111111
`
`1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
`US008504697B2
`
`c12) United States Patent
`Larson et al.
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 8,504,697 B2
`*Aug. 6, 2013
`
`(2006.01)
`
`Int. Cl.
`G06F 15116
`(52) U.S. Cl.
`USPC .. .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... 709/227
`(58) Field of Classification Search
`USPC .................................................. 709/223-227
`See application file for complete search history.
`References Cited
`
`(51)
`
`(56)
`
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`Cisco Connnents and Petition for Reexamination 95/001,679 dated
`Jun. 14, 2012.
`
`(Continued)
`Primary Examiner- Krisna Lim
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm- McDermott Will & Emery
`LLP
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`A system and method connect a first network device and a
`second network device by initiating a secure communication
`link. The system includes one or more servers configured to:
`receive, from the first network device, a request to look up a
`network address of the second network device based on an
`identifier associated with the second network device; deter(cid:173)
`mine, in response to the request, whether the second network
`device is available for a secure communications service; and
`initiate a secure communication link between the first net(cid:173)
`work device and the second network device based on a deter(cid:173)
`mination that the second network device is available for the
`secure communications service; wherein the secure commu(cid:173)
`nications service uses the secure communication link to com(cid:173)
`municate at least one of video data and audio data between the
`first network device and the second network device.
`30 Claims, 40 Drawing Sheets
`
`(54) SYSTEM AND METHOD EMPLOYING AN
`AGILE NETWORK PROTOCOL FOR SECURE
`COMMUNICATIONS USING SECURE
`DOMAIN NAMES
`
`(75)
`
`Inventors: Victor Larson, Fairfax, VA (US);
`Robert Dunham Short, III, Leesburg,
`VA (US); Edmond Colby Munger,
`Crownsville, MD (US); Michael
`Williamson, South Riding, VA (US)
`
`(73) Assignee: VirnetX, Inc., Zephyr Cove, NV (US)
`
`( *) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
`This patent is subject to a terminal dis(cid:173)
`claimer.
`
`DE
`EP
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 13/339,257
`
`(22) Filed:
`
`Dec. 28, 2011
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2012/0102204Al
`
`Apr. 26, 2012
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(63) Continuation of application No. 13/049,552, filed on
`Mar. 16, 2011, which is a continuation of application
`No. 11/840,560, filed on Aug. 17, 2007, now Pat. No.
`7,921,211, which is a continuation of application No.
`10/714,849, filed on Nov. 18, 2003, now Pat. No.
`7,418,504, which is a continuation of application No.
`09/558,210, filed on Apr. 26, 2000, now abandoned,
`which is a continuation-in-part of application No.
`09/504,783, filed on Feb. 15, 2000, now Pat. No.
`6,502,135, which
`is a continuation-in-part of
`application No. 09/429,643, filed on Oct. 29, 1999,
`now Pat. No. 7,010,604.
`
`(60) Provisional application No. 60/106,261, filed on Oct.
`30, 1998, provisional application No. 60/137,704,
`filed on Jun. 7, 1999.
`
`2611
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1001, p. 1
`
`

`

`US 8,504,697 B2
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`
`

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`Concordance Table for the References in Tables on pp. 6-15, 71-80
`and 116-124 of the Microsoft Corporation's Fourth Amended Inval(cid:173)
`idity Contentions dated Jan. 5, 2009.
`1. P. Mockapetris, "DNS Encoding of Network Names and Other
`Types," Network Working Group, RFC 1101 (Apr. 1989) RFC1101,
`DNS SRV).
`R. Atkinson, "An Internetwork Authentication Architecture," Naval
`Research Laboratory, Center for High Assurance Computing Sys(cid:173)
`tems (Aug. 5, 1993). (Atkinson NRL, KX Records).
`Henning Schulzrinne, Personal Mobility for Multimedia Services in
`The Internet, Proceedings of the Interactive Distributed Multimedia
`Systems and Services European Workshop at 143
`(1996).
`(Schulzrinne 96).
`Microsoft Corp., Microsoft Virtual Private Networking: Using Point(cid:173)
`to-Point Tunneling Protocol for Low-Cost, Secure, Remote Access
`Across the Internet (1996) (printed from 1998 PDC DVD-ROM).
`(Point to Point, Microsoft Prior Art VPN Technology).
`"Safe Surfing: How to Build a Secure World Wide Web Connection,"
`IBM Technical Support Organization, (Mar. 1996). (Safe Surfing,
`Website Art).
