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`Technologies for the Information Superhighway
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`March 5 —— 9a 1995
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`San Francisco? California
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`IEEE Computer Society Press
`Los Alamitos, California
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`l i
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`. CE
`
`IEEE Computer Society Press
`10662 Los Vaqueros Circle
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`
`Los Alamitos, CA 90720-1264
`
`Copyright © 1995 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
`All rights reserved.
`
`“l"‘ré' .
`
`Copyright and Reprint Permissions: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries may
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`
`The papers in this book comprise the proceedings of the meeting mentioned on the cover and title page. They
`reflect the authors’ opinions and, in the interests of timely dissemination, are published as presented and
`without change. Their inclusion in this publication does not necessarily constitute endorsement by the
`editors, the IEEE Computer Society Press, or the Institute ofElectrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
`
`
`
`2:3. i r; 2: Sum to e t
`ii? iii
`(#181866470294)
`0m7803m2657‘rl
`tt-~78.03*26586}(
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`9 33 (I ll .7)
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`

`

`Contents
`
`General Chair’s Message ....................................................................................................................... xi
`Program Chair’s Message .................................................................................................................... xiii
`Steering and Program Committees ...................................................................................................... xiv
`
`TRACK I
`
`World Wide Web Topics
`W.W. Wilcke — HAL Computer Systems
`
`5415-9“;PR.
`
`Using the World Wide Web to Provide Platform Independent Interface to
`High Performance Computing ................................................................................................................. 3
`D.W. Robertson and WE. Johnston
`
`World Wide Web Network Traffic Patterns ............................................................................................. 8
`
`J. Sedayao
`
`' A Powerful Wide-Area Information Client ............................................................................................ 13
`T.W. Yan and J. Annevelink
`
`Electronic Commerce on the Internet
`
`D. Gifford — Open Market Inc. and Massachusetts Institute of Technology
`
`Netbill: An Internet Commerce System Optimized for Network Delivered Services .............................. 20
`M. Sirbu and JD. Tygar
`
`Payment Switches for Open Networks ................................................................................................... 26
`BK. Gifiord, L. C. Stewart, A. C. Payne, and GW Treese
`
`Requirements for Network Payment: The NetChequeTM Perspective ..................................................... 32
`B. C. Neuman and G. Medvinsky
`
`Business on Networks
`
`F. Strange — Lawrence Livermore National Lab and FSTC
`
`CommerceNet: Spontaneous Electronic Commerce on the Internet
`J.M. Tenenbaum, C. Medich, A.M. Schifiman, and WT. Wong
`
`TRACK II
`
`Is it Time to Pay Attention? Information Trials in the Bay Area
`W.J. Lennon — Lawrence Livermore National Lab
`
`Two Wavelength Division Multiplexing WAN Trials ............................................................................ 46
`W]. Lennon and KL. Thombley
`
`Wavelength Division Multiplexing in Local Area Networks .................................................................. 52
`, L. Kazovsky
`
`Distance Learning Technologies
`T. Wilkins —-— Hewlett Packard Laboratories
`
`Distance Learning Technology on the Desk Top .................................................................................... 54
`P. Portway
`
`Strategic Planning: Providing Interaction Through Mixed Media in University Distance
`Learning Programs ................................................................................................................................ 55
`C. Lane
`
`V
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`IEEE 1394: A Ubiquitous Bus
`
`Gary Hoffman and Daniel Moore
`
`Skipstone, Inc., sstone@skipstone.com
`
`Abstract
`
`desired—consider the following parameters of multimedia
`devices:
`
`to
`The IEEE 1394 high-speed serial bus promises
`revolutionize the transport of digital data for computers
`andfor professional and consumer electronics products. By
`providing an inexpensive non-proprietary high-speed
`method of interconnecting digital devices, IEEE 1394 is a
`truly universal [/0 connection. Its scalable architecture
`and flexible peer-to—peer topology make 1394 ideal for
`connecting devices from computers and hard drives,
`to
`digital audio and video hardware. Isochronous, just in time
`delivery, allows low~c0st implementations of time—critical
`multimedia interfaces. This paper examines this IEEE 1394
`bus and provides a glimpse into its future potential.
