” (Claims 23, 32, 40, 49) .............. 8
`IV. PRECISE REASONS FOR RELIEF REQUESTED ................................. 9
`A. Claims 23, 25, 29, 30, 32, 34, 38, 40-41, 43-44 And 47 Are
`Anticipated By The Draft 802.11 Standard ...................................... 9
`1.
`The Draft 802.11 Standard Is Prior Art ...................................... 9
`
`COMPLIANCE WITH REQUIREMENTS FOR A PETITION FOR
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`IDENTIFICATION OF CLAIMS BEING CHALLENGED (§
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`Effective Filing Date And Prosecution History Of The `580 Patent
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`“First Modulation Method” (Claims 23, 32, 40, 41, 49) And
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
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`The Draft 802.11 Standard Anticipates Or Renders Obvious
`
`The Draft 802.11 Standard Anticipates Or Renders Obvious
`
`Overview Of The Draft 802.11 Standard .................................. 11
`2.
`3.
`Claims 23, 25 And 30 ............................................................... 13
`4.
`Claims 32, 34 and 38 ................................................................ 26
`5.
`And 47 ....................................................................................... 29
`V. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 39
`
`The Draft 802.11 Standard Anticipates Claims 40-41, 43-44
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
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`TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
`
`Cases
`
`In re Cronyn, 890 F.2d 1158 (Fed. Cir. 1989) ......................................................... 10
`
`In re Klopfenstein, 380 F.3d 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2004) ................................................ 10
`
`In re Youman, 679 F.3d 1335, 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2012) ................................................ 7
`
`In re Zletz, 13 USPQ2d 1320 (Fed. Cir. 1989) .......................................................... 8
`
`Kyocera Wireless Corp. v. ITC, 545 F.3d 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2008) ............................ 10
`
`Mass. Inst. of Tech. v. AB Fortia, 774 F.2d 1104 (Fed. Cir. 1985) ......................... 10
`
`Statutes
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`35 U.S.C. § 102(b) ...................................................................................... 3, 6, 9, 11
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`35 U.S.C. § 103 ......................................................................................................3, 6
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`35 U.S.C. § 112 .......................................................................................................... 7
`
`35 U.S.C. § 315(b) ..................................................................................................... 1
`
`77 Fed. Reg. 48764 .................................................................................................... 7
`
`Other Authorities
`Regulations
`
`37 C.F.R. § 42.104(b) ................................................................................................ 2
`
`37 C.F.R. § 42.105(a) ................................................................................................. 2
`
`37 C.F.R. § 42.6(e) ..................................................................................................... 2
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`37 C.F.R. § 42.8 (b)(2) ............................................................................................... 2
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`37 C.F.R. § 42.8 (b)(3) ............................................................................................... 2
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`37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(1) ................................................................................................ 1
`
`37 C.F.R. § 42.8(b)(4) ................................................................................................ 2
`iii
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
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`37 CFR § 42.100(b) ................................................................................................... 7
`
`Attachment A: Proof of Service of the Petition
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`Attachment B: List of Evidence and Exhibits Relied Upon in Petition
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`iv
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
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`I.
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`COMPLIANCE WITH REQUIREMENTS FOR A PETITION FOR
`INTER PARTES REVIEW
`A.
`Certification The `580 Patent May Be Contested By Petitioner
`Petitioner certifies that U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580 (“the `580 patent”) (Ex.
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`1101) is available for inter partes review. Petitioner certifies that it is not barred or
`
`estopped from requesting inter partes review of the claims of the `580 patent on
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`the grounds identified in this Petition. Neither Petitioner nor any party in privity
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`with Petitioner has filed a civil action challenging the validity of any claim of the
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``580 patent. The `580 patent has not been the subject of a prior inter partes review
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`by Petitioner or a privy of Petitioner.
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`Petitioner also certifies this petition for inter partes review is filed within
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`one year of the date of service of a complaint alleging infringement of a patent.
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`Such a complaint was filed against all petitioners on March 15, 2013, Civil Action
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`No. 2:13-cv-00213 (E.D. Tex. 2013), in the Eastern District of Texas. Ex. 1102.