`Goldschlag, et a!., "Hiding Routing Information," Workshop on
`Information Hiding, Cambridge, UK (May 1996). (Goldschlag II,
`Onion Routing).
`"IPSec Minutes From Montreal", IPSEC Working Group Meeting
`http:/ /www.sandleman.ca/ipsec/ 1996/08/msgOOO 18 .htrnl
`Notes,
`(Jun. 1996). (IPSec Minutes, FreeS/WAN).
`J. M. Galvin, "Public Key Distribution with Secure DNS," Proceed(cid:173)
`ings of the Sixth USENIX UNIX Security Symposium, San Jose,
`California, Jul. 1996. (Galvin, DNSSEC).
`J. Gilmore, et a!. "Re: Key Management, anyone? (DNS Keying),"
`IPSec Working Group Mailing List Archives (Aug. 1996). (Gilmore
`DNS, FreeS/WAN).
`H. Orman, et a!. "Re: 'Re: DNS? was Re: Key Management, any(cid:173)
`one?" IETF IPSec Working Group Mailin• List Archive (Aug. 1996-
`Sep. 1996). (Orman DNS, FreeS/WAN).
`Arnt Gulbrandsen & Paul Vixie, A DNSRRfor specifYing the location
`of services (DNS SRV), IETF RFC 2052 (Oct. 1996). (RFC 2052,
`DNS SRV).
`
`Freier, et al. "The SSL Protocol Version 3.0," Transport Layer Secu(cid:173)
`rity Working Group (Nov. 18, 1996). (SSL, Underlying Security
`Technology).
`M. Handley, H. Schulzrinne, E. Schooler, Internet Engineering Task
`Force, Internet Draft, (Dec. 2, 1996). (RFC 2543 Internet Draft 1).
`M.G. Reed, et al. "Proxies for Anonymous Routing," 12th Annual
`Computer Security Applications Conference, San Diego, CA, Dec.
`9-13, 1996. (Reed, Onion Routing).
`Kenneth F. Alden & Edward P. Wobber, The Alta Vista Tunnel: Using
`the Internet to Extend Corporate Networks, Digital Technical Journal
`(1997) (Alden, AltaVista).
`Automotive Industry Action Group, "ANX Release 1 Document Pub(cid:173)
`lication," AIAG (1997). (AIAG, ANX).
`Automotive Industry Action Group, "ANX Release 1 Draft Docu(cid:173)
`ment Publication," AIAG Publications (1997). (AIAG Release,
`ANX).
`Aventail Corp. "Aventail VPN Data Sheet," available at http://www.
`archive .org/web/ 1997 0 212 0 1304 3/www. aventail.corn/prod!
`vpndata.htrnl (1997). (Data Sheet, Aventail).
`Aventail Corp., "Directed VPN V s. Tunnel," available at http:/ /web.
`archive.org/web/19970620030312/www.aventail.com/educate/
`directvpn.htrnl (1997). (Directed VPN, Aventail).
`Aventail Corp., "Managing Corporate Access to the Internet,"
`Aventail Auto SOCKS White Paper available at http:/ /web.archive.
`org/199706200300312/www.aventail.com/educate/whitepaper/
`ipmw.html (1997).(Corporate Access, Aventail).
`Aventail Corp., "VPN Server V2.0 Administration Guide," (1997).
`(VPN, Aventail).
`Goldschlag, et al. "Privacy on the Internet," Naval Research Labo(cid:173)
`ratory, Center for High Assurance Computer Systems (1997).
`(Goldschtag I, Onion Routing).
`Microsoft Corp., Installing Configuring and Using PPTP with
`Microsoft Clients and Servers (1997). (Using PPTP, Microsoft Prior
`Art VPN Technology).
`Microsoft Corp., IP Security for Microsoft Windows NT Server 5. 0
`( 1997) (printed from 1998 PDC DVD-ROM). (IP Security, Microsoft
`Prior Art VPN Technology).
`Microsoft Corp., Microsoft Windows NT Active Directory: An Intro(cid:173)
`duction to the Next Generation Directory Services (1997) (printed
`from 1998 PDC DVD-ROM). (Directory, Microsoft Prior Art VPN
`Technology).
`Microsoft Corp., Routing and Remote Access Service for Windows
`NT Server New Opportunities Today and Looking Ahead (1997)
`(printed from 1998 PDC DVD-ROM). Routing, Microsoft Prior Art
`VPN Technology).
`Microsoft Corp., Understanding Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
`PPTP (1997) (printed from 1998 PDC DVD-ROM). (Understanding
`PPTP, Microsoft Prior Art VPN Technology).
