This progran should result in an overall
`components.
`framework that is open to inter—operable products that
`compete on their own merits and performance while preserving
`the capability for future expansion and modernization.
`The
`existence of a national system architecture will allow
`industry to proceed with the development of IVHS products and
`services with confidence that they will have a role in the
`overall
`scheme.
`
`7.1.2 Organizational Arrangements
`
`the
`Although a latecomer to aggressive pursuit of IVHS,
`United States has effectively applied its systems approach
`culture in a top-down approach to organizational structure as
`well as to planning and to IVHS architecture development.
`Established in 1990,
`IVHS AMERICA has quickly emerged from
`its Mobility 2000 underpinnings as the central coordinating
`body that serves simultaneously as advisory committee to the
`USDOT, as a forum for interfacing public and private sector
`interests,
`as a central exchange for IVES information,
`and,
`in many ways,
`and as both professional society and industry
`association.
`
`Europe has also excelled in organizational arrangements but
`faces national sovereignty issues and conflicting national
`priorities that give the central planning function little
`Both
`clout in establishing a common European IVHS framework.
`Europe's and Japan's primary "institutional issues" are high-
`level conflicts — Europe's at the national
`level and Japan's
`at the ministry level.
`However, with the new spirit of
`cooperation among Japan's several high—level ministries
`having IVHS interests and with the recent formation of VERTIS
`(an IVHS AMERICA—like organization),
`a breakthrough may be at
`hand for Japan to move ahead with full-scale deployment of
`ATIS and integrating it with the ubiquitous AIMS already in
`place.
`
`in many ways, more
`The United States faces a different and,
`difficult challenge. While clear consensus now exists at
`the
`highest policy levels of the federal government, all
`levels
`of the public sector must reach consensus and cooperate if a
`common architecture is to he accepted for nationwide IVHS
`deployment.
`
`the many players involved in the transportation
`However,
`infrastructure (federal, state, city,
`and county
`transportation agencies and Metropolitan Planning
`Organizations) make consensus building a major challenge.
`State and local agencies must put high priority on using
`their limited resources for maintaining and operating the
`existing transportation infrastructure, and may be reluctant
`to "buy in" during the formative stages of
`IVHS.
`
`MPCSlNV0005188
`
`

`
`7.2 Other Findings
`
`We found that consistent comparison of all relevant
`government funding of IVHS is precluded by differences in
`national
`jurisdictional responsibilities,
`institutional
`practices,
`and the extent to which IVHS expenditures are
`delineated from other expenditures. Moreover, access to
`details on IVHS investments by industry are precluded by
`proprietary considerations. Nonetheless, except for
`IVHS
`deployment expenditures,
`it appears that government
`funding in the United States is now edging ahead of Europe.
`More IVHS development work has already been accomplished in
`Japan where the main expenditures are now on deployment.
`
`Both the United States and Europe have focused strongly on
`research and testing including emphasis on operational field
`trials at the present
`time.
`The United States leads both
`Europe in Japan in IVHS planning and in establishing the
`necessary institutional arrangements for developing and
`deploying IVHS.
`However,
`it should be noted that its late
`start in serious IVHS pursuits has enabled the United States
`to apply knowledge gained from the European and Japanese
`experiences in developing its top-down systems approach.
`
`IVHS standards development, particularly in Europe and the
`United States, has involved many contentious issues as
`individual efforts got underway.
`However, great progress has
`been made on the international
`level with the establishment
`
`(International Standards Organization Technical
`of ISO/TC—204
`Committee on Transport
`Information and Control Systems)
`in
`1993 as a result of a United States initiative.
`In addition
`to assuring the compatibility of IVHS equipment wherever one
`travels,
`international standards will provide for greater
`economies of scale and facilitate international competition
`on the basis of performance and cost.
`
`With the notable exception of Japan, where AIMS deployment
`has practically reached saturation and great progress has
`been made by industry in marketing autonomous navigation and
`driver information systems for automobiles,
`IVHS deployment
`and marketing is still spotty.
`The United States leads in
`operational electronic toll collection systems, Europe is
`close behind,
`and Japan has not chosen to implement
`electronic toll collection at this time.
`Europe and Japan
`lead in the implementation of advanced technologies for
`transit bus information and management systems.
`The United
`States leads in the deployment of commercial vehicle location
`monitoring and communication systems, particularly for heavy
`trucks.
`Private industry in the UK has deployed
`Trafficmaster,
`the world's first operational system to
`automatically collect and communicate real—time traffic
`information to in~vehicle displays.
`
`7-4
`
`MPCSINVODO51 89
`
`