`
`The first petitioner to be served was served with the complaint on March 20, 2013,
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`Ex. 1103. This petition thus complies with 35 U.S.C. § 315(b).
`B.
`Fee For Inter Partes Review (37 C.F.R. §§ 42.15(a) and 42.103)
`The Director is authorized to charge the fee specified by 37 CFR § 42.15(a)
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`to Deposit Account No. 04-1073. Should any further fees be required by the
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`present Petition, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”) is hereby authorized
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`to charge the above referenced Deposit Account.
`C. Mandatory Notices (37 C.F.R. §42.8)
`1. Real Parties-In-Interest (§ 42.8(b)(1))
`The real parties-in-interest are Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.; Samsung
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`1
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
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`Electronics America, Inc.; Samsung Telecommunications America, LLC; and
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`Samsung Austin Semiconductor, LLC. (Collectively, “Petitioner”).
`
`2. Related Matters (§ 42.8 (b)(2))
`The `580 patent is a subject of an action styled as Rembrandt Wireless Tech., LP v.
`
`Samsung Elect. Co. LTD., No. 2:13-cv-00213 (E.D. Tex. 2013) (“the Litigation”),
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`served on Petitioner March 20, 2013, Ex. 1103. Petitioner has also filed Petitions
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`IPR-2014-5014, 5018 & 5019 for the `580 patent.
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`3. Lead And Backup Counsel (§ 42.8(b)(3))
`
`
`Lead Counsel
`Jeffrey A. Miller
`Reg. No. 35, 287
`millerj@dicksteinshapiro.com
`(650) 690-9554
`
`Backup Counsel
`Daniel G. Cardy
`Reg. No. 66,537
`cardyd@dicksteinshapiro.com
`(202) 420-3033
`
`4. Service Information (§ 42.8(b)(4))
`Service on Petitioner may be made by mail or hand delivery to Jeffrey A.
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`Miller, Dickstein Shapiro LLP, 1841 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, Tel:
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`(650) 690-9500, Fax: (650) 690-9501. Please also direct all correspondence to
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`lead counsel at millerj@dicksteinshapiro.com, with a courtesy copy sent to
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`Samsung.Rembrandt@dicksteinshapiro.com.
`D.
`Proof Of Service (§ 42.6(e) and § 42.105(a))
`Proof of service of this petition is provided in Attachment A.
`
`II.
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`IDENTIFICATION OF CLAIMS BEING CHALLENGED (§
`42.104(B))
`Petitioner requests inter partes review of claims 23, 25, 29-30, 32, 34, 38,
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`2
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
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`40-41, 43-44 and 47 because they are anticipated under 35 U.S.C. § 102(b) or
`
`rendered obvious under 35 U.S.C. § 103 by P802.11 Draft Wireless LAN Medium
`
`Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification, 23 May 1996,
`(“Draft 802.11 Standard” or “Draft”) (Ex. 1105).1
`Petitioner’s proposed construction of the claims, the evidence relied upon,
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`and the precise reasons why the claims are unpatentable are provided in § IV. The
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`evidence relied upon in support of this petition is listed in Attachment B.
`III. RELEVANT INFORMATION CONCERNING THE `580 PATENT
`A.
`Subject Matter Of The `580 Patent
`The `580 patent is directed to the “fields of data communications and
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`modulator/demodulators (modems), and, more particularly, to a data
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`communications system in which a plurality of modulation methods are used to
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`facilitate communication among a plurality of modem types.” Ex. 1101, `580
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`patent, 1:19-23. The `580 patent identifies a problem with communications
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`systems where “communication between modems is generally unsuccessful unless
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`a common modulation method is used.” Id. at 1:45-47. The `580 patent describes
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`a “multipoint network architecture,” which the `580 patent asserts utilizes a
`
`
`1 The Draft 802.11 Standard eventually published in final form as the IEEE Std
`802.11-1997(Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer
`
`(PHY) Specifications), IEEE Standards Board, Approved Jun. 26, 1997 (“802.11
`
`Standard” or “Standard”). Ex. 1106. The text of the Draft 802.11 Standard and the
`
`final version are virtually identical.
