(12)
`
`United States Patent
`Henry et al.
`
`US006311136B1
`US 6,311,136 B1
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`(10) Patent N0.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`(54) DIGITAL FLOWMETER
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`(75) Inventors: Manus P. Henry; David W. Clarke,
`both of Oxford (GB); James H. Vignos,
`Needham Heights, MA (US)
`
`(73) Assignee; Invensys Systems, Inc,’ FOXbOrO, MA
`(US)
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
`(21) APPL NO, 09/111,739
`
`(22) Filedi
`
`Jul- 8, 1998
`
`_
`_
`Related U-S- Apphcatlon Data
`(60) ligg‘éisional application N°~ 60/066,554, ?led 0n N°V~ 26,
`'
`(51) Int. Cl.7 ............................ .. G01F 1/00; G01F 23/00;
`G01F 1/84
`(52) US. Cl. ................ .. 702/45; 73/861355; 73/861356
`-
`(58) Field of Search ................................ .. 702/45—47, 50,
`702/100, 104—106; 73/861356, 861.357,
`861.355
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`US. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`_
`9/1977 Gallatin et al. .
`Re. 29,383
`Re. 31,450 * 11/1983 Smith ............................ .. 73/861356
`379567682
`5/1976 Van Dyck "
`""" " 318/640
`4,419,898 * 12/1983 Zanker et al. .
`73/86102
`.
`73/861356
`12/1983 Smith ........... ..
`4,422,338
`“ 73/861356
`1/1985 Smith et a1‘
`474917025
`_ _ _ _ __ 73/2331
`4 727 746 * 3/1988 Mikasa et a1 _ _ _ _ _ _
`4,757,390
`7/1988 Mehrgardt et al. .................. .. 386/34
`4,782,711 * 11/1988 Pratt .............................. .. 73/861356
`4,817,448 * 4/1989 Hargarten et al. .
`.. 73/861356
`4,823,614 * 4/1989 Dahlin ............. ..
`73/861357
`4,852,410
`8/1989 COIWOII et a1. ............... .. 73/861356
`478797911
`11/1989 Zolock '
`4,891,991
`1/1990 Mattar et al. .
`
`0 696 726 A 2/1996 (EP) '
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`M.P. Henr et al., “A Standard Interface For Self—Validatin
`Y
`8
`Sensors”, Report No. QUEL 1884/91, University of Oxford,
`Department of Enginering Science, Sep. 1991.
`M. Henry et al., “The Implications Of Digital Communica
`tions on Sensor Validation”, Report No. QUEL 1912/92,
`University of Oxford, Department of Enginering Science,
`Apr. 1992.
`M.P. Henr et al., “Si nal Processin , Data Handlin and
`Y
`8
`g
`g
`Communications: The Case for Measurement Validation”
`Mar. 1992.
`M.P. Henry et al., “A NeW Approach to Sensor Validation,”
`Improved Analyser Performance, IMC, Mar. 17, 1992.
`M.P. Henry, ‘“‘Intelligent” Behaviour For Self—Validating
`Sensors”, Advances In Measurement, pp. 1—7, date
`unknown.
`SpitZer, David A.; “Industries FloW Measurement”, pp.
`197—210; 1990; USA.
`Decarlo, Joseph P; “Fundamentals of Flow Measurement”,
`. 208—220' 1984' USA.
`pp
`8
`8
`4 Cited by examiner
`
`Primar Examiner—Patrick Assouad
`y
`Assistant Examiner—Manuel L. Barbee
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Fish & Richardson PC.
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A digital ?owmeter includes a Vibratable Conduit, a driver
`connected to the conduit and operable to impart motion to
`-
`-
`the conduit, and a sensor connected to the conduit and
`.
`.
`operable to sense the motion of the conduit. A control and
`measurement system is connected betWeen the driver and
`the Benson The Control and measurement System includes
`circuitry to receive a sensor signal from the sensor, generate
`a drive signal based on the sensor signal using digital signal
`processing, Supply the drive signal to the driver, and gen
`erate a measurement of a property of material ?owing
`through the conduit based on the signal from the sensor.
`
`List continued on next a e.
`P g
`
`37 Claims, 71 DraWin Sheets
`g
`
`-— Mass?ow
`Measurement
`
`100
`
`105
`
`Dlgital
`Controller
`
`Temp.
`Sensor
`i
`l
`l
`
`Driver ———-—
`
`Flow Tube
`
`————— Sensor
`
`\115
`
`\110
`
`120
`
`Micro Motion 1051
`
`1
`
`

