United States Patent [19]
`Aker et a].
`
`mm mm m |||||||||| [Iggy 517115510101" lllllllll ||||| ||||
`5,570,093
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`[11] Patent Number:
`[45] Date of Patent:
`
`[54] POLICE TRAFFIC RADAR USING
`ABSOLUTE SIGNAL STRENGTH
`
`4,743,908
`5,402,346
`
`5/1988 Brass?eld et a1. ............ .. 342/113
`3/1995 Lion et a1. .................... _. 364/436
`
`INFORMATION To MPROVE TARGET
`
`5,446,923
`
`8/1995 Martinson et a1. . . . . . .
`
`. . . . . .. 455/330
`
`_
`
`[75] Inventors: John L. Aker, Kansas City, Mo.;
`Robert S. Gammenthaler, Princeton;
`Alan B. Mead, Plano, both of Tex.
`_
`_
`[73] Asslgneer Applled Concepts, I119-,P1an0,T9X-
`
`[21] Appl. No.: 386,552
`
`[22] Filed:
`
`Feb. 10, 1995
`
`
`
`.................. .. Henderson 6t OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`
`
`Westlaw Search, Nov. 14, 1994.
`Craig Paterson, Speed Enforcement Technology, An expla
`nation of the latest features and capabilities of speed detec
`tion equipment, Law and Order, vol. 41, No. 9, Sep. 1993,
`pp. 32—41.
`_
`_
`Przmary Exammer—John B. Sotomayor
`Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Ron Fish; Falk, Vestal & Fish
`
`[51] Int. Cl.6 .................................................... .. G015 13/58
`
`[57]
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`[52] US. Cl. ........................ .. 342/104; 342/115; 342/116;
`
`[58] Field of Search
`
`342/196
`.................... .. 342/104 112
`""""" '
`'
`342/1'1'5' 114 116’ 196’
`’
`’
`’
`
`[56]
`
`References Cited
`
`US. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`342,92
`4/1969 Fathauer
`3 438 031
`2::“342l115
`9/1972 Berry
`'3:689:921
`342/115
`3,936,824 2/1976 Akeret a1.
`342/115
`4,214,243
`7/1980 Patterson .... ..
`342/115
`4,236,140 11/1980 Aker et a1.
`343/702
`4,293,859 10/1981 Sergent ...... ..
`342/104
`4,335,382
`6/1982 Brown et a1.
`342/115
`4,335,383
`6/1982 Berry ............. ..
`4,740,045
`4/1988 Goodson et a1. ..................... .. 342/112
`
`GUNN
`OSCILLATOR N48
`CAVITY
`
`N 50
`
`SN'FFEH
`PROBE
`
`20
`
`26
`
`.
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`__ _
`
`_
`
`_
`
`A police radar utihzing digital data transmlsslon from the
`antenna unit 1° 3 Separately mused Counting and display
`unit. The antenna has a double balanced mixer to suppress
`even order harmonics. The counting and display unit has a
`computer programmed to perform digital signal processing
`on the digital data received from the antenna to improve the
`qualit and accuracy of calculated speeds for atrol speed,
`y
`P
`strongest target speed and fastest target speed. Fastest target
`speed can be displayed simultaneously with strongest target
`Speed Signal Processing techniques are used to Suppress
`false Signals Caused by double and triple bounce, harmonics,
`intermodulation products, video display terminal interfer
`ence, etc_
`
`22 Claims, 46 Drawing Sheets
`
`TO/FROM
`COUNTING/DISPLAY
`UNIT
`
`‘ 0 0 ‘
`
`TURNSTILE
`
`‘
`
`W16
`
`ANTENNA
`HORN
`
`26
`9
`
`[251 253
`
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`DETECTOR
`
`RECETVE DATA
`
`{271
`
`XMIT DATA
`SERIAL CLOCK
`260
`
`DOUBLE S
`BALANCED ‘
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`80x, DOPPLER SHIFTED
`MIX PRODUCT
`SIGNAL
`
`90
`
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`
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`
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`
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`j
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`112
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`301 302 RECEIVE DATA
`CTL
`SHIFT REGISTER
`-
`SELF TEST 208 Xgff 300
`
`1
`
`Micro Motion 1057
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 1 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`E
`
`ANTENNA
`11\ \10
`ANTENNA
`#2
`
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`
`\18
`
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`
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`DISPLAY
`‘ti
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`
`[48
`
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`CAVITY
`
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`
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`
`20
`
`26) ‘ RECEIVED
`SIGNAL
`
`8O
`
`<-=-—
`
`24;
`
`22
`
`FIG. 4
`
`2
`
`

`

`US. Patent
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 3 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`SEE FIG. 9
`
`FIG. 8
`
`FIG. 7
`
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`
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`
`FIG. 9
`
`4
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 4 of 46
`
`5,570,093
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 7 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
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`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 8 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`7—
`
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`
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`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 9 0f 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`I
`
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`
`018T 22K
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 10 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`I
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`
`11
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 11 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`Chip antga16 PAL16R4
`
`12345678910<—P|N#
`clk cki
`fso adc i4 i5 Ires
`rfi
`ck gnd
`<—SIGNAL
`
`len Idout
`11
`12
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`B =fso*A*/B*/D+/A*B
`C.= A*B*/C+/A*C+/B*C
`D =A*B*.C*/D+/A*/B*/C*D
`dot=adc*/D*/C
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`xoff.oe = vcc
`
`FIG. 15A
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`

`5,570,093
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 13 of 46
`
`5,570,093
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`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 14 of 46
`
`. 5,570,093
`
`; Stalker II processor GAL #1 equations 10/21/93
`
`chip prcga|1 PAL16R4
`8910<-—484
`7
`12 345 6
`clk sck ds gs xx a15 a14 a13 i8 gnd <————-——-480
`len romcs ramad13 /A /B /C /D ramcs $02 vcc 4-—-482
`
`"1‘91'1"”“—T3"—'1T——__TE__——2'5215 16 17 19
`
`<——-486
`
`equations
`;15 count resettable one-shot
`A := sck + /A * B + /A * C + /A * D
`B := A*/B*/sck+/A* B*/sck
`C := A* B*/C*/sck+/A*C*/sck+/B* C*lsck
`D := A*B*C*/D*/sck+/C* D*/sck+/B* D*/sck+/A*D*/sck
`/sc2 = /A * /B * /C * /D * lsck
`;output when state 0 reached
`
`;sck presets to state 1
`
`$02.09 = vcc
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`/promcs = /ps * ds * a15
`promcs.oe = vcc
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`;P2ram O to $3FFF, X: & Y:
`Iramcs = /ps * ds * /a14 * /a15 + cs * Ids * /a13 * /a14 * /a15
`ramcs.oe = vcc
`Iramad13 = /ps * ds * /a13 + ps * /ds * xy
`;ramad13.oe = vcc
`_
`.