`
`7.3 Conclusions
`
`the United States has made significant
`We conclude that
`progress in IVHS during the last few years, particularly in
`gaining government policy and funding support and in
`organization and planning. Although starting late compared
`to Japan and Europe,
`the United States has also made great
`progress in EVHS research and testing.
`As a result,
`the
`United States suddenly has a national
`IVHS progran that,
`overall,
`compares quite favorably with those of Europe and
`Japan.
`
`Much of the United States‘ progress is due to a resurgence in
`federal support for IVHS driven by benefits identified and
`priorities established in an effective national public"
`private IVHS planning effort at
`the strategic level.
`However,
`the current efforts are difficult to optimize
`because of inflexibility in applying the available funding
`due to earmarking.
`The extensive earmarking that has
`accompanied much of the funding to date may be due in part to
`the fact that the appropriations have often been ahead of
`detailed planning during the period of rapid build up of the
`IVHS program.
`Thus completion of the National Program Plan
`for IVHS that is now under development should provide a more
`coherent basis for earmarking.
`
`International competitiveness considerations have also been a
`However,
`motivating’ factor for developing the U.S. program.
`although there are strong undertones of rivalry,
`international cooperation and information exchange have
`become hallmarks of IVHS.
`Progress being made on
`international standards and protocols should lead to much
`larger international markets which will be more attractive to
`manufacturers,
`and the increased volume will result in
`economic growth and lower prices.
`
`IVHS may have even furthermreaching implications for
`Finally,
`the United States.
`As suggested by Professor Daniel Roos of
`the Massachusetts Institute of Technology when addressing the
`IVHS AMERICA Coordinating Council
`in 1991:
`
`important potential of IVHS might
`the most
`"In some ways,
`not be in transportation, but rather as a model for how
`this country is going to have to operate in the future
`with regard to cooperation between the public and private
`sectors."
`
`7-5
`
`MPCS|NV00O5190
`
`

`
`7.4 Recommendations
`
`technological
`Although comprehensive comparisons of
`capabilities and prowess of the United States, Europe, and
`Japan could not be undertaken within the scope of this study,
`we recognize its fundamental significance in high—tech
`pursuits such as IVHS.
`For example,
`the Japan's competence
`in consumer electronics manufacturing has been an enabling
`factor for the progress they have made in developing and
`marketing automobile navigation systems. Many knowledgeable
`observers see the vehicle control area as a core competence
`for Europe.
`The United States’
`strength in systems
`engineering and organizational skills as well as in
`technology have been invaluable to the IVHS progress it has
`made.
`
`We also recognize the accompanying importance of technology
`transfer capabilities, which is critical to IVHS development
`because of the multiplicity of technologies required.
`This
`is a particularly important
`issue for the United States
`because its late start in IVHS could be ameliorated if the
`surplus of defense—related technological capabilities in the
`wake of the cold war can be successfully refocused on IVHS.
`Part of that refocussing will involve retargeting defense
`technologies to thorny transportation challenges, and a key
`will be how well U.S. defense companies acquire the necessary
`"domain knowledge" to succeed. During the course of this
`study, moves in this direction were initiated through the
`Technology’ Reinvestment: Program (TRP) under the auspices of
`the U.S. Department of Defense.
`
`Thus we believe that core technological competencies should
`be compared in more detail and that the prospects for
`transferring them to IVHS applications should be evaluated to
`gain a better understanding of the future directions of IVHS
`in the United States, Europe, and Japan.
`In the same vein,
`manufacturing and marketing strengths should also be compared
`to help round out future expectations regarding internationai
`competitiveness in IVHS.
`
`As for future IVHS deployment and the realization of its
`benefits in the United States,
`it appears that one of the
`most chailenging issues for the next several years will be
`that of evoking "buy-in" by transportation agencies at the
`state and local
`levels. Although top—down outreach efforts
`by the USDOT and IVHS AMERICA are underway to this end, it
`could be helpful
`to supplement these efforts with an
`independent bottom—up study of IVHS perceptions, needs, and
`concerns as seen by state and local agencies.
`
`7-6
`
`MPCSiNV0005191
`
`