`J. Mark Smith et.al., Protecting a Private Network: The Alta Vista
`Firewall, Digital Technical Journal (1997). (Smith, AltaVista).
`Naganand Doraswamy Implementation of Virtual Private Networks
`(VPNs) with IPSecurity, <draft-ietf-ipsec-vpn-OO.txt> (Mar. 12,
`1997). (Doraswamy).
`M. Handley, H. Schulzrinne, E. Schooler, Internet Engineering Task
`Force, Internet Draft, (Mar. 27, 1997). (RFC 2543 Internet Draft 2).
`Aventail Corp., "Aventail and Cybersafe to Provide Secure Authen(cid:173)
`tication for Internet and Intranet Communication," Press Release,
`Apr. 3, 1997. (Secure Authentication, Aventail).
`D. Wagner, et al. "Analysis of the SSL 3.0 Protocol," (Apr. 15, 1997).
`(Analysis, Underlying Security Technologies).
`Automotive Industry Action Group, "ANXO Certification Authority
`Service and Directory Service Definition for ANX Release 1 ," AIAG
`Telecommunications Project Team and Bellcore (May 9, 1997).
`(AIAG Definition, ANX).
`Automotive Industry Action Group, "ANXO Certification Process
`and ANX Registration Process Definition for ANX Release 1 ," AIAG
`Telecommunications Project Team and Bellcore (May 9, 1997).
`(AIAG Certification, ANX).
`Aventail Corp., "Aventail Announces the First VPN Solution to
`Assure Interoperability Across Emerging Security Protocols," Jun. 2,
`1997. (FirstVPN, Aventail).
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1001, p. 4
`
`

`

`US 8,504,697 B2
`Page 5
`
`Syverson, eta!. "Private Web Browsing," Naval Research Laboratory,
`Center for High 8 Assurance Computer Systems (Jun. 2, 1997).
`(Syverson, Onion Routing).
`Bellcore, "Metrics, Criteria, and Measurement Technique Require(cid:173)
`ments for ANX Release 1 ," AIAG Telecommunications Project Team
`and Bellcore (Jun. 16, 1997). (AIAG Requirements, ANX).
`M. Handley, H. Schulzrinne, E. Schooler, Internet Engineering Task
`Force, Internet Draft, (Jul. 31, 1997). (RFC 2543 Internet Draft 3).
`R. Atkinson, "Key Exchange Delegation Record for the DNS," Net(cid:173)
`work Working Group, RFC 2230 (Nov. 1997). (RFC 2230, KX
`Records).
`M. Handley, H. Schulzrinne, E. Schooler, Internet Engineering Task
`Force, Internet Draft, (Nov. 11, 1997). (RFC 2543 Internet Draft 4).
`1998 Microsoft Professional Developers Conference DVD ("1998
`PDC DVD-ROM") (including screenshots captured there from and
`produced as MSFTVX 00018827-00018832).
`(Conference,
`Microsoft Prior Art VPN Technology).
`Microsoft Corp., Virtual Private Networking an Overview (1998)
`(printed from 1998 PDC DVD-ROM) (Overview, Microsoft Prior Art
`VPN Technology).
`Microsoft Corp., Windows NT 5.0 Beta Has Public Premiere at
`Seattle Mini-Camp Seminar attendees get first look at the perfor(cid:173)
`mance and capabilities of Windows NT 5.0 (1998) (available at
`http:/ /www.microsoft.com/presspass/features/ 1998/1 0-19nt5.
`mspxpftrue). (NT Beta, Microsoft Prior Art VPN Technology).
`"What ports does SSL use" available at stason.org/TULARC/secu(cid:173)
`rity/ ssl-talk/3 -4-What -ports-does-ssl-use.htrnl ( 1998). (Ports, DNS
`SRV).
`Aventail Corp., "Aventail VPNV2.6 Includes Support for More Than
`Ten Authentication Methods Making Extranet VPN Development
`Secure and Simple," Press Release, Jan. 19, 1998. (VPN V2.6,
`Aventail).
`R. G. Moskowitz, "Network Address Translation Issues with IPsec,"
`Internet Draft, Internet Engineering Task Force, Feb. 6, 1998.
`(Moskowitz).
`H. Schulzrinne, et al, "Internet Telephony Gateway Location," Pro(cid:173)
`ceedings ofiEEE INfocom '98, The Conference on Computer Com(cid:173)
`munications, vol. 2 (Mar. 29-Apr. 2, 1998). (Gateway, Schulzrinne).