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`3
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
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`“master” modem and at least two “tributary” (or “trib”) modems. The `580 patent
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`notes that where “…one or more of the trib modems are not compatible with the
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`modulation method used by the master, those tribs will be unable to receive
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`communications from the master.” Id. at 1:54-61. Ex. 1116, ¶50 (Goodman
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`Declaration).
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`Because of these issues, the `580 patent asserts that “…communication
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`systems comprised of both high performance and low or moderate performance
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`applications can be very cost inefficient to construct.” Ex. 1101 at 1:66-2:1. The
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``580 patent asserts that the solution used at the time to overcome incompatible
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`modulation schemes was the use of high performance modems for all users,
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`regardless of need, which resulted in higher costs. Id. at 2:8-16. Thus, the `580
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`patent asserts that “…what is sought, and what is not believed to be provided by
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`the prior art, is a system and method of communication in which multiple
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`modulation methods are used to facilitate communication among a plurality of
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`modems in a network, which have heretofore been incompatible.” Id. at 2:17-20
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`(emphasis added). Ex. 1116, ¶51.
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`The purported invention of the `580 patent is a system like that shown in
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`Figure 3, in which a master transceiver 64 is capable of transmitting and receiving
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`data having what the patent identifies as “type A” modulation and “type B”
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`modulation. Ex. 1101 at 5:23-33. Master transceiver 64 can communicate with
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`tribs, e.g., trib 66, each of which communicates with either type A or type B
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`modulation (shown as “type X” in Figure 3), but not both. Id. at 5:34-46. Figure 4
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`shows an exemplary network in which master transceiver 64 can communicate
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
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`with either type A or type B modulation. Trib 66a communicates with type A
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`modulation, while trib 66b communicates with type B modulation. Ex. 1116, ¶52.
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`In the example given in the specification, type A modulation is the primary
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`modulation method, which, as seen in Figure 5, means that the master transceiver
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`64 initially transmits a sequence 104 using type A modulation. Ex. 1101 at 5:57-
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`67. If master transceiver 64 wishes to communicate with trib 66b, it can only do so
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`with type B modulation. To switch from type A modulation to type B modulation,
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`master transceiver 64 transmits a training sequence 106 to type A trib 66a to notify
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`it of an impending modulation scheme change. Id. at 6:3-6. Then, master
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`transceiver 64 sends a new transmission in sequence 108, this time using type B
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`modulation, containing a trib address as well as data intended for that addressed
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`trib. Id. at 6:8-15. Thereafter, master transceiver 64 transmits a trailing sequence
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`using type A modulation, which informs the trib 66a that the type B modulation
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`transmission is complete. The type B trib 66b simply goes back to ignoring type A
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`transmissions after not receiving a poll request in the particular time interval
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`defined for type B transmissions, or after transmission of the particular quantity of
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`data. Id. at 6:19-25. Ex. 1116, ¶53.
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`Similar to the above, master transceiver 64 can communicate with a type A
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`trib, e.g., trib 66a, by transmitting a training sequence with type A modulation that
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`contains an address for a particular trib. The training sequence is followed by data,
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`which is then received by the addressed trib. Master transceiver 64 then transmits
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`a trailing sequence using type A modulation, which indicates the end of a
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`communication session. Ex. 1101 at 6:49-58. Ex. 1116, ¶54.
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`5
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
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`B.
`Effective Filing Date And Prosecution History Of The `580 Patent
`The `580 patent issued from U.S. Application No. 12/543,910. The `910
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`application was a continuation of U.S. Application No. 11/774,803, which issued
`
`as U.S. Patent No. 7,675,965. The `803 application was a continuation of U.S.
`
`Application No. 10/412,878, which issued as U.S. Patent No. 7,248,626. The `878
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`application was a continuation-in-part of U.S. Application No. 09/205,205, which
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`became U.S. Patent 6,614,838. The `580, `965, `626, and `838 patents claim the
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`benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional App. No. 60/067,562, filed Dec. 5,
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`1997. The effective filing date of the challenged claims is December 5, 1997.
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`The `580 patent was filed on August 19, 2008 with 100 claims. Ex. 1109.