`
`FIG. 19
`
`15
`
`15
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 15 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
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`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 16 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
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`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 17 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`RAMAD13
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`18
`
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`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 18 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
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`

`US. Patent
`
`-0ct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 19 of 46
`
`5,570,093
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`“EV BAT 1_I_@1TEAT . 100uF
`
`GND
`
`r1 SINK
`
`TANT
`
`+8V
`HCDATA
`SPDDHI
`SPDDLD
`RX
`TX
`AUX
`
`5W -- . 10ch
`
`TANT
`
`100K
`
`.
`J
`3i?
`
`
`
`Obi/OFF
`CIRCUIT
`
`'
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`31 ;E
`*1
`430
`
`lltll
`
`
`3JP?
`3
`1.0m 4311
`VD,
`-
`DISABLE
`
`TANT
`
`
`
`,
`
`PDVER
`
`————___+3v
`____+8V
`___CSYNC
`__IGND3w
`__fiNTSEL
`H7
`H1
`M N
`I
`RXD
`TXD
`SCLK
`W
`STD
`3RD
`FUSIEV
`SPINT
`+5V
`SPSENS
`N/C
`GND
`HCDATA
`"‘"ERR—
`
`I
` H
`
`SUCKET
`
`J8
`
`PRDCESSUR PCB
`
`
`CUT
`“NE
`
`—- —
`
`— —
`FIG. 81M
`
`20
`
`20
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`-
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 20 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`74HC157
`
`Y0
`
`
`Y1
`
`Y2
`Y3
`
`7
`
`417
`
`m
`SRD
`CSYNC DSP
`
`
`
`ANTSEL
`
`15K
`
`412
`
`FIG. 8MB
`
`CUT
`
`“NE
`
`21
`
`21
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 21 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`SPDDLD
`
`840 UHM
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`LINE
`
`22
`
`22
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 22 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FIG. 22
`
`23
`
`23
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 23 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`SET NEW LINE FLAG
`
`602
`
`604
`
`DO SINGLE 512 POINT FFT
`
`606
`
`CALL PATROL SPEED PROCESSING
`
`608
`
`SAVE SPECIAL BIN NUMBER
`AND STRENGTH OF 5 STRONGEST
`
`SIGNALS
`
`
`
`600
`
`
`
`5TH ORDER ELLIPTIC
`
`
`I
`
`
`
`HIGH PASS DATA IN 2K BUFFER
`
`
`DO 7 OVERLAPPING 512
`
`POINT FFT'S ON 2K DATA
`
`RESULT IN 256 LONG
`
`
`WORD SPECTRAL ARRAY
`
`FREQUENCY OF FIRST *
`
`ZERO IN HIGH PASS FILTER
`,
`
`
`TRACKS PATROL SPEED
`
`
`SPECIAL LINE NUMBER
`
`
`
`DO 5 OVERLAPPING 512 POINT
`
`FFT'S ON HIGH PASSED DATA
`RESULT IN 256 LONG WORD
`
`SPECTRAL ARRAY
`
`
`
`RETURNS SPECTRAL LINE
`NUMBER OF STRONGEST TARGET
`
`
`
`618“
`
`CALL SIGQUAL
`
`(STRONGLINE) AND RETURNS WITH
`SIGNAL TO NOISE FLAG (QSNFLAG)
`DEFINED (PASS,FAIL)
`
`620
`
`
`
`STRONGLINE
`
`
`YES
`WITHIN i1 OF
` 622
`
`OLD STRONGLINE
`?
