`Medtronic, Inc., Medtronic Vascular, Inc.,
`& Medtronic Corevalve, LLC
`v. Troy R. Norred, M.D.
`Case IPR2014-00395
`
`
`
`Therefore, Inuchtroftthe expensg will logically be in the
`development of the prototypes. The materials will
`include, but will not be limited, to different polymers,
`metals, and ceramics to initiate in a fluid model the exact
`valves we will pursue in the animal models. We estimate
`that the first 10 weeks of research will be the construction
`
`of adequate prototypes.
`. It is invaluable to have adequate visualization of the aortic
`valve for the successfiil completion of this project, and in
`pursuit of this visualization we will utilize to an extent not
`previously utilized, echocardiography. We will place, as
`will be discussed in the procedures section, 3 echoprobes
`for the adequate visualization of the aortic valve. These
`will be placed in the esophagus, the right atrium, and
`transcutaneously. Also, an intravascular ultrasound will
`be utilized in the data acquisition portion of the study.
`This could represent a substantial portion of ou.r budget in
`securing these devices.
`. We will also be developing and modifying known
`catheters and peripheral equipment as seen necessary for
`the successfiil completion of this project. Excitingly, this
`may lead to a multitude of novel devices, which will be
`needed to visualize and deliver the stent/valve. Further,
`there will be the need for novel debulking devices to
`percutaneously (please see submitted background material
`for further explanation) remove the native aortic valve
`structure sufficiently to relieve the stenosis. This may
`require testing on a delivery device for precise biotome
`resection, percutaneous ultrasound and laser debulking
`and new more effective balloon valvuloplasty. However,
`debulking devices would not be necessary in this protocol
`because the pigs would not have aortic stenosis.
`. Finally, staff will be instrumental in the timely completion
`of this project. These will include maintenance staff for
`the pigs as well as catheterization personnel. The
`
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`engineering department will need partial funding for post-
`doctoral candidates to help in the development of the
`valve. As well, the cardiology department and I will need
`secretarial support to help in the clerical and
`organizational demands placed upon a rigorous study
`protocol. This staff is fortunately available with a high
`level of experience within this institution and would only
`need allocation of said monies to properly establish their
`work roles.
`
`IV.
`
`COLLABORATION
`
`This project will be a multidiscipline effort including the
`collaborative efforts of representatives from the
`Cardiology, Biophysics, Chemical Engineering,
`Engineering, Pathology and Veterinary departments.
`Representatives from each department have, to date, been
`utilized in a peripheral manner to gain more knowledge
`and insight to bring about the project to its issuance. This
`working relationship will be needed to successfully
`complete this project.
`
`PROCEDURES
`
`. The project can be roughly divided into 3 phases. The
`first phase will be the successful assembly of working
`prototypes with subsequent fluid model testing. The
`second phase will be the placement of the devices into the
`pigs with subsequent data acquisition. The final stage will
`be the analysis of the data with subsequent conclusions.
`TIMELINE:
`
`1.. PHASE 1
`
`2. PHASE 2
`
`3. PHASE 3
`
`8 TO l0 WEEKS
`
`1 TO 2 WEEKS
`
`6 TO 8 WEEKS
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`This timeline may be influenced positively or negatively
`dependent upon initial successes/failures encountered at
`each stage.
`
`VI.
`
`DATA ACQUISITION
`
`. The most important data will be the initial success of
`placing the device without excess mortality in the pigs.
`Subsequently, we will collect data confirming the valves’
`function and durability through a variety of ways. These
`will include the use of the echo devices to precisely
`monitor the function of the valve in»-vivo under a variety
`of stress conditions. Specifically, we will infuse
`vasopressors and chronotropic chemicals into the pigs to
`provide different rate and pressure situations and assess
`each devices’ tolerance to these conditions. An
`
`intravascular ultrasound device will be utilized to assess
`
`the stent deployment within the ascending aorta, and a
`similar intracardiac echo will assess the coaptation of the
`aortic valves within the native aortic valve structure. This
`
`will provide crucial data as to the devices’ ability to open
`and close without impinging upon vital structures, namely,
`the coronary arteries. The hemodynamic equipment
`within the catheterization lab will be utilized to provide
`information as to the effect of deployment upon the pig’s
`circulatory system. These measurements will include
`instantaneous gradients across the valve and sten.t
`combination, along with standard measurements of cardiac
`out_put and systemic resistance. A hematologic profile
`will be collected from each valve to assess its rheostatic
`
`effects upon the circulating blood pool. In addition, fibrin
`assays will be drawn to assess the activation of the
`coagulation cascade. Cardiac enzymes will be
`periodically drawn to assess for microembolization or
`delayed trauma upon the cardiac circulation. Finally, the
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`pigs will be sacrificed after these data have been collected,
`and tissue sections from the ascending aorta, heart, brain,
`lungs, kidneys, spleen and liver will be taken to assess for
`structural alterations which may be related to the
`percutaneously delivered valves.
`
`VH. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
`
`1. From this pilot study we will have the information needed
`to pursue more ambitious projects which will lead ultimately
`to trials in humans with inoperable aortic stenosis. From
`census data there were approximately 50 million. Americans
`over the age of 65. Among this population there is an annual
`incidence of 2 to 9%, depending upon age, of aortic stenosis.
`This could mean that as high as 4.5 million elderly persons
`could suffer from this disease. Among those who are older,
`especially over 75, they are less likely to be operative
`candidates. This could represent a tremendous amount of
`patients who could be helped by this procedure. For the
`investor, this could represent a tremendous previously
`untapped market, which could lead to substantial profits.
`For the physician, more importantly, it could lead to
`definitive treatment where previously there were few options
`besides palliation.
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