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`On September 1, 2010, an Office Action was mailed in which a number of claims
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`were objected to due to an antecedent basis issue but were otherwise deemed
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`allowable, while other claims were rejected under 35 U.S.C. §§ 102(b) & 103(a).
`
`Ex. 1110. Application claim 1, which would issue as claim 1, was one such claim
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`that was deemed allowable but for the antecedent basis issue. Id. at p. 2. On
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`March 1, 2011, Patent Owner filed a response to the Office Action (“3/1/2011
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`Reply”). Ex. 1111. In that response, Patent Owner amended many pending
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`claims, including application claim 1 (issued claim 1), cancelled other claims and
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`added forty-eight claims. Included within the added claims was independent claim
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`123, which would issue as claim 58. Id. at p. 15. On March 10, 2011, Patent
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`Owner refiled the claims in response to a Notice Of Non-Compliant Amendment.
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`Ex. 1112.
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`On May 11, 2011, Patent Owner filed a paper making further amendments to
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`6
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
`
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`pending claims 1 and 95. Ex. 1113. The application was allowed on July 22,
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`2011, although no Statement of Reasons for Allowance was provided. Ex. 1114.
`
`On July 26, 2011, Patent Owner filed an Amendment After Allowance further
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`amending claims that, after entry, issued as claims 40, 49, and 54. Ex. 1115.
`C.
`Person Of Ordinary Skill In The Art
`A person of ordinary skill in the art in the field of the `580 patent would
`
`have had a Master’s Degree in Electrical Engineering that included coursework in
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`communications systems and networking, and at least five years of experience
`
`designing network communication systems. Ex. 1116, ¶57.
`D. How The Challenged Claims Are To Be Construed
`In this proceeding, claims must be given their broadest reasonable
`
`construction in light of the specification. 37 CFR § 42.100(b). In determining the
`
`broadest reasonable construction of a claim term, the Panel should consider subject
`
`matter that Patent Owner contends infringes the claims or meanings for claim
`terms that Patent Owner has proposed in past or in current litigation.2 See, e.g., Ex.
`1107. Also, if Patent Owner contends terms in the claims should be read to have a
`
`special meaning, those contentions should be disregarded unless Patent Owner also
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`amends the claims in a manner compliant with 35 U.S.C. § 112 to make the claims
`
`expressly correspond to the contended meaning. See 77 Fed. Reg. 48764 at II.B.6
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`(August 14, 2012); cf. In re Youman, 679 F.3d 1335, 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
`
`The standard of claim construction used in this proceeding differs from the
`
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`2 In the Litigation, Patent Owner has served Infringement Contentions. Ex. 1107.
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`7
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
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`standard used to interpret claims in a judicial proceeding. Consequently,
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`constructions the Panel adopts in this proceeding and positions Petitioner takes in
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`respect of those constructions are not relevant to or binding upon Petitioner in
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`current or subsequent litigation. See In re Zletz, 13 USPQ2d 1320, 1322 (Fed. Cir.
`
`1989). In particular, Petitioner reserves the right to submit constructions in this
`
`proceeding that differ from those it proposes or adopts in Civil Action No. 2:13-cv-
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`00213, now pending in the Eastern District of Texas.
`
`Petitioner addresses the meaning of certain claim terms in the course of
`
`comparing the claims to the prior art. In addition to those, Petitioner submits the
`
`following terms for construction.
`
`1. “First Modulation Method” (Claims 23, 32, 40, 41, 49) And
`“Second Modulation Method” (Claims 23, 32, 40, 49)
`The broadest reasonable interpretation for the claim term “first modulation
`
`method” in light of the specification and the claim language is “a process of
`
`varying characteristic(s) of a carrier wave that is different from a second
`
`modulation method.” Similarly, the broadest reasonable interpretation for the term
`
`“second modulation method” is “a process of varying characteristic(s) of a carrier
`
`wave that is different from a first modulation method.”
`
`The specification of the `580 patent does not supply an explicit definition for
`
`these terms. However, the broadest reasonable interpretation is easy to determine.