`

`US 6,311,136 B1
`Page 2
`
`US. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`3/1990 Hargarten 6‘ al- -
`479117006
`31338
`273575?
`4,934,196 * 6/1990 Romano ........................ .. 73/861.356
`4,996,871
`3/1991 Romano.
`5 027 662
`7/1991 Titlow et a1. .
`5056439
`9/1991 Thompson
`570547326
`10/1991 Mattar _
`'
`5’218’869
`6/1993 Pummer _______________________________ __ 73/629
`5,228,327
`7/1993 Bruck .......................... .. 73/1.34
`5,271,281
`12/1993 Manar et a1_ _
`5,343,764
`9/1994 Mature/£11,,
`5,347,874
`9/1994 Kalotay et a1. ............... .. 73/861.357
`
`3/1995 Kalotay .
`5,400,653
`7/1995 Coleman ......................... .. 73/86.356
`5,429,002
`11/1995 Kalotay ..................... .. 73/861.356
`5,469,748
`3/1996 Cage 6161..
`5,497,665
`31332 PDattEn et a1"
`2????38
`/
`er Yeta"
`’
`3
`10/1996 Henry 6‘ ‘1L ~
`575707300
`11/1996 Yokoi et a1. .................. .. 73/861.356
`5,578,764
`1/1997 Carpenter et a1. .
`5,594,180
`5,687,100 * 11/1997 Buttler et a1. ...................... .. 702/137
`5,774,378
`6/1998 Yang
`5,804,741
`9/1998 Freeman ........................ .. 73/861356
`5,926,096
`7/1999 Mattar et a1.
`...... .. 340/606
`6,092,429
`7/2000 Cunningham et a1. ....... .. 73/861.356
`
`2
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`0a. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 1 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`‘——Massf|0w
`Measurement
`105
`Digital J
`Controller
`
`100
`/’
`
`125
`Temp. /
`Sensor
`
`i
`
`Driver
`
`—————-
`
`Flow Tube
`
`————— Sensor
`
`\
`115
`
`\12O
`
`\
`110
`
`3
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`US. Patent
`
`0a. 30, 2001
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 2 0f 71
`Sheet 2 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`
`
`4
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`US. Patent
`
`0a. 30, 2001
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 3 0f 71
`Sheet 3 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`5
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`0a. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 4 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`wZmO
`
`wOOE
`
`o <
`
`@m @m
`
`m m
`
`c m
`
`wIOEOO
`
`<m .UE
`
`6
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 5 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`5380i
`
`00% 23:08
`
`7
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 6 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`oom
`
`Om
`
`m.D:
`
`5:928555
`
`2569382 onm
`
`8
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`0a. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 7 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`600
`/'/
`
`;
`605
`\ Collect
`Data
`l
`610
`\ Determine
`Frequency
`$
`615
`\ Determine/Eliminate
`Offset
`$
`620
`‘\ Determine
`Amplitude
`‘
`Determine
`Phase
`l
`630
`\ Generate Drive
`Signal
`l
`635
`\ Generate
`Measurements
`
`625
`
`9
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`0a. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 8 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`start_sample_S1
`
`S1-in
`
`Voltage
`
`*1}; I
`
`1
`
`I
`
`'
`
`'
`
`'Time
`
`start_offset_S1
`
`vo|tage
`
`start_offset_S2
`
`start_sample_S2
`
`10
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`0a. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 9 of 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`0.12
`
`0.1 —
`
`0.08 -
`
`Square of
`Sensor Voltage
`(V‘V)
`
`0.06 -
`
`0.025
`
`0.03
`
`0.01
`
`0.02
`
`0.015
`Time(s)
`FIG . 8 A
`
`0.04 -
`
`0.02 '
`
`0.005
`
`I
`
`Square of
`Sensor Voltage
`(v'v)
`
`-0.5
`0.0121
`
`0.0121
`
`0.0123
`
`0.0123
`
`0.0122
`
`0.0122
`Time(s)
`FIG . 8 B
`
`11
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`0a. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 10 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`905 -—~ lnitiallze Variables
`
`,
`l
`,
`910
`\e Estimate end_point
`
`D t
`' t f P ‘
`T
`e ermine
`0 0m s
`\ for Curve Fitting
`920
`l
`\ iteration_count I O
`925\
`l.
`930
`l
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`935 \
`l
`
`iteration_count = iteration_count + l
`
`ep_int 1 int end_point + 0.5)
`
`$
`940
`\ Fill 2 Array
`945 \
`l
`Smooth zlk-i]. zlk]. zlk+il
`950
`$
`\ Fit Quadratic
`l
`955
`\ Calculate 2* & ><*
`
`960
`
`FIG. 9 N
`
`900
`
`965
`
`l r
`
`end_point = x*
`
`970
`
`iterati0n_count<3
`
`Calculate Frequency
`
`12
`
`