`
`ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
`
`The authors would like to thank James Costantino, Executive
`Director of IVHS AMERICA and Project Monitor for this study,
`for both his guidance in planning and his patience with our
`execution of the project.
`Special
`thanks are also due Norman
`M. Schaeffer
`(R. L. French 5 Associates)
`and Jerry Werner
`(Werner Associates)
`for their assistance with planning and
`producing the report.
`
`to express our appreciation for suggestions and
`We want
`assistance offered by IVHS AMRICA members too numerous to
`list here.
`In addition, we want
`to acknowledge important
`assistance provided by Haruki Fujii of JSK in Japan.
`
`Finally, we would like to thank the Executive Committee and
`the International Liaison Comittee of the IVHS AMERICA Board
`of Directors for reviewing and providing their comments and
`suggestions for the final version.
`Special
`thanks are due
`International Liaison Committee Chairman Randy Doi
`(Motorola)
`and members Professor Kan Chen (University of Michigan),
`Gerald D. Conover
`(Ford), Russell Shields {Navigation
`Technologies), and William M. Spreitzer
`(General Motors)
`screening earlier drafts prior to review by the full
`Committees.
`
`for
`
`MPCSWVODO5192
`
`

`
`REFERENCES
`
`[The list of references is still in processing and is not
`available for this draft.]
`
`MPCSINVOO05193
`
`

`
`
`
`Appendix E:
`Glossary
`
`AASHTO
`
`American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
`
`ACC
`
`Adaptive Cruise Control. A cruise control system that maintains a safe
`distance from the vehicie ahead.
`
`ADIS
`
`Advanced Driver Information Systems. Vehicle features that assist the
`driver with planning, perception, analysis, and decision-making.
`
`ADVANCE
`
`ADVANTAGE L75
`
`Advanced Driver and Vehicle Advisory Navigation Concept. Alarge-
`scale project being conducted in the northwestern suburbs of Chicago,
`ADVANCE will evaluate the performance of a dynamic route guidance
`system that uses vehicles to gather traffic information. Up to 5000
`private and commercial vehicles will be equipped with in-vehicle
`navigation and mute guidance systems and will serve as probes,
`providing real-time trafiic information to the traffic information center.
`Processed traffic information is then transmitted to the vehicles, where
`it is used in developing preferred routes. The routing information is
`presented to the driver in the form of dynamic routing instructions.
`
`A CVO operational test along Interstate 75, this project represents a
`partnership of public and private sector interests along the 1-75
`corridor. ADVANTAGE I-75 improves the efficiency of motor-carrier
`operations by allowing properly documented, tmnsponder—equipped
`trucks to travel any segment of I-75 with minimal stopping at weigh
`and inspection stations. Most information transfer is carried out while
`the vehicle is traveling at mainline speeds. Once weight and truck size
`measurements are taken at any point along the corridor, the informa-
`tion is passed along to all upstream inspection points, where it is used
`for computerized credential checking and pm-clearances in each state.
`ADVANTAGE I-75 features both decentralized control and the
`
`application of off-the-shelf technology. Each state retains its constitu-
`tional and statutory authority relative to motor carriers and their
`operations.
`
`AHAR
`
`Automaticliighway Advisory Radio.
`
`A]
`
`Artifrciai Intelligence. A computer software programuiing technique in
`which a computer "learns" from past experience, allowing it to make
`more inteliigent decisions with greater program use.
`
`AICC
`
`Autonomous Intelligent Cruise Control, aPROMETHEUS program.
`
`E-I
`
`NlPCS|NV0005194
`
`