`
`
`
` TO FIG. 23B
`
`FIG. 23A
`
`24
`
`24
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 24 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FROM FIG. 23A
`
`SAVE STRONGLINE AS OLD STRONGLINE
`
`624
`
`626
`
`
`
` SAVE STRONGLINE, NEWLINE FLAG AND
`QSNFLAG ON CIRCULAR HISTORY CUE
`
`ADVANCE QUE POINTER
`GENERATES ARRAY OF
`FAST TARGET CANDIDATES
`INCLUDING SIGNAL TO NOISE
`RATIO FOR EACH CANDIDATE
`RETURNS SPECTRAL LINE
`NUMBER OF FASTEST
`CALL FASTQUAL
`VALID TARGET (FASTLINE)
`632
`AND WITH QFASTFLAG
`
`DEFINED (SIGNAL TO
`LOCKED
`
`NOISE PASS/FAIL)
`TARGET DISPLAY
`
`?
`
`628
`
`630
`
`634
`
`CALL OPLFAST
`
`YES
`
`
`
`
`DON'T OVERRIDE DISPLAY
`
`636
`
`
`
`
`FAST MODE
`OPERATOR
`SELECTED
`
`638
`
`FASTLINE
`INVALID
`
`
`646
`
`QFASTFLAG
`O.K.
`
`?
` 640
`OLD FASTLINE<—$FF¢¢I§¢
`
`FASTLINE WITHIN :1 OF
`OLD FASTLINE
`
`
`
`OLD FASTLINE<— FASTLINE
`
`
`
`YES
`
`642
`
`OLD FASTLINEkFASTLINE
`
`650
`
`
`648
`0 (TIMEOUT ON TRANSMITTER
`
`RF QUALITY OK
`
`TURN ON)
`
`634
`
`652
`
`YESa FIG. 23B
`
`TO FIG. 230
`
`25
`
`25
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 25 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FROM FIG. 23B
`
`YES
`
`652
`
`
`
`RFI TIMER
`RUNNING
`
`?
`
`
`
`I I I | I I I I I I
`
`I I I I l | I I l I
`
`I I
`
`
`TARGET
`
`DISPLAY
`
`BLANK
`_ _ SHECESLRONGESE .IAR_GE_I HISTSRXCEE- X _
`
`9
`
`
`654
`
`658
`
`656
`
`.
`
`AT LEAST ONE GOOD
`SIGNAL TO NOISE
`READING IN LAST}
`660 4 HISTORY READINGS
`(STRONGEST TARGET)
`
`NO 6 AT LEASTONE NEWLINE FLAG
`
`CLEAR IN LAST 4 HISTORIES
`
`
`
`GET MOST RECENT TARGET LINE
`NUMBER AND TARGET LINE NUMBER
`
`AT T-3 SAMPLES EARLIER
`
`
`SUBTRACT MOST RECENT TARGET LINE
`# FROM EARLIER LINE NUMBER
`
`662
`
`664
`
`
`
`
`666
`
`NO
`
`DECELERATING
`
`DECELERATION > 1 LINE
`
`IN 4 SAMPLES
`
`FIG. 23C
`
`TO FIG. 23D
`
`26
`
`26
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 26 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FROM FIG. 23C
`
`YES
`
`
`
`572
`
`FAST TARGET
`INDEX<— FASTLINE
`
`676
`
`PATROL SPEED
`RECENTLY
`ACQUIRED
`
`'7
`'
`
`
`674
`
`678
`
`PATROL
`SPEED
`
`TRACKING
`'7
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`YES
`
`675
`
`680
`
`FAST TARGET INDEX“ FAST LINE
`FASTLINE = FASTLINE - PROTROL LINE
`
`CONVERT TO MPH OF KPH AND
`UPDATE CENTER DISPLAY WINDOW
`
`INITIALIZE TIMER FOR FAST
`SPEED DISPLAY BLANKING
`
`682
`
`684
`
`FAST SPEED
`BLANKING
`TIMER
`EXPIRED
`
`634
`
`?
`
`688
`
`YES
`
`BLANK CENTER
`WINDOW DISPLAY
`
`RESET FAST DOUBLE
`DELAY AND FAST
`COUNT REGISTER
`
`690
`
`694\
`
`No
`
`692
`
`YES
`FIG. 23D \————'-v——"——"
`TO FIG. 23E
`
`27
`
`ALL FLAGS OK FOR
`MAIN TARGET DISPLAY
`
`UPDATE?
`
`RFI FLAG, RFI
`SIGNAL LIMITING,RFOK
`FLAG, NEWLINE FLAG.
`QSNFLAG
`
`27
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 27 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FROM FIG. 230
`
`704
`
`BANDPASS DATA BUFFER BASED ON STRONGLINE
`NUMBER. MEASURE FREQUENCY OF OUTPUT
`OF BANDPASS FILTER
`
`
`
`
`
`706
`
`NO
`
`YES
`
`PATROL
`
`SPEED NEWLY
`
`ACQUIRED
`
`
`?
`
`
`
`
`
`PATROL
`SPEED
`TRACKING
`
`YES
`
`720
`
`715
`
`718
`
`
`SUBTRACT PATROL SPEED
`TRACKING FREQUENCY
`
`FROM TARGET FREQUENCY
`
`
`CONVERT TO MPH OR KPH &
`UPDATE TARGET DISPLAY WINDOW
`
`
`
`
`ISTARGET INDEX
`
`
`+1 => FAST
`
`INDEX
`
`
`
`BLANK CENTER (FAST)
`DISPLAY WINDOW
`
`?
`
`
`
`TARGET
`.
`
`SPEED BLANKING
`
`
`
`TIMER EXPIRED
`.