`C. Huitema, 45 a!. "Simple Gateway Control Protocol," Version 1.0
`(May 5, 1998). (SGCP).
`Disa "Secret Internet Protocol Router Network," SIPRNET Program
`Management Office (D3113) DISN Networks, DISN Transmission
`Services (May 8, 1998). Disa, SIPRNET).
`M. Handley, H. Schulzrinne, E. Schooler, Internet Engineering Task
`Force, Internet Draft, (May 14, 1998). (RFC 2543 Internet Draft 5).
`M. Handley, H. Schulzrinne, E. Schooler, Internet Engineering Task
`Force, Internet Draft, (Jun. 17, 1998). (RFC 2543 Internet Draft 6).
`D. McDonald, et al. "PF _KEY Key Management API, Version 2,"
`Network Working Group, RFC 2367 (Jul. 1998). (RFC 2367).
`M. Handley, H. Schulzrinne, E. Schooler, Internet Engineering Task
`Force, Internet Draft, (Jul. 16, 1998). (RFC 2543 Internet Draft 7).
`M. Handley, H. Schulzrinne, E. Schooler, Internet Engineering Task
`Force, Internet Draft, (Aug. 7, 1998). (RFC 2543 Internet Draft 8).
`Microsoft Corp., Company Focuses on Quality and Customer Feed(cid:173)
`back(Aug. 18, 1998). (Focus, Microsoft Prior ArtVPNTechnology).
`M. Handley, H. Schulzrinne, E. Schooler, Internet Engineering Task
`Force, Internet Draft, (Sep. 18, 1998). (RFC 2543 Internet Draft 9).
`Atkinson, et al. "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol,"
`Network Working Group, RFC 2401 (Nov. 1998). (RfFC 2401,
`Underlying Security Technologies).
`M. Handley, H. Schulzrinne, E. Schooler, Internet Engineering Task
`Force, Internet Draft, (Nov. 12, 1998). (RFC 2543 Internet Draft 10).
`Donald Eastlake, Domain Name System Security Extensions, IETF
`DNS Security Working Group (Dec. 1998). (DNSSEC-7).
`M. Handley, H. Schulzrinne, E. Schooler, Internet Engineering Task
`Force, Internet Draft, (Dec. 15, 1998). (RFC 2543 Internet Draft 11).
`Aventail Corp., "Aventail Connect 3.112.6 Administrator's Guide,"
`(1999). (Aventail Administrator 3.1, Aventail).
`Aventail Corp., "Aventail Connect 3.112.6 User's Guide," (1999).
`(Aventail User 3.1, Aventail).
`Aventail Corp., "Aventail ExtraWeb Server v3.2 Administrator's
`Guide," (1999). (Aventail Extra Web 3.2, Aventail).
`
`Kaufman et a!, "Implementing IPsec," (Copyright 1999). (Imple(cid:173)
`menting IPSEC, VPN References).
`Network Solutions, Inc. "Enabling SSL," NSI Registry (1999).
`(Enabling SSL, Underlying Security Technologies).
`Check Point Software Technologies Ltd. (1999) (Check Point,
`Checkpoint FW).
`Arnt Gulbrandsen & Paul Vixie, A DNSRRfor specifying the location
`of services (DNS SRV),<draft-ietf-dnsind-frc2052bis-02.txt> (Jan.
`1999). (Gulbrandsen 99, DNS SRV).
`C. Scott, et al. Virtual Private Networks, O'Reilly and Associates,
`Inc., 2nd ed. (Jan. 1999). ScottVPNs).
`M. Handley, H. Schulzrinne, E. Schooler, Internet Engineering Task
`Force, Internet Draft, (Jan. 15, 1999). (RFC 2543 Internet Draft 12).
`Goldschlag, et a!., "Onion Routing for Anonymous and Private
`Internet Connections," Naval Research Laboratory, Center for High
`Assurance Computer Systems (Jan. 28, 1999). (Goldschlag III,
`Onion Routing).
`H. Schulzrinne, "Internet Telephony: architecture and protocols-an
`IETF perspective," Computer Networks, vol. 31, No. 3 (Feb. 1999).
`(Telephony, Schulzrinne).
`M. Handley, eta!. "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol," Network Work(cid:173)
`ing Group, RFC 2543 and Internet Drafts (Dec. 1996-Mar. 1999).
`(Handley, RFC 2543).
`FreeS/WAN Project, Linux FreeS/WAN Compatibility Guide (Mar. 4,
`1999). (FreeS/WAN Compatibility Guide, FreeS/WAN).