`
`IVHS AMERICA
`..
`.
`.
`
`ALI
`
`Autofahrer Leit- und Inforrnationssysteni. A route guidance system that
`was tested on the German autobahn beginning in 1979 and continuing
`until 1982. The system was jointly developed by Blaupunkt and
`Voikswagen. It used inductive loops to both detect traffic and
`communicate with the vehicle. Equipped vehicles could transmit and
`receive information using the loop antennas. Testing was sponsored by
`the West German Government. See also ALI-SCOUT.
`
`ALI-SCOUT
`
`A route guidance system that uses infrared beacons to transfer
`navigation and mute guidance information from the infrastructure to
`equipped vehicles. On-board displays provide the information to the
`driver. The system was developed in West Germany by Bosch]
`Blaupunkt and Siemens. It combines features of both the Blaupunkt
`ALI system and the Siemens AUTOSCOUT system. The system was
`extensiveiy tested in West Berlin. See also LISB and EURO-SCOUT.
`
`AMTECH Dallas firrn, developer and pioneer of an electronic toll collection
`system.
`
`AMTICS
`
`Advanced MobileTrafi‘ic information and Communication Systems. A
`Japanese traffic information system demonstration project under the
`direction of 3apan’s National Poiice Agency with support from the
`Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.
`
`ANSI
`
`American National Standards Institute.
`
`APC
`
`Automated Passenger Counting.
`
`APTS
`
`Advanced 13ub1ic Transportation Systems.
`
`ARCS
`
`Automatic Route Control System, early 19'/'0’s; first map-
`matching system for land vehicles.
`
`ARI
`
`Autofahrer Rundfunk Information. A European traffic information
`broadcasting system that alerts users to tune their radios to a specific
`station in order to receive the traffic information transmissions. It is
`
`similar to American HAR systems.
`
`ARISE
`
`Automobile Road Information System Evolution, first study to address
`IVHS from vehicular viewpoint, Sweden, 1985.
`
`ARTS
`
`1. Advanced Rural Transportation Systems.
`2. Advanced Road Traffic Systems (Japan).
`
`ARTT (or ATT) Advanced Road Transport Telematics. Also called DRIVE ll, ARTT
`(or ATT) is the second phase of DRIVE. it will focus on field trials
`involving local and regional transportation agencies throughout Europe.
`
`MPCS|NVOOO5‘i95
`
`