`
`o
`
`
`698
`
`BLANK TARGET SPEED BLANK
`FASTEST SPEED IF DISPLAYED
`
`
`RESET
`
`
`DOUBLE DELAY
`
`DOUBLE COUNT
`FAST DOUBLE DELAY
`
`FAST DOUBLE COUNT
` CONTINUE MAIN
`FlG ' 23E
`PROGRAM LOOP
`
`722
`
`INITIALIZE TIMER FOR
`TARGET SPEED BLANKING
`
`702
`
`28
`
`28
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 28 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`701
`
`
`
` GET PREVIOUSLY SAVED STRONG
`STRENGTH (REDUCED BY 24 db),
`
`MULTIPLY BY 3/4
`POINTER, GET STRONGSTENGTH
`
`INDEX INTO SPECTRAL BUFFER
`
`USING STRONGLINE AS A
`
`703
`
`705
`
`SHIFT RIGHT 8 TIMES
`
`(24 db)
`
`
`
`IS NEW
`NO STRONGSTRENGTH
`YES
`
`>75% OF OLD
`
`
`9
`
`
`711
`
`TARGETSTRENGTH = 75% OF
`OLD TARGET STRENGTH
`
`707
`
`
`
`709
`
`TARGETSTRENGTH
`=STRONGSTRENGTH
`
`CLEAR LIST OF > INDEXES TO
`POTENTIAL FAST TARGETS
`
`713
`
`715
`
`ACCUMULATE SUM OF TOP 64 BINS
`
`BINS 191 TO 255 (TOP NOISE BLOCK)
`
`719
`
`717
`YES STRONGLINE
`
`
`FASTEST DISABLED
`
`
`FIG. 24A
`
`“ TO FIG. 24B
`
`29
`
`29
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 29 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FROM FIG. 24A
`
`719
`
`YES
`
`FASTEST NOT
`COMPUTED IF
`STRONGEST TARGET
`> BIN 24o
`
`,, YES
`STRONGLIN
`
`
`< = 190
`
`I ————————————————— ‘I
`
`725
`
`I I | | I I I I I I
`
`:
`
`I
`
`l/\_/769
`
`STRONGLIN
`= 191
`
`YES
`
`REMOVE BIN
`
`192 (SL+1) & ADD
`
`BIN 189
`YES
`
`STRONGLINE
`
` = 192
`REMOVE BINS 192,
`
`193 & ADD BINS
`
`189, 190
`
` REMOVE BINS AT STRONGLINE -1,
`
`STRONGLINE & STRONGLINE +1
`
`
`ADD BINS189,190,191
`I BLOCKNOISESUM
`I TOP NOISE BLOCK
`BLOCKNOISESUM = TOP NOISE
`BLOCK LESS TARGET SPECTRAL LINES I 64 BIN SUM
`
`L ____________
`CALCULATE # OP BINS TO TEST
`BETWEEN STRONGLINE +2 & BIN 254
`
`729
`
`,
`
`727
`
`SET POINTER AT BIN 254
`
`731
`
`733
`
`SET THE FASTEST
`TARGET COUNT TO 9
`
`GET BIN AMPLITUDE AT POINTER”
`
`
`
`737 AMPLITUDE > SIGNAL
`
`STRENGTH OF MAIN
`
`TARGET (REDUCED BY
`24 db)
`TO FIG. 24C
`
`
`
`/
`
`
`
`F|G 24B
`'
`
`\
`
`30
`
`30
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 30 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FROM FIG. 24B
`
`39
`
`741
`YES
`
`ES
`
`DOES NEXT BIN
`LOWER HAVE
`MORE ENERGY
`
`.
`
`YES
`
`743
`
`745
`
`DOES NEXT BIN
`HIGHER HAVE
`MORE ENERGY
`
`747 '
`
`
`
`
`
`ADD ENERGY AT BIN-1,
`BIN & BIN + 1, STORE ON TARGET
`
`SIGNAL STRENGTH LIST
`
`STORE POINTER VALUE
`ON TARGET INDEX LIST
`
`STORE LOCAL NOISE
`
`FLOOR (BLOCKNOISESUM)
`
`INCREMENT TARGET COUNT
`
`'
`
`751
`
`7
`
`759
`
`761
`
`IS
`
`POINTER
`<190
`?
`
`
`
`
`
`ROLL BLOCKNOISESUM DOWN
`BY REMOVING NOISE FROM
`BLOCK TOTAL AT TOP OF BLOCK
`AND ADDING NOISE BIN VALUE
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`755
`
`767
`
`31
`
`31
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 31 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FROM FIG. 24C
`
`
`
`
`SET POINTER TO START OF TARGET
`INDEX LIST, POINTER OFFSET TO START
`OF LOCAL MAXIMUM LIST,
`COUNT = 7
`
`
`
`
`TARGET
`
`
`INDEX: 0
`?
`
`
`
`ADD 8 TO TARGET
`
`INDEX, FORM SEARCH INDEX
`
`
`
`SEARCH
`INDEX
`>254
`?
`
`SEARCH INDEX = 254
`
`
`
`
`
`
`GET LOCAL MAXIMUM SIGNAL STRENGTH
`BETWEEN SEARCH INDEX & SEARCH INDEX
`- 11, EXCLUDING TARGET INDEX, TARGET
`INDEX i1 (8 POINTS TOTAL)
`
`
`
`
`
`TO FIG. 24E
`
`32
`
`32
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 32 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FROM FIG. 24D
`
`/—""\
`
`
`
`TARGET TARGET
`INDEX SIGNAL
`STRENGTH
`
`LOCAL
`BLOCK—
`NOISESUM SIGNAL
`MAXIMUM
`
`,.
