M I C ~~~~J~tll'oMRR E S S ®
`
`1RESEARCH TRIAN~l.f. P.AKK, l~C
`
`~OMPUTER
`CTIONARY
`
`SECOND
`
`EDITION
`
`•
`----------~. ~----------
`THE COMPREHENSIVE
`
`STANDARD FOR
`
`BusiNEss, ScHOOL,
`
`LIBRARY, AND HOME
`
`®
`
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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press ·
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright© 1994 by Microsoft Press
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or
`transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Microsoft Press computer dictionary : the comprehensive standard for
`business, school, library, and home I Microsoft Press.- - 2nd ed.
`p . . em.
`ISBN 1-55615-597-2
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`J. Microsoft Press.
`II. Title: Computer dictionary.
`QA76.15.MS4 1993
`004'. 03- -dc20
`
`93-29868
`CIP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`3456789 MLML 987654
`
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division of Canada
`Publishing Corporation.
`
`Distributed to the book trade outside the United States and Canada by
`Penguin Books Ltd.
`
`Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England
`Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
`Penguin Books N.Z. Ltd., 182-190 Wait·au Road, Auckland 10, New Zealand
`
`British Cataloging-in-Publication Data available.
`
`Project Editor: Casey D. Doyle
`Manuscript Editor: Alice Copp Smith
`Technical Editors: Maty De] ong, Jeff Carey, Dail Magee, Jr., Jim Fuchs, Seth McEvoy
`
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`

`locking
`
`logic analyzet·
`
`ume (storage device, such as a disk) that cannot
`be written to. The volume can be locked either
`physically or through software.
`locking The process of barring use of a file or a
`database record. Locking is used pn networks
`and in other situations In which more than one
`person might try to use the same file or change
`the same database record at the same time. By
`locking the file or record, the system ensures that
`only one person at a time can affect the informa(cid:173)
`tion. Usually, the first person to gain access is the
`one who can make changes. Other users, al(cid:173)
`though they might be able to see the information,
`are barred from doing anything to it until the ma(cid:173)
`terialls unlocked.
`lockout The act of denying access to a given re(cid:173)
`source (file, memory location, I/O port),. usually
`to ensure that only one program at a time uses
`that resource.
`lock up A condition ln which processing appears
`to be completely suspended and in which the
`program in control of the system will accept no
`input. See also crash.
`log A record of transactions or activities that take
`place on a computer system, comparable to a
`ship captain's log; also, an abbreviation for loga(cid:173)
`rithm. See also logarithm.
`logadthm Abbreviated log. In mathematics, the
`power to which a base must be raised to equal a
`given number. For example, given the base 10,
`the logarithm of 16 is 1.2041 because 101.2041
`equals (approximately) 16. Both natural loga(cid:173)
`rithms (to the base e, which is approximately
`2.71828) and common logarithms (to the base 10)
`are used in programming. Languages such as C
`and BASIC include functions for calculating natu(cid:173)
`ral logarithms.
`logic In programming, the assertions, assump(cid:173)
`tions, and operations that define what a given
`program does. Defining the logic of a program is
`often the first step in developing the program's
`source code. See also formal logic.
`logical An adjective describing an operation or
`other computing activity that is based on true and
`false alternatives as opposed to arithmetic calcu(cid:173)
`lation of numeric values. For example, a logical
`
`expression is qne that, when evaluated, has a single
`outcome, either true or false (as in "If A is true and
`B is true, then:C is true"). See also Boolean algebra.
`logical dccisi~n Any decision that can have one
`of two outcoties (tme/false, yes/no, and so on).
`logical device A device named by the logic of a
`~oftware system, regardless of its physical rela(cid:173)
`tionship to the system. For example, a single
`floppy disk drive can simultaneously be, to the
`MS-DOS operating system, both logical drive A
`and drive B.
`logical drive See logical device.
`logical error See logic error.
`logical expression See Boolean expression.
`logical file A file as seen from a conceptual stand-
`point, without reference to and as distinct from
`its physical realization in memory or storage. For
`example, a logical file might consist of a contigu(cid:173)
`ous series of records, whereas the file might be
`physically stored in small pieces scattered over
`the surface of a disk or even on several disks .. A ·
`logical file might also consist of some subset of
`columns (fields) and rows (records) extracted
`from a database.· In this case, the logical file (or
`view) is only that information required by a par(cid:173)
`ticular application program or user.
`logical operator An operator that manipulates
`binary values at the bit level. In some program(cid:173)
`ming languages, logical operators are identical to
`Boolean operators, which manipulate true and
`false values. See also Boolean operator, mask.
`logical record Any unit of information that can
`be handled by an application program. A logical
`record can be a collection of distinct fields or col(cid:173)
`umns from a database flle or a single line in a text
`file. To conserve space on a .disk, many logical
`records may be stored together in a single physi(cid:173)
`cal block or cluster, usually with no physical indi(cid:173)
`cation as to where one record ends and another
`begins. See also logical file.
`logical schema See conceptual schema.
`logic analyzer A hardware device that facllitates
`sophisticated low-level debugging of programs.
`Typical features include the ability to mo11itor
`bus signals during execution, to halt execution
`when a given memory location is read or written
`
`243
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