`
`
`
`ASCE
`
`ASTM
`
`ASV
`
`ATA
`
`ATC
`
`ATCC
`
`ATICS
`
`ATIS
`
`ATISS
`
`ATMS
`
`American Society of Civil Engineers.
`
`American Society for Testing and Materiais.
`
`Program in Japan for an Advanced Safety Vehicle.
`
`American Trucking Associations.
`
`Automated (electronic) Toll Collection.
`
`Area Traffic Control Centers, developed by the NPA in Japan from
`£970 onward.
`
`Automobile Traffic Information and Controi System, eight-year R&D
`project under NPA in Japan.
`
`Advanced Traveler Information Systems.
`
`Advanced Traffic Information Supply Service, Tokyo.
`
`Advanced Traffic Management Systems.
`
`ATSAC
`
`Automated Traffic Surveillance And Control.
`
`Autoguide
`
`A British mute guidance system that uses infrared beacons to transfer
`navigation and route guidance information from the infrastructure to
`equipped vehicles. On—board displays provide the information to the
`driver, A test of the technology is being planned for a corridor between
`central London and Heathrow Airport.
`
`Autosc0peTM
`
`A system that uses a video camera and computer software to analyze
`roadway images and extract traffic flow information. It was developed
`by the University of Minnesota and is undergoing testing on Inter-
`state 394 in the Minneapolis/S aint Paul area.
`
`AVC
`
`AVCS
`
`AVE
`
`Automated Vehicle Classification. Used in CVO, AVC electronically
`identifies a vehicle’s type. Using this system decreases the amount of
`time required at border crossings by reducing the amount of paperwork
`drivers have to process.
`
`Advanced Vehicle Control Systems.
`
`Automated Vehicle Identification. A system that combines an on—board
`transponder with roadside receivers to automate identification of
`vehicles for purposes such as electronic toll cotlection and stolen
`vehicle recovery.
`
`AVL
`
`Automated Vehicle Location system. A computerized system that
`
`E-3
`
`MPCSWVDD05196
`
`

`
`NI-IS AMERICA
`
`E-4
`
`AVM
`
`Beacon
`
`CACS
`
`CAD
`
`Caltrans
`
`CARGOES
`
`CARIN
`
`CARMINAT
`
`CDCRAFT
`
`CD-ROM
`
`CED
`
`tracks the current location of vehicles in a fleet. It is used to assist in
`
`applications such as dispatching.
`
`Automatic Vehicle Monitoring.
`
`See proximity beacon.
`
`Comprehensive Automobile Control System. A six—year, $52 million
`Japanese project guided by the Ministry of International Trade and
`Industry (MITI). Completed in the 1970’s, it established that vehicle!
`road information systems with dynamic route guidance could yield
`significant benefits.
`
`Computer—Aided Dispatching.
`
`The California Department of Transportation.
`
`DREVE program to integrate route guidance and traffic control.
`
`CAR Information and Navigation system. Autonomous mute guidance
`system devetoped by Philips Electronics.
`
`CARIN4-MlNERVE+ATLAS. A EUREKA project, that developed an
`in—vehicle electronic system for communication, navigation, mute
`guidance, and car performance monitoring. It combined features of the
`Philip’s CARIN system (route guidance and navigation) with the
`information system concepts of Sagem’s MINERVE and Renault’s
`ATLAS projects. The system gains information via an RDS receiver,
`aCD-ROM, and various vehicle sensors.
`
`CD and CRT Applied Fomat Japanese standard for interface sofiware
`for in-vehicle equipment.
`
`Compact Disc — Read Only Memory.
`
`Common European Demonstrators ~~ PROMETI-IEUS field tests and
`demonstrations.
`
`CEN/CENELEC
`
`European Committee for Standardization!E1ectric Equipment.
`
`CMS
`
`Corridors
`
`COST
`
`Changeable Message Sign. Used in ATIS and ATMS to display real-
`time infonnation to drivers.
`
`Parallel roadways or transportation facilities, that generally serve major
`metropolitan areas.
`
`European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical
`Research.
`
`MPCSlNV00O5197
`
`