`
`“i: Why another interface?
`
`Have you looked behind your computer lately? At first it
`was simple—a parallel port to connect a printer, a serial
`port to connect a modem, and cables for a display, a
`keyboard, and possibly a mouse. SCSI added access to
`external storage devices, a large cable connector, manually
`set SCSI ID’s, and the dreaded terminator. Multimedia
`added audio and MIDI connectors. Video added a cable for
`
`image capture from a video camera or recorder. Besides
`requiring a great deal of space for the connectors,
`the
`growing number of cables overwhelms many users.
`Legacy I/O interfaces monopolize portable electronics
`surface space though they are typically only used at a home
`desk. Notebook computer and Personal Digital Assistants
`are defined by their connector bulkhead.
`A new interface is needed by the analog world migrating
`to a fully digital environment. Audio began the transition
`with the compact disc and digital audio tape. Yet, when
`data is
`transferred between media,
`the data is
`first
`converted to analog by the sender and then again digitized
`by the receiver. Broadcast and cable television are
`migrating to digital
`transport. CCD Video cameras are
`already digital devices.
`Digital devices generate a large volumes of data,
`especially when high-resolution,
`quality results
`are
`
`TABLE 1. Multimedia Bandwidth Requirements
`
`High Quality
`Video
`
`(30 frames / second) (640 x
`480 pels) (24-bit color / pel)
`
`Banawmm
`
`221 Mbps
`
`"
`
`
`
`(15 frames / second) (320 x
`' Reduced Quality
`
`240 pels) (16-bit color / pel)
`
`‘ High Quality
`(44,100 audio samples / sec)
`Audio
`(16—bit audio samples) (2
`
`audio channels for stereo)
`
`Reduced Quality
`Audio
`
`(11,050 audio samples / sec)
`(8-bit audio samples) (1
`audio channel for monaural)
`
`
`l. megabits per second
`
`To accommodate this magnitude of data, a high-speed
`transport medium, such as IEEE 1394 is needed.
`
`2:
`
`IEEE 1394 high-speed serial bus
`
`IEEE 1394 is a hardware and software standard for
`
`transporting data at 100, 200, or 400 megabits per second
`(Mbps). 100 Mbps chips were available in 4Q94, with 200
`Mbps chips expected in late 1995. Market demand may
`drive availability of 400Mbps chips in late 1996.
`The IEEE 1394 serial bus
`satisfies
`all of
`
`these
`
`previously mentioned needs and more. It is:
`0
`a digital interface—there is no need to convert digital
`data into analog and tolerate a loss of data integrity,
`0 physically small—the thin serial cable can replace
`larger and more expensive interfaces,
`easy to use—there is no need for terminators, device
`IDs, or elaborate setup,
`0 hot pluggable—users can add or remove 1394 devices
`with the bus active,
`
`0
`
`0
`
`inexpensive—priced for consumer products,
`
`1063-6390/95 $4.00 © 1995 IEEE
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`o
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`0
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`scalable architecture—«may mix 100, 200, and 400
`Mbps devices on a bus,
`flexible topology—support of daisy chaining and
`branching for true peer-to-peer communication,
`fast—even multimedia data can be guaranteed its band-
`width for just-in-time delivery, and
`- non-proprietary—there is no licensing problem adopt-
`ing it for your products.
`
`Broad markets for 1394 digital data transport include:
`computers,
`audio, image, and video products for multimedia,
`printer and scanner products for imaging,
`hard disks, especially hard disk Raid arrays, and
`0 digital video camera, displays, and recorders.
`
`A simple 1394 video conference system is assembled
`from two 15fps audio/video channels and will consume
`about one-third of 100Mbps 1394 interface. Ten 15fps
`audio/video channels may be carried on a 400 Mbps 1394
`interface.
`
`3: The 1394 cable
`
`A 1394 cable contains two power conductors, and two
`twisted pairs for data signalling. Each signal pair
`is
`shielded and the entire cable is shielded.
