`
`Vehicular Electric
`Power Systems
`
`Land, Sea, Air,
`and Space Vehicles
`
`Ali Emadi
`llllnois lnm'mte of Technology
`Chicago. Illinois, USA.
`
`Mehrdad Ehsani
`Texas A &M Universiry
`College Station, Texas. USA.
`
`John M. Miller
`J-NJ Miller Design Services, PLC.
`Cedar, Michigan, USA.
`
`MARCEL
`
`fl MARCH. DEM-(ER, INC.
`
`EEEEEE
`
`I
`
`NEW YORK - BASE].
`
`
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`
`Page 1
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`Page 1
`
`

`

`
`
`Although great care has been taken to provide accurate and current information, neither the
`author(s) nor the publisher. nor anyone else associated with this publication. shall be liable
`for any loss, damage. or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this
`book. The material contained heretn is not intended to prm'lde specific advrce or recom-
`mendations for any speCific situation
`
`Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks
`and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
`
`Library of Congress Catalaging-in-Publication Data
`A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
`ISBN: 0—8247-4751-8
`
`This book is printed on acid-free paper
`
`Headquarters
`Marcel Dekker, Inc, 270 Madison Avenue, New York‘ NY 100l6, L' S A.
`tel: 2]2;§96-9000: fax: 212-685—4540
`Distribution and Customer Sen’iee
`Marcel Dekker, inc, Cimarron Road, Monticello. New York 1270l. USA.
`tel: 800-228-1160. fax: 845-796—1772
`
`Eastern Hemisphere Distribution
`Marcel Dekker AG, Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812. (SH-400! Baseli Swrt/erland
`tel: 41-61-260-6300; fax: 41431-260633}
`
`World Wide Web
`him nonwdekkerrcom
`
`The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more infor-
`niaiion, write to Special Sales/Professmnal Marketing at the headquarters address above
`
`Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
`
`Neither this book not any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by an}
`means) electronic or mechanical. including photocopying. microfilming, and recording. or
`by any information storage and retrieval system without permiSSion in writing from the
`publisher,
`
`Current printing (last digit):
`
`l098765432l
`
`PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`
`Page 2
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`Page 2
`
`

`

`
`
`Contents
`
`Pry/nee
`
`
`
`[nn-oductlon LB. Electrical Power Systems...
`.....
`
`1.]
`Fundamentals of Electric Circuits .......... .
`
`Control Systems .........................................................
`l 2
`Electrical Systems...... ..
`1.3
`
`1.4
`References.
`
`
`
`
`Fundamentals ol‘Power Electronics
`2.1
`AC‘DC Rectifiers......
`2.2
`DC DC Converters... .....
`2.3
`DC AC Inverters...
`2.4
`Selected Readings.
`
`
`
`
`
`..
`
`..
`
`
`
`..................
`
`..
`.
`Electric Machines ..
`3.]
`FIectm-mechanlcal Power Transfer Systems. .
`l2
`Fundamentals of Electromagnehsm.........
`3.3
`DC Machines ......
`
`1.4
`Induction Machines...
`.
`Synchronous Machines ..............
`3.5
`3.6
`Selected Readings................
`.
`.........
`
`
`
`1
`
`2
`
`3
`
`4
`
`.
`AlllUIUOtlYC Power Systems.
`4.]
`Com Cnttonal 14V Electrical System Architecture
`4 2
`Advanced Electrical Loads
`4.3
`lncreastng ths Systsm Voltage to 42V.
`
`.
`
`.....
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.........
`
`v11
`
`l
`l
`8
`11
`13
`
`15
`10
`25
`39
`47
`
`49
`49
`53
`55
`59
`63
`65
`
`67
`7‘0
`72
`73
`
`'xi
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`
`Page 3
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`Page 3
`
`