`
`STRENGTH) FRACTION.
`
`FOR TARGET INDEX VALUES < > O, DIVIDE
`BLOCKNOISESUM BY TARGET SIGNAL
`STRENGTH. REPLACE BLOCKNOISESUM
`WITH (NOISE TO SIGNAL RATIO) FRACTION.
`DIVIDE LOCAL SIGNAL MAXIMUM BY TARGET
`SIGNAL STRENGTH & REPLACE LOCAL
`SIGNAL MAXIMUM WITH (LOCAL MAX/SIGNAL
`
`FIG. 24E
`
`33
`
`33
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 33 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`mm.OE
`
`34
`
`34
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 34 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`599
`
`NO
`
`R.F. QUALITY
`OK?
`
`
`
`PATROL
`
`SPEED
`
`
`HOLD
`
`
`CHECK PATROL
`?*
`SPEED HOLD
`
`
`FLAG '*
`
`
`
`
`CLEAR PATROL
`SPEED REJECT
`
`
`FLAG
`I PATROL
`
`
`GET LAST P.S. TRACKING
`
`
`SPECIAL LINE NUMBER
`
`
`SPEED
`DO PATROL SPEED SEARCH
`
`
`
`
`
`TRACKING
`DO NORMAL
`PROCESSING EXCLUDING
`
`
`
`
`LOGIC
`PATROL SPEED
`+/- 5 SPECTRAL LINES FROM
`
`
`
`
`SEARCH PROCESSING
`
`
`
`P.S. TRACKING LINE NUMBER
`
`631
`
`TRACKING
`TIMER EXPIRED
`
`YES
`
`
`
`
`
`SET PATROL SPEED
`
`N0
`
`633
`
`CLEAR PATROL
`SPEED TRACKING
`
`TRACKING FLAG ETC. ® FLAG
`
`623
`
`DISPLAY PATROL
`
`F'G- 26
`
`SPECTRAL LINE NUMBER
`
`635
`
`TIME—OUT
`
`®
`
`35
`
`35
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 35 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`PORTION OF KEYTRAP SUBROUTINE
`
`
`NEW KEY INPUT
`N0 AVAILABLE
`
`KEY
`JUMP
`TABLE
`
`
`
`641
`
`IF PATROL BLANK KEY
`
`643
`
`INITIATE KEYBOARD
`BEEP
`
`647
`
`NO
`
`RADAR IN
`MOVING MODE?
`
`645
`
`0N0
`TARGET/ ®
`
`PATROL SPEED
`
`NO
`
`YES
`
`YES (DUAL FUNCTION
`KEY)
`LOCKED BY
`OPERATOR?
`
`PATROL
`
`
`SPEED DISPLAY
`BLANKED
`9
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`RECOVER LOCKED
`PATROL SPEED
`UNBLANK DISPLAY
`
`
`
`
`
`
`SAVE LOCKED
`DISPLAY NUMBER
`
`BLANK PATROL
`SPEED DISPLAY
`
`
`
`649
`
`655
`
`NO
`
`
`
`
`PATROL
`58 ®
`SPEED IN
`
`
`TRACK MODE
`
`?
`
`
`
`651
`
`®
`
`657
`
`
`
`
`CLEAR PATROL SPEED TRACKFLAG
`CLEAR PATROL SPEED HOLD FLAG
`SET PATROL SPEED REJECT FLAG
`INITIALIZE P.S. REJECTION TIMER
`SET AUDIO LOUDNESS TO ZERO
`BLANK TARGET, LOCK & PATROL SPEED DISPLAYS
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`36
`
`36
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`w,
`
`5,570,093
`
`
`
`
`
`
`‘I"mAlllllm____:__________:________:__z:__________________________::__.____m_,_w,
`
`
`
`%mmmsizz_m25.8%
`
`
`
`mm.0_n_
`
`u.o
`
`6mmm
`
`OXN0+<Emmi
`
`kmMPm<m
`
`w.oa+a+a+.<:Eszm
`0+m.m+<<xm.
`
`37
`
`37
`
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 37 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FAST QUAL '
`SUBROUTINE
`
`801
`
`LOAD 0-3 OPERATOR SENSITIVITY
`MULTIPLY X4
`
`ADD 0-3 FACTORY SENS NUMBER
`
`807
`
`809
`
`PATROL SPEED
`HIGHER THAN
`DESENITZATION SPEED
`
`DECREMENT SENS INDEX
`
`USE STATIONARY NOISE /SIGNAL TABLES
`
`817
`
`819
`
`NO$80580YES
`
`
`
`
`USE HIGH SPEED MOVING NOISE/SIG
`TABLES
`
`
`
`POINT TO BEGINNING
`
`
`OF FASTEST CANDIDATE
`TABLE GENERATED BY
`OPLFAST
`
`
`821
`
`823
`
`
`
`LOAD NOISE/SIGNAL MAXIMUM
`FROM TABLE INDEXED BY SENS
`
`INDEX LOAD LOCAL__NOISE_MAX/SIGNAL
`FROM IND EXED TABLE
`
`
`TO FIG. 298
`
`FIG. 29A
`
`38
`
`38
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 38 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FROM FIG 29A
`
`825
`
`
`
`FASTEST CANDIDATE
`NOISE/SIGNAL < MAXIMUM
`
`
`
`YES
`
`
`
`FASTEST CANDIDATE
`
`
`LOCAL__NOISE_MAX /SIGNAL
`
`< TABLES?