`

`1020
`
`1
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`0a. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 11 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`1000
`
`8‘1'1'12
`
`1005
`
`f1| fZl ITII
`for d1, 02
`
`1
`
`1010
`\ Determine
`
`1
`
`1015
`‘\ Determine Start and
`End of d1m2| d2m1
`
`Determine Phase.
`Amplitude for d1 and
`(12m: and Phase
`Difference
`
`1
`
`1025
`‘\ Repeat for
`d2! d1m2
`
`1
`
`1030
`\ Generate Averages
`of Amplitude 8
`Phase Differences
`
`F|G.10
`
`13
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`0a. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 12 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`m P £4206
`
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`

`

`US. Patent
`
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`

`

`US. Patent
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`
`
`
`
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`
`16
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`0a. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 15 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`1405
`\\ Estimate Nominal
`Operating Frequency
`1
`1410
`‘\ Synthesize
`Nominal Signals
`$
`1415
`‘\ Multiply by Original
`Sensor Signals
`l
`1420
`\ Eliminate
`High f Components
`‘
`1425
`\ Combine Signals
`to Produce ulk]
`‘
`1430
`\ Calculate Frequency
`Deviation
`#
`Add to
`Nominal Frequency
`+
`1440
`\ Determine
`Amplitude
`1
`1445
`\ Determine
`Phase Difference
`
`1435
`\\
`
`1400
`W
`
`FIG. 14
`
`17
`
`

`

`US- Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 16 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`\
`
`> MESS HOW
`
`Measurement
`
`M1500
`
`Digital Controller
`
`gain
`
`-—T—T
`
`1520
`
`gain \—|/
`
`1520
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`
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`
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`18
`
`

`

`US. Patent
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`

`U.S. Patent
`US. Patent
`
`0a. 30, 2001
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 18 0f 71
`Sheet 18 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`— ——>a(s)
`
`K(s)—> — 1
`
`
`
`F|G.18
`FIG.18
`
`20
`
`20
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 19 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`X 10-6
`
`SV1: -ve Gain
`
`3.045
`
`3.04
`
`AD1879
`Gain 30% #_
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`
`40
`
`50
`
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`
`AD1879 Temperature(C)
`
`21
`
`21
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 20 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`X 10-6
`
`SV1: +ve Gain
`
`3.045
`
`3.04
`
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`
`
`
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`
`
`
`
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
`
`
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`
`
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`
`20
`
`30
`
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`
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`
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`
`AD1879 Temperature(C)
`
`FIG.19D
`
`22
`
`22
`
`