`
`For example, the words “first” and “second” indicate the modulation methods are
`
`different. Indeed, the “Summary” portion of the `580 patent uses these terms in
`
`manner that indicates that they are not the same, stating that “[f]irst information in
`
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`8
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
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`the first portion may indicate which of the first modulation method or the second
`
`modulation method is used for modulating second information in the payload
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`portion.” Ex. 1101, 2:35-38 (emphasis added). Moreover, the patent states that the
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`purported invention allows master transceivers to communicate with modems/tribs
`
`having incompatible modulation methods. See Ex. 1101, 2:55-57, and Figures 3-7.
`
`This demonstrates that the “first” and “second” modulation methods are different.
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`Ex. 1116, ¶58-63.
`
`As for the “modulation methods” portion of the claim phrase, the ordinary
`
`meaning of “modulation” is “[t]he process by which some characteristic of a
`
`carrier is varied in accordance with a modulating wave.” See Ex. 1108, “The IEEE
`Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms,” 6th Ed., 1996, p. 662.
`Petitioner submits that this definition of “modulation” is correct. Ex. 1116, ¶64.
`IV. PRECISE REASONS FOR RELIEF REQUESTED
`A.
`Claims 23, 25, 29, 30, 32, 34, 38, 40-41, 43-44 And 47 Are
`Anticipated By The Draft 802.11 Standard
`1. The Draft 802.11 Standard Is Prior Art
`As discussed in detail in the Declaration of Robert O’Hara, Ex. 1104, the
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`Draft 802.11 Standard was completed on May 20, 1996, and was available to
`
`anyone who wanted to view it on May 23, 1996. See Ex. 1104. ¶¶4-5, 10, 12.
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`Thus, the Draft 802.11 Standard was published as of May 23, 1996, making it prior
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`art under 35 U.S.C. 35 U.S.C. § 102(b).
`
`Given the facts presented in the O’Hara declaration, there can be no doubt
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`that the Draft 802.11 Standard is a “printed publication.” The key inquiry of
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
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`whether a reference constitutes a “printed publication” is whether the reference has
`
`been made “sufficiently accessible to the public interested in the art.” In re
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`Klopfenstein, 380 F.3d 1345, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (quoting In re Cronyn, 890
`
`F.2d 1158, 1160 (Fed. Cir. 1989)). “A reference is publicly accessible upon a
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`satisfactory showing that such document has been disseminated or otherwise made
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`available to the extent that persons interested and ordinarily skilled in the subject
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`matter or art exercising reasonable diligence, can locate it.” Kyocera Wireless
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`Corp. v. ITC, 545 F.3d 1340, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (internal quotations and
`
`citations omitted). Dissemination of a printed reference “without restriction to at
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`least six persons” has been held to be sufficient for purposes of establishing
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`“publication,” when “between 50 and 500 persons interested and of ordinary skill
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`in the subject matter were actually told of the existence of the paper and informed
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`of its contents by [an accompanying] oral presentation.” Mass. Inst. of Tech. v. AB
`
`Fortia, 774 F.2d 1104, 1109 (Fed. Cir. 1985).
`
`Mr. O’Hara was one of the main editors of the Draft IEEE 802.11 Standard,
`
`and was one of its creators. Ex. 1105, p. iii. Ex. 1104, ¶¶1. As Mr. O’Hara
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`declares, the Draft 802.11 Standard was available to all members of the 802.11
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`Working Group’s email list, a list that contained “all or nearly all of the 90
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`individuals listed in the Forward” of the Draft 802.11 Standard. See Ex. 1104, ¶9.
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`Moreover, IEEE records show that 49 individuals attended a July 8-12, 1996
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`meeting of the 802.11 Working Group, where the Draft 802.11 Standard was
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`discussed and distributed on diskettes and available on a wireless LAN in
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`operation. Id. at ¶12. Thus, the Draft 802.11 Standard had been distributed to
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`10
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
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`interested parties no later than July 8, 1996. Because the Draft 802.11 Standard
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`was available to any interested parties, it is a printed publication. Mass. Inst. of
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`Tech, 774 F.2d at 1109. Because the Draft 802.11 Standard was published more
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`than a year prior to the Provisional application from which the `580 patent claims
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`priority, it qualifies as prior art under 35 U.S.C. § 102(b).