`

` .
`
`Contents
`
`4.4
`4 5
`4 6
`4.7
`4.8
`
`4.9
`
`Advanced Distribution Systems ..................................................
`77
`Starter. Alternator. and Integrated Starteri’Alternator.._
`78
`
`Automobile Steering Systems ................... . .................
`. 120
`Semiconductors for Automotive Applications .............................. 132
`Automotive Communication Networks and Wireless
`Techniques ..........
`
`References ,,,,,,,,,,,
`
`Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles ...................
`
`Principles of Hybrid Electric Drivetrains....
`5.1
`
`Architectures of Hybrid Electric Drivetrain. .
`5.2
`Electrical Distribution System Architectures.
`.
`5.3
`
`5.4 More Electric Hybrid Vehicles ............................... . ............. 197
`5.5
`Hybrid Control Strategies . .......................... 198
`5.6
`Hybridization Effects ............
`206
`
`5.7
`42V System for Traction Applications .......
`. 208
`5.8
`Heaiy Duty Vehicles
`.............
`. 21]
`
`5.9
`Electric Dragsters
`219
`5 10 Modeling and Simulation ot Automotive Poiier Systems
`224
`5.11 Reterences ......................................................................
`229
`
`Aircraft Power Svstems
`6.1
`Comentional Electrical Systems...
`6.2
`Power Generation Systems
`.. 235.
`6.}
`Aircraft Electrical Distribution Systems ........
`
`.. 237
`6.4
`Stability Aiialysis......
`..
`23S
`6.5
`References .......... . ........
`
`..
`
`xii
`
`Ui
`
`\J
`
`
`Space Power Systems .......................
`
`7.1
`Introduction ..........
`12
`international Space Station ................. . .....
`7.3
`SpaCecraft Power Systems ............................
`74 Modeling and Analysis ...............................................
`7.5
`Real-Time State Esti matron .
`7.6
`Stability Assessment
`..........................................................
`7 7
`References. ..
`.
`.............................................................
`
`..
`
`
`
`..
`
`.
`
`Sea and Undersea Vehicles .................................................................. 295.
`8.1
`Power System Configurations in Sea and Lndersea \-ehicles
`295
`8 2
`Power Electronics Budding Blocks (PEBBS)
`8.3
`Controller Architecture for Power Electronic Circuits
`8.4
`Power Management Center (PMC) .............................
`8.5.
`Electrical Distribution System iii Sea and Undersea Vehicles.
`8.6
`Advanced Electrical Loads in Sea and Undersea Vehicles ......
`
`
`
`_
`304
`.. 307-
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`
`Page 4
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`Page 4
`
`

`

`
`
`Contents
`
`xiii
`
`8.7
`81’
`
`Advanced Electric Drive-5111 Sea and Undersea Vehicles.
`References..............................
`. ..
`
`9
`
`l-uel Cell Based \ ehicles .............................................
`9.1
`Structures Operations. and Propernes of Fiiel Cell.
`9.2
`Important Properties 01 Fuel Ce11s tor V eliic1e5
`9.}
`light— Dun \-'e111L'1e5..
`..
`0-1 Hean- Duty \eliicles..
`
`‘1 5
`Current Status and Futuie Trends in Fue1 C1311 ‘\entries.
`9.6
`Aerospace Applications
`........
`9,7
`Other Applications ot'Fuel Cells .
`9 8
`Conclusmn ...................................
`9 0
`References ......
`
`
`
`
`DC
`
`Storage Dexices.
`
`It) Electncal Modeling TLcliiiiques for Energy
`10 1 Battery Modeling .........................
`
`111.3 Modeling ofFuel Ce115
`111.3 Modeling ofPhotmoltaiC(P\'1(3:115..........................
`111-1 Modeling ot'1'ltracapac1tm's
`......
`10.5 C‘onciu‘sion. ...............
`........
`111.6 References ...............................
`..
`
`.
`. .......
`
`..
`
`......
`
`_
`
`1] Advanced Motor Drives for \‘ehienlar Applications....
`11.1 Brushless DC Motor DriVe5. . ...
`.
`
`11.2 Su'itched Reluctance Motor Drives .
`
`11 3 References.
`.........
`
`
`
`13 Multi-Com erter Vehicular Dynamics and Control
`12.1
`:\'1u1t1—Converter Vehicular P011 e1 Eleetrmiie Systems.
`
`12.3 Constant Pmi e1 1. oads and Then Characteristics
`..
`12.3 Concept ochgdtn'E ImpedanLe iiistabilit\..
`12.4
`\eaaine Impedance Instabilm in the Single 1‘“ .\'1 11C 111
`ComertelS ...............
`Stnht lit} 0117“ \1 DC DC. ComertLrs Dri\1l]L Sk\'€1’flll[1d1|\......
`Stability Condition in 121. DC \ Lhitular Distribution S}5ten1.. .
`Negalne lriipednnce 51211111121111: ( 11111101 for P\\'.\'1 DC DC
`Cmn'enei‘s 111th C'onslaiit P0“ er and Resmne 1.11utls.....
`.
`('otiL‘lLisuiii ..
`..
`12 8
`12.9 Ret‘erences.........
`
`
`1‘)11.)In it)11
`
`J—L-«L-'u[wmCf,
`
`13 Etfectb 01 Constant Power Loads 111 AC \ ehieular §x 11131115
`13.1 \ehieul or AC Distribution Systems....
`.
`..
`..
`13.3 Modeling of'AC‘ Constant Ponet Loads
`
`1
`3 Negative Impedance Instability Conditions .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`465
`
`401‘s
`. 476
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`
`Page 5
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`Page 5
`
`