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`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 23 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`Every Cycle: Calculate 11,23. 1mg,
`I1Pc. IiNc. Izps.
`IQNS. SUITMS,
`Ratio1s. summ. sumgs
`
`2205
`
`2200
`
`Every 10,000 Cycles:
`Check Slope of A1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`2220
`
`Generate Average
`Values
`
`Estimate Zero Offset
`
`& Gain Mismatch
`
`Calculate k,
`amp_iactor
`
`Estimate Amplitudes
`
`
`
`
`Improve Estimate
`
`Adjust Raw Data
`
`25
`
`25
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 24 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
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`
`'
`20
`
`40
`
`60
`
`80
`
`100
`
`time(s)
`
`’
`
`120
`140
`FIG 378
`
`0.04
`
`’8
`g 0.02
`
`0
`
`-0.02
`
`0.04
`O
`
`3Ea
`
`)
`U)
`
`%g
`
`E
`
`82.2
`
`rawfreq(Hz) 22.a)
`
`82.1 m _L m
`
`81.7
`
`20
`
`40
`
`60
`
`80
`
`1 00
`
`120
`
`140
`
`time(s)
`
`52
`
`52
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 51 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`.0 —A
`
`Ditt.ofSVrateofchange
`
`l
`
`0
`
`20
`
`40
`
`60 A
`
`(
`
`) 80
`
`100
`
`140
`120
`FIG 37D
`
` 0
`
`0
`
`40
`
`.
`20
`
`.
`60
`
`,
`80
`
`100
`
`140
`
`1
`120
`
`time(s)
`
`FIG. 37E
`
`53
`
`CD
`U)
`
`Cm
`
`.E
`O
`
`‘5
`
`25
`
`3>(
`
`n
`
`“6
`E.3
`
`<0
`
`53
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 52 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`mean = 81.9542. std = 0.0173229
`
`
`
`81.7
`0
`
`'
`20
`
`4o
`
`60
`
`80
`
`100
`
`120
`
`140
`
`“W
`
`FIG 38A
`
`Mean value = 0.00142862. std = 000522801
`
`0.04‘
`,
`0
`.
`a
`E 0.02r
`a,
`‘
`Q)
`E
`q;
`U)
`('6
`
`0
`
`1
`
`
`
`60
`
`l
`so
`
`100
`
`120
`
`140
`
`1
`20
`
`‘
`40
`
`i
`g
`g 4102‘"
`E
`
`f I
`
`0040
`
`time(s)
`
`FIG. 383
`
`Mean value = 0.00304097. std = 0.341224
`
`(degrees) C
`rawphase
`
`time(s)
`
`FIG. 38C
`
`54
`
`54
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 53 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`Mean value = 000123626. Std = 0.0117307
`
`(degrees)
`rawphase
`
`0
`
`20
`
`40
`
`60
`
`fime(s)
`
`80
`
`0
`
`120
`
`FIG. 38D
`
`
`
`rawphase(degrees)
`
`0 15
`
`Mean value = 0.0169594. std = 0.0234245
`
`.0 —L
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` 5':_ooomoo:
`
`'0 LL
`
`0
`
`20
`
`40
`
`60
`
`""1““
`
`80
`
`1 00
`
`1 20
`
`FIG. 38E
`
`Mean value = 0.144992. std = 000420759
`
`
`
`
`
`_flrawphase(degrees) 0 a.r____
`
`0
`
`20
`
`40
`
`60
`
`W)
`
`80
`
`100
`
`120
`
`FIG. 38F
`
`55
`
`55
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 54 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`0.8
`
`1‘
`3
`
`$0.75
`a,
`‘5)
`g 0.7
`a
`g 0.65
`D.
`
`g 0.6
`
`0.55
`
`0
`
`1
`1
`
`‘
`20
`
`Mean value = 0.863722, std = 000926315
`
`40
`
`60
`
`time(s)
`
`80
`
`100
`
`120
`
`G
`
`3.4
`
`Mean value = 2.89224, std = 0.123418
`
`
`$32an
`
`E:
`
`g 3
`Q)
`
`g 2.8D.
`
`
`E 2.6
`
`2'40
`
`20
`
`40
`
`60
`time(s)
`
`80
`
`100
`