`
`1394 Cable
`Signal PairA
`Cross Section
`
`Power Pair
`Shields
`
`' nai Pair B
`
`
`Cable power is specified to be from 8Vdc to 40Vdc at
`up to 1.5 amps and is used to:
`- maintain a device’s physical layer continuity when the
`device is powered down or malfunctiOned—very
`important for a serial topology, and
`0 provide poWer for devices connected to the bus.
`
`IEEE 1394 provides data transport and power—a great
`convenience for the users.
`IEEE 1394 cable connectors are constructed with the
`electrical contacts inside the structure of the connector.
`
`
`
`Thus preventing any shock to the user or contamination to
`the contacts by the user’s hands.
`
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`These connectors
`
`are derived from the Nintendo
`
`GameBoyTM connector. Field tested by children of all ages,
`this small and flexible connector is very durable. These
`connectors are easy to use even when the user must blindly
`insert
`them into the back of machines. There are no
`
`terminators required, or manual IDs to be set.
`As 1394 evolves, new cable designs will allow longer
`distances without repeaters and with more bandwidth.
`
`4: Topology
`
`4.1;
`
`lEEE 1394 Cable
`
`IEEE 1394 devices are designed to have multiple
`connectors, allowing daisy-chain and tree topologies.
`Consider the following layout of two separate work areas
`connected with a 1394 bridge.
`
`
`Printer
`#1
`
`
`
`(1394 Cable
`
`
`1394
`
`Splitter
`
`1 394
`Repeater
`
`
`
`
`#2
`Recorder Computer
`
`
`Digital \fideo
`
`Digital Video
`Camera
`
`Work area #1 has a video camera, computer, and video
`recorder interconnected with IEEE 1394. This computer is
`also connected to a physically distant printer via a 1394
`repeater; the repeater extends the inter-device distance by
`redriving the 1394 signals. Up to sixteen hops may be
`made between any two devices on a 1394 bus. A 1394
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`splitter is used between the bridge and the printer to
`provide another port to attach a 1394 bus bridge. Splitters
`provide more topology flexibility for users.
`Work area #2 contains only a computer and printer on a
`1394 bus segment, plus a connection to the bus bridge. The
`1394 bus bridge isolates data traffic within each work area.
`Computer #1 uses much of a 100Mbps 1394 cable
`bandwidth when working with video images. Computer #2
`will have complete use of its bus segment bandwidth
`without regard to the video data on the work area #1 bus
`segment.
`IEEE 1394 bus bridges allow selected data to be passed
`from one bus segment to another. Therefore computer #2
`can request image data from the video recorder in work
`area #1. Since the 1394 cable is powered,
`the PHY
`signalling interface is always powered, and video data is
`transported even if the computer #1 is powered off.
`Each IEEE 1394 bus segment may have up to 63 devices
`attached to it. Currently each device may be up to 4.5
`meters apart;
`longer distances are possible with and
`without repeater hardware. Improvements to the current
`cabling are being specified to allow longer distance cables.
`Over 1000 bus segments may be connected by bridges thus
`providing a large growth potential.
`'
`A 1394 device may be hot—plugged—added to or
`removed from the bus—even with the bus in full operation.
`Upon altering the bus configuration, topology changes are
`automatically recognized. This “plug and play” feature
`eliminates the need for address switches or other user
`intervention to reconfigure the bus.
`There are two types of IEEE 1394 data transfer:
`asynchronous and isochronous. Asynchronous transport is
`the traditional method of
`transmitting data between
`computers and peripherals. Data is sent in one direction
`followed by acknowledgment to the requestor.
`Isochronous data channels provide guaranteed data
`transport at a pre-determined rate. This is especially
`important for time-critical multimedia data where just-in-
`time delivery eliminates the need for costly buffering.
`
`4.2:
`
`IEEE 1394 Backplane
`
`In addition to a cable specification, there is a backplane
`specification that extends the serial bus internally to a
`device. The internal 1394 bus may be used alone, or
`incorporated into another backplane bus. For example, two
`pins are reserved for a serial bus by various ANSI and
`IEEE bus standards.
`Implementation of the backplane
`specification
`lags
`the
`development
`of
`the
`cable
`environment, but one could imagine internal 1394 hard
`disks in one computer being directly accessed by a another
`1394 connected computer.