`
`
`
`NO
`
`ADVANCE POINTER TO FASTEST
`CANDIDATE TABLE
`
`833
`
`NO
`
`YES
`
`835
`
`837
`
`MOBILE DATA TERMINAL
`SUPPRESSION ACTIVE
`:2
`
`
`
`839
`
`
`
`IS SPECTRAL LINE #
`OF CANDIDATE BETWEEN
`
`UPPER AND LOWER MDT
`
`
`SUPPRESSION NUMBERS ?
`
`
`
`YES
`
`841
`
`IS CANDIDATE LINE#A
`DOUBLEOFSTRONGLINE?
`
`
`
`
`
`2x(SL-1)<CANDIDATE<2x(SL +)
`
`YES
`
`TO FIG. 290
`
`FIG. 298
`
`39
`
`39
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 39 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FROM FIG. 29B
`
`YES
`
`845
`
`847
`
`
`ISCANDIDATE LINE NUMBERA
`DOUBLE OF PATROL SPEED ?
`
`
`(2x PS-SPREAD)<CANDIDATE<(2XPS+2)
`
`
`NO
`
`857
`
`855
`
`YES
`
`CLEAR FAST DOUBLE DELAY TIMER
`CLEAR FAST DOUBLE COUNTER
`
`859
`
`NO
`
`IS CANDIDATE LINE NUMBER A
`TRIPLEOF PATROLSPEED?
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`(3xPS-SPREAD)<CANDIDATE<(3xPS+3)
`
`YES
`
`901
`
`861
`
`
`POINT TO BEGINNING OF
`TRIPLE SUPPRESSION TABLE
`
`
`POINTER OFFSET = 0
`
`YES
`
`ISTABLE ENTRY> PATROL
`SPEED SIGNAL STRENGTH
`
`' NO
`
`INCREMENT OFFSET INTO
`PATROL SPEED STRENGTH TABLE
`
`
`
`
`
`
`USE OFFSET NUMBER TO INDEX
`SUPPRESSION TABLE FOR ADDITIONAL
`
`
`NOISE/SIGNAL RATIO REQUIREMENT
`
`
`907
`
`911
`
`YES
`
`CANDIDATE NOISE TO SIGNAL
`RATIO < NEW REQUIREMENT
`
`TO FIG. 29D
`
`N
`
`TO FIG. 29D
`
`FIG.
`
`29C)
`
`40
`
`40
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 40 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FROM FIG. 290
`
`r—Mfi
`
`847
`
`913
`
`FIG' 29D
`FIG. 29C
`‘ 861
`
`FROM
`
`YES
`
`
`IS PATROL
`
`SPEED LINE
`# > 1 5
`
`YES
`
`NO 849
`
`NO
`
`855
`
`867
`
`POINT TO BEGINNING OF LOW SPEED
`SUPPRESSION TABLE POINTER OFFSET = 0
`
`851
`
`INCREMENT OFFSET INTO PATROL
`SPEED STRENGTH TABLE
`
`
`
`
`USE OFFSET NUMBER TO INDEX LOW SPEED
`SUPPRESSION TABLE FOR ADDITIONAL
`
`NOISE/SIGNAL REQUIREMENT
`
`
`
`CANDIDATE NOISE/SIGNAL RATIO
`= NEW REQUIREMENT ?
`
` 871
`
`POINT TO START OF DOUBLE SUPPRESSION
`TABLE POINTER OFFSET = 0
`
`
`IS TABLE ENTRY > PATROL SPEED
`SIGNAL STRENGTH
`
`
`\_._V___/
`TO FIG. 29E
`
`
`
`INCREMENT OFFSET INTO PATROL
`SPEED STRENGTH TABLE
`
`
`
`41
`
`41
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 41 of 46‘
`
`5,570,093
`
`FROM FIG. 29D
`/——A_fi
`
`YES
`
`FACTORY DOUBLE SET: 0
`
`927
`
`929
`
`NO
` MULTIPLY DOUBLESET BY OFFSET
`
`931
`
`NUMBER, USE AS INDEX INTO
`SUPPRESSION TABLES FOR NEW
`
`NOISE/SIGNAL REQUIREMENT
`
`
`
`CANDIDATE NOISE/SIGNAL RATIO
`< NEW REQUIREMENT
`
`933
`
`935
`
`USE COMBINATION INDEX TO SELECT
`FAST DOUBLE DELAY REQUIREMENT
`
`
`
`
`
`FAST DOUBLE DELAY VALUE
`> PREVIOUS MINIMUM
`
`939 7
`
`SAVE AS NEW FAST DOUBLE DELAY MINIMUM
`
`941
`
`INCREMENT FAST DOUBLE DELAY COUNT
`
`943
`
`
`
`FAST DOUBLE DELAY MINIMUM
`
`
`
`IS FAST DOUBLE DELAY COUNT >
`
`851
`
`TO FIG. 29F
`
`871
`
`NO
`
`TO FIG. 29F ® FIG . 29E
`
`42
`
`42
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 42 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FROM FIG. 29E
`
`FROM FIG- 295
`871
`
`873
`
`
`
`POINT TO TABLE OF FIVE STRONGEST
`SIGNALS ORGANIZED AS STRENGTH &
`LINE NUMBER LIST ORGANIZED WITH
`STRENGTH IN DECREASING ORDER
`POINTER A TO FIRST OF FIVE POINTER
`B TO SECOND OF FIVE
`
`
`
`
`
`897
`
`NO
`
`IS SIGNAL STRENGTH FROM
`ENTRY A > THRESHOLD 1?