`120
`
`FIG. 38H
`
`56
`
`56
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 55 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`mean = 81.9535, std = 000533983
`821————1—.1______,___|____
`
`E
`i 81 .981
`3
`~= 81 96,
`‘C
`.03Q
`
`g 81 .941
`o
`;
`U
`1
`
`81.92‘
`
`.
`
`20
`
`40
`
`1
`
`1
`60
`
`,
`80
`
`.
`100
`
`
`
`_
`
`_
`.
`
`_:
`
`120
`
`140
`
`FIG 39A
`
`um)
`
`x 10-3
`
`Mean value = 0.00142935. std = 0.000659252
`
`1 N
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`correctedphase(degrees)
`
`0
`
`2'0
`
`40
`
`60
`
`80
`
`1 00
`
`“'"e‘s’
`
`1 40
`1 20
`FIG. 398
`
`Mean value = 0.0040215, std = 0.0109707
`
`(degrees)
`correctedphase
`
`
`' 0
`
`20
`
`40
`
`60
`
`80
`
`100
`
`120
`
`140
`
`time(s)
`
`FIG. 39C
`
`57
`
`57
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 56 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`x 10-3
`
`Mean value = 000113804, std = 0000601559
`
`
`
`
`
`correctedphase(degrees)
`
`0
`
`20
`
`40
`
`60
`
`""‘S’
`
`80
`
`1 00
`
`1 20
`
`FIG. 39D
`
`Mean value = 0.0167976, std = 000363328
`
`0.02
`
`
`
`
`
` O correctedphase(degrees)
`
`
`4O 80
`time(s)
`
`1 00
`
`1 20
`
`FIG. 39E
`
`Mean value = 0.144992. std = 0.00108624
`
`O
`
`20
`
`0.o.0L1—0..s010)\l
`
`O L. .p
`
`O ..A. (a).'__r
`
`
`
`
`
`correc1edphase(degrees)
`
`0
`
`20
`
`40
`
`60
`
`W
`
`80
`
`100
`
`120
`
`FIG. 39F
`
`58
`
`58
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 57 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`Mean value = 0.663739. Std = 0.00182757
`.0 Nm
`
`orrectedphase(degrees) 0 CD01
`p \1,T111
`
`
`
`‘A''T‘
`
`
`
`1.1-UMR
`
`
`0
`20
`40
`60
`80
`1 0
`120
`
`time(s)
`
`FIG. 39G
`
`Mean value = 2.89254. std = 0.009222%
`
`'
`
`‘
`
`1
`
`1
`
`1
`
`
`d
`
`A 3
`w
`1
`‘1’
`1
`9.’
`32 95‘»
`E
`
`‘
`
`a
`g 29
`D.
`B
`62.851-
`“J
`a
`o
`
`1
`
`1
`
`-
`1
`
`1
`L______L_——A—__—A__———1—————————l————-j
`2'80
`20
`40
`so
`so
`100
`120
`time(s)
`
`FIG. 39H
`
`59
`
`59
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 58 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`25
`
`
`
`RawPhaseerror
`
`
`
`20DropinapparentDensity(%)
`
`15
`
`issetb
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Athighflows,max.densitydrop
`‘lableairpresSure(5bar).NLOTbyflowtube}.ll.yiaval
`
`
`
`
`StallpointatFoxboro's
`
`analogueitransmitter
`
`
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`
`02
`
`0.1
`
`0
`
`02
`
`(sea-1169p) 10119 aseud
`
`6O
`
`60
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 59 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`0
`
`£9.3uvmax5uAmaxQ“n0£9.3u+
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`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 60 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`
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`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 63 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`.25:00:005%.25$ch_m=u_mmm
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`