`

`
`I______
`
`xW
`
`1314
`
`13.5
`1376
`
`Contents
`
`Hybnd (DC and AC) Vehicular Systems xx 1th Constant Power
`
`
`490
`r,
`(‘mlcluswn
`References ....... , ......................................................... 491
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`
`Page 6
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`Page 6
`
`

`

`Index
`
`A
`
`AC/DC rectifiers, 16—24
`single-phase, full-wave, controlled
`rectifiers, 22
`single—phase, full-wave,
`uncontrolled rectifiers, 20
`single-phase, half—wave, controlled
`rectifiers, 18
`single—phase, half—wave,
`uncontrolled rectifiers, 16
`Aerospace
`modeling, 257—272
`power generation, 234
`stability, 237, 282-289
`state estimation, 272—282
`Alternator, 78, 84
`Automotive
`
`communication networks, 138-183
`distribution system, 70
`semiconductors, 132—138
`steering systems, 120-131
`wireless techniques, 138
`
`B
`
`Back-up power supply, 373
`
`Battery, 386
`ideal model, 386
`linear model, 387
`Thevenin model, 387
`Bluetooth, 164-182
`Brushless DC motor drive
`
`analysis, 404
`control, 404
`interior-mounted, 400
`machine structure, 399
`sensorless techniques, 407
`sinusoidal shape backuEMF, 404
`surface-mounted, 399
`trapezoidal shape back-EMF, 401
`
`C
`
`Centralized digital controller, 300
`Cogenerarion, 365
`Constant power loads, 428
`Control strategies, 198
`Control systems, 8
`Controller area network, 140145
`CAN error detection, 142
`CAN message arbitration, I4}
`CAN message format, 141 ‘
`time triggered CAN, 145
`
`493
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`
`Page 7
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`Page 7
`
`

`

`494
`
`Cost analysis, 1 12
`Cycle—converter, 320
`
`D
`
`DC/AC inverters, 39-47, 266
`current source, 315
`load commutated, 3 1 8
`pulse-width modulated inverters,
`43, 319
`square—wave, fullvbridge inverters,
`4 1
`
`voltage source, 315
`DCfDC converters, 25-38
`Boost converter, 30, 264
`Buck converter, 26, 261
`Buck-Boost converter, 34, 265
`DC electrical power systems, 13
`DC machines, 55
`compound, 59
`separately excited, 55
`series, 57
`shunt, 56
`slotless armature, 3l1
`Digital systems, 7
`Distributed digital controller, 30]
`Distribution systems
`AC vehicular systems, 465
`advanced automotive systems, 77
`aircraft, 2359.37
`automotive, 70
`hybrid, 483
`hybrid electric vehicles, 195
`sea and undersea vehicles, 304
`zonal, 305-307
`
`E
`
`Earth orbiting system, 253
`Electric circuits, 1
`RC circuit, 3
`RL circuit, 3
`RLC circuit, 3
`Electric dragsters, 219-224
`Electric machines, 49-65
`
`index
`
`Electric vehicles, 189
`Electrical loads
`
`advanced aircraft loads, 232
`advanced automotive loads, 72
`aircrafl, 232
`automotive, 72
`sea and undersea, 307
`Electrical power systems, 1, 11—13
`14V electrical system, 70
`42V electrical system, 73
`42V electricai system for traction,
`208-21 1
`
`AC zonal electrical systems, 305
`aircraft, 231-238
`automotive, 67
`DC zonal electrical systems, 306
`integrated, 296
`sea and undersea vehicles, 295-309
`segregated, 295
`space, 24l—251
`spacecraft, 251—257
`Electromagnetisrn, 53
`Electromechanical systems, 49
`
`F
`
`Feedback control, 9
`First harmonic approximation, 485
`Flywheel, 249
`Fourier series, 7
`Frequency domain analysis, 10
`Fuel cell, 335
`aerospace applications, 362
`alkaline, 343—345
`direct methanol, 342
`distributed generation, 365
`electrical characteristics, 352
`heavy—duty vehicles, 356
`light—duty vehicles, 353
`modeling, 388
`molten carbonate, 340-341
`operation, 335
`phosphoric acid, 337-338
`portable applications, 369
`power processing system, 346
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`
`Page 8
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`Page 8
`
`