`i
`
`
`
`5: A Video Application
`
`Consider the example of a digital video camera sending
`data to a digital monitor and to a computer; which in turn
`are connected to a digital VCR and a printer.
`Since the video data is digital, each 1394 device can
`process the video without the expense and image quality
`loss from digitization. There is no need for a Video capture
`card or any analog—to-digital video conversion within the
`computer—~the entire data path is digital. The monitor,
`computer, and VCR accepts the digital data and displays or
`store the data as is appropriate. Given the large amount of
`data involved, the computer might only retain a specific
`still
`image or short video clip. A video frame could
`simultaneously be sent to the printer for a hard copy.
`
`
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`
`
`«—1394 Cable
`
`
`
`A 1394 printer may be radically different from those
`currently on the market. Given the great increase in speed
`for sending data from the computer to the printer, a 1394
`printer could be less complex and less expensive than
`printers on slower interfaces.
`
`6: Protocol
`
`6.1: Layers
`
`IEEE 1394 involves‘the low three ISO protocol layers:
`the Physical Layer, the Link Layer, and the Transaction
`Layer, plus a Serial Bus Management process that connects
`to all three layers. The Physical Layer connects to the 1394
`connector and the other layers connect to the application.
`The Physical Layer provides
`the
`electrical
`and
`mechanical connection between the 1394 device and the
`1394 cable. Besides the actual data transmission and
`reception tasks, the Physical Layer provides arbitration to
`insure all devices have fair access to the bus.
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`
`
`
`
`SerialBusManagement
`
`
`
`JBusConfigurationMap
`
`Application
`
`Transaction Layer
`lread Command
`(write Command
`llock Command
`
`Link Layer
`llPacket Transmitter lecle Control
`IPacket Receiver
`
`Physical Layer
`lArbitration
`lData Resync
`JEncode/Decode.
`lConnection State
`(Connectors/Media JSignaI Levels
`
`1394 Physical Interface
`
`
`
`
`
`The Link Layer provides data packet delivery service for
`the two types of packet delivery: asynchronous and
`isochronous. As mentioned before, asynchronous is the
`conventional
`transmit—acknowledgment
`protocol
`and
`isochronous is a real-time guaranteed~bandwidth protocol
`for just-in-time delivery of information.
`the asynchronous
`The Transaction Layer
`supports
`protocol write, read, and lock commands. A write sends
`data from the originator to the receiver and a read returns
`the data to the originator. Lock combines the function of the
`write and read commands by producing a round trip
`routing of data between sender and receiver including
`processing by the receiver.
`Serial Bus Management provides overall configuration
`control of the serial bus
`in the form of optimizing
`arbitration timing, guarantee of adequate electrical power
`for all devices on the bus, assignment of which 1394 device
`is the cycle master, assignment of isochronous channel ID,
`and basic notification of errors. Bus management is built
`upon IEEE 1212 standard register architecture.
`
`6.2: Operation
`
`To transmit data, a 1394 device first requests control of
`the physical
`layer. With asynchronous
`transport,
`the
`address of both the sender and the receiver is transmitted
`
`followed by the actual packet data. Once the receiver
`accepts the packet, a packet acknowledgment is returned to
`the original sender. To improve throughput, the sender may
`continue transmission until 64 transactions are outstanding.
`If a negative acknowledgment should be returned, error
`recovery is initiated.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`requests an
`the sender
`With isochronous transport,
`bandwidth.
`a
`specific
`isochronous
`channel with
`Isochronous channel IDs are transmitted followed by the
`packet data. The receiver monitors the incoming data’s
`channel ID and accepts only data with the‘specified ID.
`User applications are responsible for determining how
`many isochronous channels are needed and their required
`bandwidth. Although up to 64 isochronous channels may
`be defined, this diagram shows 2 channels.