`US. Patent
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`LCO
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`US 6,311,136 B1
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`
`-m8.?
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`3.?mmm.
`
`66
`
`66
`
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 65 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`IO?.UE
`
`Act£33:85anEno.9
`
`0
`
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`
`67
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`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 66 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`
`
`FIG.41
`
`68
`
`68
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 67 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`lnitialize Setpoint.
`filtered_SV. filtered_DC
`
`4200
`
`filtered_SV = 0.99 +<
`filtered_DC = 0.99 +=
`
`iiltered_SV + 0.01*SV
`iiltered_DC+ 0.01*DC
`
`W
`
`
`
`Pause
`
`Cycle Count > O
`
`?
`
`
`
`
`Setpointz
`max_SP
`
`Decrement Pause
`Cycle Count
`
`filtered_DC
`>
`
`Setpoint=
`possible_SP
`
`Pause Cycle Count:
`Max Cycle Count
`
`4235
`
`Setpoint = 0.9*
`filtered_SV
`
`Setpoint
`<
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`O.95*max_avail
`
`
`Current
`
`
`
`
`
` filtered_DC
`
`<
`
`C.7*max_avail
`Current
`?
`
`max_setpoint ?
`
` possible_SP = 0.8*
`max_available_current
`* liliered_SV/filtered_DC
`
`
`
` possible_SP
`
`Large Enough?
`
`
`possible_SP
`>
`
`FIG.42
`
`max_SP?
`
`69
`
`69
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 68 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`992
`
`Set point change in response to increased damping
`
`
`
`Densily(kg/ma)
`
`(DCOa)
`
`f
`
`984 L
`
`982P
`
`‘
`
`'
`
`980M
`o
`10
`20
`so
`40
`so
`so
`""e‘S’
`FIG 43A
`
`150
`
`100
`
`50
`
`o
`
`0
`
`1o
`
`20
`
`,
`30
`
`M5“)
`
`.
`4o
`
`50
`
`‘
`
`so
`
`FIG}. 43B
`
`2E:
`
`E e50c
`
`u
`.5
`D
`
` O NCD
`
`.m. O)
`'O
`
`O N4:.
`
`
`
`SensorVoltage(V)
`
`.0 Nm
`
`Time (5)
`
`60
`
`FIG. 43C
`
`70
`
`70
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 69 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`$09$9$9
`
`3mm>>o_”_
`
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`
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`$3
`
`$8.0
`
`$8.0-
`
`6:5
`
`71
`
`71
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 70 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`Collect Sensor
`
`Data
`
`Determine Frequency
`
`4500
`
`’fl/
`
`Eliminate Zero Offset
`
`4525
`
`Determine Amplitude
`
`
` Frequency
`4530
`in Expected
`
`Range?
`
`
`Determine Phase
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` Stall Procedure
`
`
`
`4570 Y
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`incorrect
`Oscillation?
`
`
`Attemp Restart
`
`Generate Drive
`
`Signal
`
`Generate Raw
`
`Measurements
`
`
`
`
`
`
`4560
`
`Check for Proper
`
`4575
`
`4580
`
`Generate Null
`
`Raw Measurements
`
`Uncertainty Analysis
`
`Generate VMU, VU,
`
`MV Status, Device Status
`
`FIC.45
`
`4585
`
`72
`
`72
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 30, 2001
`
`Sheet 71 0f 71
`
`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`4600
`
`4615
`
`4605
`
`Digital Controller
`
`
`
`
`
`Power
`Circuit
`
`
`
`I' -------- 'l
`} Constant
`:
`
`
`
`
`l l
`
`_——
`
`4625
`
`FIG.46
`
`73
`
`73
`
`