`

`Index
`
`495
`
`properties, 335
`proton exchange membrane, 33 8-
`340
`
`solid-oxide, 34l~342
`structures, 335
`telecommunication appiications,
`376
`
`utility applications, 364-369
`zine air, 345
`
`Kirchhoff’s law, 1
`
`K
`
`L
`
`Laplace transform, 4
`Lightly hybridized vehicles, 209-211
`Local interconnect network, 161
`
`G
`
`M
`
`Gauss-Seidel load flow, 12
`Generaiized state space averaging,
`259
`
`H
`
`Heavy-duty vehicles
`conventional, 212
`fuel cell, 216, 356
`hybrid electric, 214
`Honda insight, 204
`Hybrid control strategies
`charge depleting, 201~202
`charge sustaining, 200, 202
`parallel, 200-202
`practical models, 204-206
`series, 202-204
`Hybrid electric vehicles, 189
`drivetrain architectures, 194
`drivetrain principles, 190—194
`electrical distribution systems, 195
`more electric hybrid vehicles, 197
`Hybridization, 206~208
`
`I
`
`IEEE 1394 protocol, 153-156
`Induction machines, 59, 91, 99
`Integrated power modules, 136
`integrated starter/alternator, 87—90
`coupling configurations, 115—119
`direct coupling, 117
`offset coupling, 115
`International space station, 242
`
`Matrix converter, 321-325
`Media oriented systems transport,
`156
`
`Modeling
`AC constant power loads, 468
`aerospace pOWer systems, 257—272
`automotive power systems, 224-
`229
`
`energy storage devices, 385-397
`multi—convener, 275
`Motor drives
`
`adjustable speed, 314
`current source, 315
`cyclo-converters, 320
`DC, 331
`drives in sea and undersea vehicles,
`309
`
`multi~level, 325
`variable frequency, 315
`voltage source, 315
`Matti—converter systems, 260, 269
`Multivlevel inverter, 325-331
`cascaded single~phase H—bridge,
`327
`
`diode clamped, 325
`flying capacitor, 326
`hybrid H—bridge, 328
`modulation technique, 330
`
`N
`
`Negative impedance instability, 430,
`435, 453, 476
`
`j.
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`
`Page 9
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`Page 9
`
`

`

`496
`
`Index
`
`Ohm’s law, I
`
`P
`
`Permanent magnet machines, 91-95,
`100, 312
`interior-mounted, 400
`surface-amounted, 399
`Per-unit quantity, i l
`Phasors, 6
`Photovoltaic (PV) cells, 390
`Power electronics, 15-47, 132, 367
`power electronics building blocks,
`298-300
`
`Power management center, 303
`Power network models, 1]
`Power steering, 123-126
`electric power steering, 126-127
`
`R
`
`Routh—Hurwitz criterion, 10
`Russian ISS segment, 248
`
`S
`
`SAE J1850,150—153
`Satellite, 254
`Sea vehicles, 295
`Semiconductor device technology,
`134-136
`
`Sensorless operation, 407
`Signal-flow graphs, 8
`Sinusoidal excitation, 6
`Sliding-mode control, 440
`Spacecraft, 25}
`‘
`Stability analysis, 10, 237, 282-289,
`444, 456
`Stabilizing controller, 440
`Starter, 78, 81
`State estimation, 272-282
`State space averaging, 259, 440, 484
`State space description, 1 l
`Steer-by—wire, 127-132
`
`Storage systems
`battery, 386
`energy storage devices, 385-397
`low-voltage, 21 1
`ultracapacitor, 393
`Super conducting, 312
`Switched reluctance machines, 95-99,
`107, 413
`basic operation, 413
`control techniques, 417
`pOWer electronic driver, 419
`torque-speed characteristics, 4} 7
`Synchronous machines, 63
`
`T
`
`TERRA spacecraft, 253
`Time domain analysis, 10
`Torque~speed characteristics, 61, 64
`Toyota Prius, 204
`
`U
`
`Ultracapacitors, 393-397
`battery/ultracapacitor, 394
`double layer model, 393
`Undersea vehicles, 295
`US 138 segment, 248
`
`V
`
`Vehicles
`
`air, 231
`dynamics and control, 425-462
`fuel cell, 353—356
`land, 67, 189
`sea, 295
`space, 241
`undersea, 295
`
`“I
`
`Weighted least squares, 279
`
`X
`
`X-by—wire, 159
`
`
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`
`Page 10
`
`UUSI Exhibit 2006
`Page 10
`
`