`
`4—— Packet Frame = 125 micro-seconds-—-—-—-—-——>
`
`Time Slot
`
`Isochronous
`Channel #1
`
`Isochronous Time Slot Avalable for
`Channel #2 Asychronous Transport
`Time Slot
`
`Timing Indicator
`
`The bus is configured to send a start of frame timing
`indicator in the form of a timing gap. This is followed by
`the time slots for isochronous channels #1 and #2. What
`
`time remains may be used for any pending asynchronous
`transmission. Since the slots for each of the isochronous
`
`channels have been established, the bus can guarantee their
`bandwidth and thus their successful delivery.
`
`7: Productization
`
`7.1:
`
`Interoperability
`
`IEEE 1394 is a standard, platform—independent solution.
`Its features represent an evolutionary improvement over
`current I/O interfaces and provides connectivity solutions
`for many markets. Legacy I/O bridges attach serial and
`parallel
`interfaces to 1394. ASCII SCSI-3 provides a
`migration path for parallel SCSI to move to IEEE 1394.
`IEEE 1394 can interface with the higher layers of the
`new parallel port standard, IEEE 1284. Although IEEE
`1284s 4 to 32 Mbps transfer rate is lower than that of 1394,
`1284 finds application in printer connectivity since it is
`backward compatible with the existing Centronics parallel
`port.
`IEEE 1394 devices of differing transport rates may be
`interconnected, allowing backward compatibility with
`devices having slower transport rates. This feature allows
`100 Mbps devices purchased today to operate properly in
`future bus configurations involving 200 and 400 Mbps
`devices.
`
`7.2: Non-computer application
`
`included a
`this discussion has
`Although much of
`computer, there are many situations where a computer is
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`IEEE 1394 products — such as bus splitters, bus bridges,
`video, and communications. Skipstone provides OEM
`products so that manufacturers may quickly introduce 1394
`products.
`So, if digital information is important toyour product
`line, you should have your IEEE 1394 enabled prototype
`available by the Fall 1995 COMDEX and into the
`marketplace by the Spring 1996 COMDEX.
`
`
`
`
`
`not involved. IEEE 1394 is going to be the interface for
`connecting handy—cams and VCRs,
`settop boxes and
`televisions. If a computer needed later, it would involve
`nothing more than adding a 1394 cable to the computer—
`it’s that easy.
`
`7.3: Fall Comdex ‘94
`
`the recent Fall 1994 COMDEX, my company,
`At
`Skipstone, worked with Texas Instruments to offer a 1394
`demonstration of a simple video conference system. A
`prototype 1394 digital video camera from the Sony
`Corporation sent video data over a 1394 bus to a computer
`for display. A second computer was also connected by a
`1394 bus to show the video data real-time bandwidth
`usage.
`
`The application that measured the video bandwidth was
`implemented using software written with Skipstone’s 1394
`API. This API is part of our 1394 Developer’s Toolkit that
`for developers to implement and test 1394 applications.
`This API is portable across chipsets and operating systems.
`
`7.4: The 1394 Trade Association
`
`The 1394 Trade Association was formed in September
`1994 to accelerate the market adoption of IEEE 1394. Of
`special importance are the technical working groups that
`focus on refining the 1394 specification. The Trade
`Association steering committee is currently composed of
`representatives
`from Adaptec, AMD, Apple,
`IBM,
`Lexmark, Microsoft, National Semiconductor, NCR,
`Philips, Seagate, Skipstone, Sony, TI, and Toshiba.
`For more information on the trade association or to be
`
`informed on the progress of IEEE 1394, please
`kept
`contact me as
`I am the trade association’s current
`
`I can be reached at Skipstone’s Internet
`chairperson.
`address listed on the title page of this paper.
`
`8:
`
`IEEE 1394 future
`
`1394 is currently defined by ANSI draft standard P1394.
`The IEEE Standards
`subgroup concerned with 1394
`successfully closed its ballot on 1394 in December 1994
`with formal 1394 approval anticipated in the second
`quarter of 1995.
`It is my belief that IEEE 1394 products will readily be
`available by Fall 1995; such a commodity Sony digital
`video camera. A wider range of products will be available
`by the beginning of 1996, and there will be significant
`volume by year end 1996.
`In addition to the 1394 Developer’s Toolkit mentioned
`before, my company, Skipstone, plans to introduce several
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