`

`US 6,311,136 B1
`
`2
`
`1
`DIGITAL FLOWMETER
`
`CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`This application claims priority from US. Provisional
`Application No. 60/066,554,
`filed Nov. 26, 1997, and
`entitled DIGITAL FLOWMETER, which is incorporated by
`reference.
`
`TECHNICAL FIELD
`
`The invention relates to flowmeters.
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`Flowmeters provide information about materials being
`transferred through a conduit. For example, mass flowmeters
`provide a direct indication of the mass of material being
`transferred through a conduit. Similarly, density flowmeters,
`or densitometers, provide an indication of the density of
`material flowing through a conduit. Mass flowmeters also
`may provide an indication of the density of the material.
`Coriolis-type mass flowmeters are based on the well-
`known Coriolis effect, in which material flowing through a
`rotating conduit becomes a radially travelling mass that is
`affected by a Coriolis force and therefore experiences an
`acceleration. Many Coriolis-type mass flowmeters induce a
`Coriolis force by sinusoidally oscillating a conduit about a
`pivot axis orthogonal to the length of the conduit. In such
`mass flowmeters, the Coriolis reaction force experienced by
`the travelling fluid mass is transferred to the conduit itself
`and is manifested as a deflection or offset of the conduit in
`
`the direction of the Coriolis force vector in the plane of
`rotation.
`
`Energy is supplied to the conduit by a driving mechanism
`that applies a periodic force to oscillate the conduit. One
`type of driving mechanism is an electromechanical driver
`that imparts a force proportional to an applied voltage. In an
`oscillating flowmeter, the applied voltage is periodic, and is
`generally sinusoidal. The period of the input voltage is
`chosen so that the motion of the conduit matches a resonant
`
`mode of vibration of the conduit. This reduces the energy
`needed to sustain oscillation. An oscillating flowmeter may
`use a feedback loop in which a sensor signal that carries
`instantaneous frequency and phase information related to
`oscillation of the conduit is amplified and fed back to the
`conduit using the electromechanical driver.
`
`SUMMARY
`
`The invention provides a digital flowmeter, such as a
`digital mass flowmeter, that uses a control and measurement
`system to control oscillation of the conduit and to generate
`mass flow and density measurements. Sensors connected to
`the conduit supply signals to the control and measurement
`system. The control and measurement system processes the
`signals to produce a measurement of mass flow and uses
`digital signal processing to generate a signal for driving the
`conduit. The drive signal then is converted to a force that
`induces oscillation of the conduit.
`
`The digital mass flowmeter provides a number of advan-
`tages over traditional, analog approaches. From a control
`perspective, use of digital processing techniques permits the
`application of precise, sophisticated control algorithms that,
`relative to traditional analog approaches, provide greater
`responsiveness, accuracy and adaptability.
`The digital control system also permits the use of negative
`gain in controlling oscillation of the conduit. Thus, drive
`
`signals that are 180° out of phase with conduit oscillation
`may be used to reduce the amplitude of oscillation. The
`practical implications of this are important, particularly in
`high and variable damping situations where a sudden drop in
`damping can cause an undesirable increase in the amplitude
`of oscillation. One example of a variable damping situation
`is when aeration occurs in the material flowing through the
`conduit.
`
`The ability to provide negative feedback also is important
`when the amplitude of oscillation is controlled to a fixed
`setpoint
`that can be changed under user control. With
`negative feedback, reductions in the oscillation setpoint can
`be implemented as quickly as increases in the setpoint. By
`contrast, an analog meter that relies solely on positive
`feedback must set the gain to zero and wait for system
`damping to reduce the amplitude to the reduced setpoint.
`From a measurement perspective, the digital mass flow-
`meter can provide high information bandwidth. For
`example, a digital measurement system may use analog-to-
`digital converters operating at eighteen bits of precision and
`sampling rates of 55 kHz. The digital measurement system
`also may use sophisticated algorithms to filter and process
`the data, and may do so starting with the raw data from the
`sensors and continuing to the final measurement data. This
`permits extremely high precision, such as, for example,
`phase precision to five nanoseconds per cycle. Digital pro-
`cessing starting with the raw sensor data also allows for
`extensions to existing measurement techniques to improve
`performance in non-ideal situations, such as by detecting
`and compensating for time-varying amplitude, frequency,
`and zero offset.
`
`The control and measurement improvements interact to
`provide further improvements. For example, control of
`oscillation amplitude is dependent upon the quality of ampli-
`tude measurement. Under normal conditions,
`the digital
`mass flowmeter may maintain oscillation to within twenty
`parts per million of the desired setpoint. Similarly, improved
`control has a positive benefit on measurement. Increasing
`the stability of oscillation will improve measurement