`
`2. Overview Of The Draft 802.11 Standard
`The Draft 802.11 Standard is directed to a wireless local area network
`
`having transceivers in an access point and various mobile stations. Ex. 1105,
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`Abstract, p. 1 (“The purpose of this standard is to provide wireless connectivity to
`
`automatic machinery, equipment, or stations that require rapid deployment, which
`
`may be portable or hand-held, or which may be mounted on moving vehicles
`
`within a local area.”). The Draft 802.11 Standard discloses transceivers (access
`
`points and stations) that can communicate at two different data rates. Each data
`
`rate is transmitted using a different type of modulation method: differential binary
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`phase shift keying (“DBPSK”) when operating at one Megabit per second
`
`(“Mbps”) and differential quadrature phase shift keying (“DQPSK”) when
`
`operating at two Mbps. Ex. 1105 at p. 227. See also Ex. 1116, ¶¶66-67.
`
`The format of messages transmitted using equipment compliant with the
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`Draft 802.11 Standard, will now be discussed. Draft 802.11 Standard refers to data
`to be transmitted as an “MSDU.”3 The Draft 802.11 Standard teaches that an
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`3 An “MSDU” is “Information that is delivered as a unit between MAC service
`access points (SAPs).” Ex. 1105, p. 5.
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 8,023,580
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`MSDU is fragmented into smaller “MAC level frames,” known as “MAC Protocol
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`Data Units,” or “MPDUs.” Ex. 1105, p.
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`71-72 & Fig. 37 (“The process of
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`partitioning a MAC service data unit
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`(MSDU) into smaller MAC level
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`frames, MAC protocol data units
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`(MPDUs), is called fragmentation.”).
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`The manner in which an MSDU is
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`fragmented into a succession of MPDUs
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`is shown in Figure 37, and is at the top
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`of the annotated drawing to the right.
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`Ex. 1116, ¶¶68-71.
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`The data fields within each MAC frame/MPDU, which are used to transmit a
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`larger MSDU, are shown in Fig. 12 of the Draft 802.11 Standard. As can be seen,
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`each MPDU comprises several address fields and a frame body. The frame body
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`contains the data that the system is transmitting to the intended recipient. Ex. 1105,
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`p. 42. Finally, the Draft 802.11 Standard teaches that a PLCP Preamble and PLCP
`Header is prepended onto each MPDU to form a PPDU.4 Ex. 1105, p. 226. Figure
`76 from the Draft 802.11 Standard, which shows the PPDU, is reprinted in the
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`annotated figures immediately below the MPDU to show how the PLCP Header is
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`4 PLCP stands for “physical layer convergence protocol.” PPDU stands for
`“physical layer convergence protocol data unit.”
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`prepended to the MPDU. The PLCP Header contains several fields, one of which
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`is the SIGNAL field. As will be discussed, the SIGNAL field carries data
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`indicating which type of modulation method (DBPSK or DQPSK) will be used to
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`transmit the MPDU portion of the PPDU. See Ex. 1105, p. 226-27, 230. Ex. 1116,
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`¶¶72-76.
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`3. The Draft 802.11 Standard Anticipates Or Renders Obvious
`Claims 23, 25 And 30
`Turning to claim 23, the Draft 802.11 Standard discloses a “communications
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`device” including a processor,
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`with the exemplary network
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`from the Draft 802.11 Standard
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`reprinted on the right. The Draft
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`802.11 Standard discloses access
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`points (abbreviated as “AP”) and
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`mobile stations (abbreviated as
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`“STA”), which are “[a]ny device
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`which contains an 802.11
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`conformant [Media Access Control] MAC and PHY interface to the wireless
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`medium.” Ex. 1105, p. 5. The Draft 802.11 Standard teaches that an access point
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`is “[a]ny entity that has station functionality and provides access to the distribution
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`services, via the wireless medium (WM) for associated stations.” Ex. 1105, p. 3
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`(emphasis added). Thus, access points have the same functionality as stations, as
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`well as additional features. It is well-known that “Media Access Control” is
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`implemented in a “processor.” See Ex. 1116, ¶¶77-81.