`
`YES
`
`877
`
`
`
`YES
`IS CANDIDATE LINE #
`WITHIN i1 OF ENTRY A LINE #
`
`X2 OR X3
`
`879
`
`
`A POINTER AT LAST (#5)
`ENTRY IN TABLE?
`
`IS SIGNAL STRENGTH FROM
`ENTRY B > THRESHOLD 2
`
`IS ABS
`
`[LINE#A- LINES#B] WITHIN
`
`+1 OF CANDIDATE LINE # 7
`
`883
`
`N0
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`IS SUM OF LINE #A AND LINE #8
`WITHIN i1 OF CANDIDATE LINE # 7
`
`YES
`
`@
`
`889
`
`OJ
`
`FROM
`FIG. 29G
`
`887
`
`851
`
`TO F'G- 293
`
`TO FIG. 29G
`
`FIG' 29F
`
`43
`
`43
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheét 43 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FROM FIG. 29F
`
`FROM FIG. 29F
`
`TO FIG. 29F
`r~\
`
`891
`
`
`
`
`853
`
`
`
`CLEAR QFASTFLAG
`
`B POINTING BEYOND
`
`TABLE
`
`7
`
`YES
`
`893
`
`INCREMENT POINTER A
`
`SET POINTER B AT A+1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`FIG. 296
`
`44
`
`44
`
`

`

`'U.S. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 44 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`CALCULATE:
`NSI = BLOCK NOISE SUM
`
`TARGET SIGNAL STRENGTH
`
`& (
`
`OPTIONAL)
`NS2 = LOCAL SIGNAL MAXIMUM
`
`TARGET SIGNAL STRENGTH
`
`
`
`DO A SINGLE 512
`POINT FFT AND
`FIND THE 5
`STRONGEST
`SIGNALS AND SAVE
`
`
`
`PASS SPECTRUM OF
`RADAR RETURN
`SAMPLES THROUGH
`
`A HIGH PASS FILTER,
`IF NECESSARY, TO
`FILTER OUT PATROL
`
`SPEED AND THEN DO
`OVERLAPPING FFT'S
`
`FIND STRONGEST
`TARGET SIGNAL
`
`900
`
`QUALIFY STRONGEST
`TARGET SIGNAL
`AS NOT NEW
`
`
`
`FIND 7 FASTEST TARGETS
`IN SPECTRUM AND
`CALCULATE TARGET
`
`SIGNAL STRENGTH, BLOCK-
`NOISESUM AND LOCAL
`SIGNAL MAXIMUM FOR
`EACH AND STORE IN A
`TABLE
`
`FOR EACH OF 7 FASTEST
`TARGETS AND STORE
`
`DETERMINE DESIRED
`RECEIVE SENSITIVITY
`AND PICK APPROPRIATE
`NOISE/SIGNAL POWER
`RATIOS TABLE
`
`SEQUENTIALLY SCREEN
`7 FASTEST TARGETS
`FOR ACCEPTABLE
`
`NSI AND (OPTIONALLY) N82
`VALUES AS COMPARED
`TO NOISE/SIGNAL
`POWER RATIOS FROM
`
`SELECTED TABLE, AND
`SELECT ONE FASTEST
`CANDIDATE
`
`902
`
`QUALIFY FASTEST
`CANDIDATE TO
`
`BEING DISPLAYED
`
`BLOCK HARMONICS,
`INTERMODULATION
`
`PRODUCTS, DOUBLE
`OR TRIPLE BOUNCE
`SIGNALS ETC. FROM
`
`FIG. 30A
`
`TO FIG.SOB
`
`45
`
`45
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 45 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
`FROM FIG. 30A
`
`DISPLAY FASTEST TARGET
`SPEED IF TARGET DISPLAY
`NOT LOCKED AND FASTEST
`MODE SELECTED AND OTHER
`
`REQUIREMENTS MET,
`
`
`
`
`
` DISPLAY STRONGEST TARGET
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`SPEED IF ALL FLAGS OK FOR
`
`STRONGEST TARGET DISPLAY
`
`AFTER FILTERING OUT ALL
`
`BUT STRONGEST AND
`
`QUALIFYING STRONGEST
`TARGET SIGNAL TO MAKE SURE
`
`
`
`
`
`IT IS VALID
`
`FIG. SOB
`
`46
`
`46
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 29, 1996
`
`Sheet 46 of 46
`
`5,570,093
`
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`47
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`

`

`5,570,093
`
`2
`
`1
`POLICE TRAFFIC RADAR USING
`ABSOLUTE SIGNAL STRENGTH
`INFORMATION TO llVIPROVE TARGET
`SIGNAL PROCESSING ACCURACY
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`The invention pertains generally to the field of doppler
`radars, and, more particularly, to the field of police traffic
`surveillance radars using doppler shifted radar returns to
`calculate speed.