`Telcordia Technologies, "ANX Release 1 Document Corrections,"
`AIAG (May 11, 1999). (Telcordia, ANX).
`Ken Hornstein & Jeffrey Altman, Distributing Kerberos KDC and
`Realm Information with DNS <draft-eitf-cat-krb-dns-locate-oo.txt>
`(Jun. 21, 1999). (Hornstein, DNS SRV).
`Bhattacharya, et a!., "An LDAP Schema for Configuration and
`Administration of IPSec Based Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)",
`IETF Internet Draft (Oct. 1999). (Bhattcharya LDAP VPN).
`B. Patel, et a!. "DHCP Configuration of IPSEC Tunnel Mode,"
`IPSEC Working Group, Internet Draft 02 (Oct. 15, 1999). (Patel).
`Goncalves, et a!. Check Point Fire Wall-1 Administration Guide,
`McGraw-Hill Companies (2000). (Goncalves, Checkpoint FW).
`"Building a Microsoft VPN: A Comprehensive Collection of
`Microsoft Resources," FirstVPN, (Jan. 2000). (FirstVPN Microsoft).
`Gulbrandsen, Vixie, & Esibov, A DNS RRfor specifYing the location
`of services (DNS SRV), IETF RFC 2782 (Feb. 2000). (RFC 2782,
`DNS SRV).
`MITRE Organization, "Technical Description," Collaborative
`Operations in Joint Expeditionary Force Experiment (JEFX) 99 (Feb.
`2000). (MITRE, SIPRNET).
`H. Schulzrinne, et a!. "Application-Layer Mobility Using SIP,"
`Mobile Computing and Communications Review, vol. 4, No. 3. pp.
`47-57 (Jul. 2000). (Application, SIP).
`Kindred et a!, "Dynamic VPN Communities: Implementation and
`Experience," DARPA Information Survivability Conference and
`Exposition II (Jun. 2001). (DARPA, VPN Systems).
`ANX 101: Basic ANX Service Outline. (Outline, ANX).
`ANX 201: AdvancedANX Service. (Advanced, ANX).
`Appendix A: Certificate Profile for ANX IPsec Certificates. (Appen(cid:173)
`dix,ANX).
`Assured Digital Products. (Assured Digital).
`Aventail Corp., "Aventail AutoSOCKS the Client Key to Network
`Security," Aventail Corporation White Paper. (Network Security,
`Aventail).
`Cindy Moran, "DISN Data Networks: Secret Internet Protocol
`Router Network (SIPRNet)." (Moran, SIPRNET).
`Data Fellows F-Secure VPN+ (F-Secure VPN+ ).
`Interim Operational Systems Doctrine for the Remote Access Secu(cid:173)
`rity Program (RASP) Secret Dial-In Solution. (RASP, SIPRNET).
`Onion Routing, "Investigation ofRoute Selection Algorithms," avail(cid:173)
`able at http:/ /www.onion-router.net/ Archives/Route/index.html.
`(Route Selection, Onion Routing).
`Secure Computing, "Bullet-Proofing an Army Net," Washington
`Technology. (Secure, SIPRNET).
`SPARTA "Dynamic Virtual Private Network." (SPARTA, VPN Sys(cid:173)
`tems).
`Standard Operation Procedure for Using the 1910 Secure Modems.
`(Standard, SIPRNET).
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1001, p. 5
`
`

`

`US 8,504,697 B2
`Page 6
`
`FreeS/WAN
`to
`relating
`emails
`available
`Publically
`(MSFTVXOOO 18833-MSFTVXOOO 19206). (FreeS/WAN emails,
`FreeS/WAN).
`Kaufman et a!., "Implementing IPsec," (Copyright 1999) (Imple(cid:173)
`menting IPsec).
`Network Associates Gauntlet Firewall for Unix User's Guide Version
`5.0 (1999). (Gauntlet User's Guide-Unix, Firewall Products).
`Network Associates Gauntlet Firewall for Windows NT Getting
`Started Guide Version 5.0 (1999) (Gauntlet Getting Started Guide(cid:173)
`NT, Firewall Products).
`Network Associates Gauntlet Firewall for Unix Getting Started
`Guide Version 5.0 (1999) (Gauntlet Unix Getting Started Guide,
`Firewall Products).
`Network Associates Release Notes Gauntlet Firewall for Unix 5. 0
`(Mar. 19, 1999) (Gauntlet Unix Release Notes, Firewall Products).
`Network Associates Gauntlet Firewall for Windows NT Administra(cid:173)
`tor's Guide Version 5. 0 ( 1999) (Gauntlet NT Administrator