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`Claim 23 requires “a memory having stored therein executable instructions
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`for execution by the processor.” The Draft 802.11 Standard inherently discloses “a
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`memory” like that recited in claim 23 since any access point or station having
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`MAC would necessarily store instructions for controlling transmissions. See id. at
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`¶¶82-83. Moreover, it would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the
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`art to implement the teachings of the Draft 802.11 Standard with a processor and
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`memory that stores executable instructions that implements the functionality of the
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`Standard. Id. at ¶84.
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`The executable instructions recited in claim 23 “direct transmission of a first
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`data with a first modulation method followed by a second data with a second
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`modulation method.” As discussed, the Draft 802.11 Standard teaches that
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`stations (and hence any access point) transmit messages in a format it refers to as a
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`physical layer convergence protocol
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`(“PLCP”) data unit (“PPDU”).” The format
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`of a PPDU is shown in Figure 76 of the
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`Draft 802.11 Standard, reprinted on the right.
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`Each PPDU comprises, inter alia, a PLCP
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`Header and an MPDU. Each PLCP Header has several fields, one of which is the
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`“SIGNAL” field. Ex. 1105, p. 226. See also Ex. 1116, ¶85-88. The SIGNAL
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`field meets the “first data” limitation of claim 23, while the MPDU meets the
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`“second data” limitation of claim 23. Id. at ¶89.
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`Claim 23 requires that the “first data” be transmitted with “a first modulation
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`method. Initially, it is noted that the Draft 802.11 Standard teaches that the access
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`point can transmit using a first modulation method and a second modulation
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`method since they teach transmitting using DBPSK (a “first modulation method”)
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`and DQPSK (a “second modulation method”). Ex. 1105, p.224 (“The DSSS
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`system uses baseband modulations of differential binary phase shift keying
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`(DBPSK) and differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK) to provide
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`the 1 and 2 Mbit/s data rates, respectively.”) (emphasis added). Moreover, just as
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`required by claim 23, the Draft 802.11 Standard requires that the PLCP Header,
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`which includes the SIGNAL field, is always transmitted using DBPSK. Id. at
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`p. 226 (“The entire PLCP Preamble and Header shall be transmitted using the 1
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`Mbit/s DBPSK modulation described in 15.4.7.”) (emphasis added). Ex. 1116,
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`¶89-92.
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`Claim 23 also requires that the “first data” be “followed by a second data
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`with a second modulation method.” As seen in figure 76 from the Draft 802.11
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`Standard, the MPDU (the “second data”) follows the SIGNAL field (the “first
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`data”). Ex. 1116, ¶93.
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`The Draft 802.11 Standard teaches that the MPDU may be transmitted using
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`either DBPSK or DQPSK, meaning that they disclose claim 23’s requirement that
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`the “second data” be transmitted with “a second modulation method,” since
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`DQPSK is a “second modulation method.” See e.g., Ex. 1105, p. 230 (“The IEEE
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`802.11 SIGNAL field shall indicate the modulation that shall be used to
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`transmit the MPDU. The transmitter and receiver shall initiate the modulation
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`indicated by the IEEE 802.11 SIGNAL field starting with the first symbol (1 bit for
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`DBPSK or 2 bits for DQPSK) of the MPDU.”). Ex. 1116, ¶94.
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`DBPSK is plainly a different “modulation method” than DQPSK. This can
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`be seen in in the figure reprinted here,
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`where the upper waveform shows a
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`how “11000110” is modulated onto a
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`carrier using DBPSK, while the bottom
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`waveform shows how the same data is modulated onto a carrier using DQPSK.
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`See id. at ¶95. These two modulation methods are plainly different from one
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`another since a modem designed to demodulate one transmission would be
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`incapable of demodulating the other. Id. at ¶96. See also Ex. 1105, p. 253 (“Two
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`modulation formats and data rates are specified for the DSSS PHY: a basic access
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`rate and an enhanced access rate. The basic access rate shall be based on 1 Mbit/s
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`DBPSK modulation. . . . The enhanced access rate shall be based on 2 Mbit/s
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`DQPSK.”) (emphasis added).
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`Claim 23 next requires that the “first data comprises an indication of an
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`impending change from