`Police radars have been in use for many years. Police
`radars output beams of microwave energy from directional
`antennas and collect microwave energy reflected from sta-
`tionary and moving objects. The reflected microwave energy
`has had its frequency changed by the relative motion
`between the transmitting antenna and the object from which
`the energy was reflected by the Doppler shift phenomenon.
`To determine the relative speeds between the transmitting
`antenna (which is moving at the same speed as the patrol car
`or policeman which is supporting the transmitting antenna)
`and the objects from which the microwave energy is
`reflected, a sample of the transmitted energy is mixed with
`the reflected microwave energy in a nonlinear mixing diode.
`The mix products include upper and lower sidebands which
`represent sum and difference, respectively, between the
`transmit frequency and the frequency of the reflected micro-
`wave energy. Each target which reflects energy, such as the
`ground and a moving car, will generate a return signal with
`a frequency which is established by the speed of the target.
`The frequencies of these returns are analyzed to determine
`the speed of the patrol car (from the ground return or other
`returns from stationary objects) and the speed of the moving
`target with the strongest return.
`The evolution of the designs of police radars to the current
`state of the art is probably best represented by the StalkerTM
`police traffic radar which is commercially available from the
`assignee of the present invention, Applied Concepts, Inc. of
`Richardson, Tex. The Stalker was the first police radar unit
`to convert the mix products to digital samples and send the
`digital data to a processor unit for analysis.
`The prior art has several areas in which improvements can
`be made. The police cruiser is a noisy environment with
`radio frequency interference from the patrol car ignition
`system and police radio unit prevalent as well as random
`interference from CB radios in other vehicles. Further, the
`distance from the processing unit to the antenna unit is often
`quite large. These large distances cause the cable to pick up
`more noise, and losses in the cable can degrade the operation
`of the unit. Therefore, small cable size, good noise immunity
`and the ability to transmit over large distances the signals
`from which the patrol speed and target speed is the be
`calculated are important properties for an improved police
`radar to have.
`
`One of the biggest problems in police radars is in insuring
`accurate measurement of patrol car speed and target speed.
`The law requires that the only target speed that is admissible
`evidence is the target speed calculated from the strongest
`signal which is not the return from a stationary object. There
`are several sources of strong signals that can cause errone-
`ous radios. One is CB radios. Many CB users use illegal
`linear amplifiers that boost their signal power beyond the
`legal limit of 5 watts. Further, CB radios that are close to the
`. patrol car can also cause strong radio frequency interference.
`A way to detect this type of radio frequency interference and
`eliminate it is desirable in police radars. Another big prob-
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`4o
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`lem is harmonics of the transmitted signal. The transmitted
`signal has even order harmonics and odd order harmonics.
`By far, the strongest harmonic is the 2d order harmonic, and
`when this harmonic is in the, microwave energy that
`bounces off stationary or moving objects, its signal strength
`can be quite high and can be mistaken for a target signal. It
`is highly desirable to have a mechanism to eliminate the
`even order harmonics during processing of the returned
`microwave energy.
`Another source of errors is interrnodulation products
`generated in the receiving and amplifying circuits. It is
`highly desirable to have a way of eliminating these inter-
`modulation products. Further, it is highly desirable to have
`a way of eliminating weak signals which are not valid
`candidates for patrol speed during processing of the return
`signals.
`Most police radars these days do not provide any indica—
`tion to the patrolman of the speed of the fastest target in the
`returned microwave energy if that target is not the strongest
`target in the radar return since the patrolman is not legally
`authorized to cite the driver of that target since it is not the
`strongest target return. It is useful to be able to satisfy the
`requirement of displaying the speed of the strongest target
`return while simultaneously displaying the speed of the
`fastest target in the return. This provides the patrolman with
`advance wanting that a faster target is approaching so that
`when the strongest target return recedes, he or she can re-aim
`the radar gun at the fastest target and make it the strongest
`target return for purposes of citing the driver thereof.
`Another problem in prior art police radars is accidental
`calculation of the wrong patrol car speed. This can happen
`when, for example, the processor locks onto a harmonic
`return or when the patrol car comes to a stop and another car
`stops beside the patrol car and then pulls away. In the latter
`ituation, the relative speed between the patrol car and the
`car pulling away may be inadvertently selected by the
`processor as the patrol car speed. It is useful to be able to
`manually reject an obviously incorrect patrol car speed and
`force the system to lock onto a different return for calcula-
`tion of the patrol car speed. Further, if it is not possible to
`find another candidate for patrol speed, it is useful to have
`a system which can override the manual input rejecting the
`currently, displayed patrol speed and continue to display that
`patrol speed.
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`A traffic surveillance radar according to the teachings of
`the invention utilizes a counting/display unit which is con-
`nected to two antenna units by a serial data path imple—
`mented through a small flexible cable. The antenna units use
`microwave turnstiles and ring hybrids so that receiver and
`transmitter sections can share the same antenna horn, and
`use a double balanced mixer diode structure to suppress
`even order harmonic distortion. Received signals are ampli-
`fied by an amplifier which has its gain controlled digitally
`through serial data received from the counting/display unit.
`The received signals are converted to digital serial format
`data words and transmitted serially to the counting display
`unit in a plurality of frames. Part of each frame is devoted
`to sample data, and part of each frame includes control data
`such as synchronization bits, radio frequency interference
`bits and antenna personality b