`
`
`
`CVO
`
`CVSA
`
`DACS
`
`Comrnerciai Vehicle Operations.
`
`Commercial Vehicle Safety Ailiauce.
`
`Data. Acquisition and Control System, Wichita Falls, Texas, 1966.
`
`Dallas North Tollway Project
`
`An ETTM system operated by the Texas Turnpike Authority on
`18 miles of urban tcllway.
`
`Dead-Reckoning
`
`Dead-reckoning is a technique that calculates the current location of a
`vehicle by measuring the distance and direction that the vehicle has
`traveled since leaving a known starting point.
`
`DEMETER
`
`DIME
`
`DOT
`
`DRIVE
`
`Digital Electronic Mapping of European Territory. A EUREKA project
`started by Bosch and Philips in 1986. Its objective is to create a
`standardized European digital mad map at 1:l0,000 scale. The project
`has resulted in the development of GDF, a proposed standard for the
`acquisition and representation of the highly detailed digital map data
`that is required by dead-reclconing/rnap-matching navigation systems.
`
`Dual Incidence Matrix Encoded files. Computer-based map files
`created under contract to the U.S. Census Bureau and used for the
`
`1980 census. The comparable files for the 1990 census are called the
`TIGER files.
`
`Department Of Transportation.
`
`Dedicated Road Infrastructure for Vehicle safety in Europe. A
`European Community program to find ways to aileviate road trans-
`portation problems through the application of advanced information
`and telecommunications technology. DRIVE has more than seventy
`projects, including CIDER, DACAR, IMAURO, INVAID, PAMELA,
`PANDORA, SIRIUS, SMART, SOCRATES, TARDIS, and VIC. The
`ultimate target of the DRIVE effort is to produce an integrated road
`transport environment {IRTE).
`
`DRIVEII
`
`See ART1".
`
`ECMT
`
`ECPA
`
`ECU
`
`EFTA
`
`EGT
`
`European Conference of Ministers of Transport.
`
`Electronic Communications Privacy Act.
`
`European currency unit.
`
`European Free Trade Association.
`
`European Geographical Technologies B.V. European consortium
`formeci to create and manage digital street map databases in Europe.
`
`E-5
`
`MPCS|NVOD05198
`
`

`
`{VHS AMERICA
`
`
`Its initial focus is on defining and fulfitling the needs of traffic and
`transport related applications.
`
`ENTERPRISE
`
`Evaluating New Technologies for Roads Program Initiative in Safety
`and Efficiency. U.S. lVl-IS cooperative initiative to facilitate the rapid
`development and deployment of IVHS technologies. Intended to be a
`consortium of public and private organizations with compatible IVI-IS
`goals that will identify and exploit opportunities for cooperative
`ventures.
`
`ERGS
`
`Electronic Route Guidance System. A 1968 to 1971 route guidance
`project supported by the Federal Highway Administration. The system
`provided imvehicle directional guidance to the driver. Although it was
`not implemented in the US, the Japanese CACS project established the
`feasibility of the ERGS technology.
`
`ERTICO European Road Transport Information and Communications systems.
`A EUREKA project with the objective of deploying systems that auto-
`matically communicate motor freight infonnation to commercial
`drivers. ERTICO is a $2.7 million, three-year project to develop a
`common mad information and communications system for motor
`carriers across Europe.
`
`ETAK Silicon Valley firm, first to market a vehicle navigation system, the
`NavigatorTM in 1984.
`
`ETTM Electronic Toll and Traffic Management. Uses AVI to electronically
`collect tolls, enabling vehicles to pay tolls without stopping at
`tollbooths.
`'
`
`EUCO-COST 30 Continuation of COST 30 project to include demonstration on
`road/vehicle communication research (see COST).
`
`EUREKA European Research Coordination Agency. A European program
`designed to stimulate cooperative research and development between
`industries and governments in Europe. The EUREKA program includes
`projects such as CARMINAT, DEMETER, ERTICO, EUROPOLIS,
`PROMETHEUS, and TELEATLAS.
`
`EURO-SCOUT An infrastructure-based information, navigation, mute guidance and
`traffic management system. Developed by Siemens, EURO-SCOUT is
`a derivation of the previously demonstrated ALI-SCOUT system. Like
`ALLSCOUT, it also uses infrared beacons to transfer information be-
`tween the infiastructure and equipped vehicles.
`
`FAST—TRAC
`
`Faster And Safer Travel through Traffic Routing and Advanced
`Control. A demonstration project that integrates ATMS and ATIS,
`FAST—TRAC utilizes the SCATS adaptive, coordinated traffic control
`
`
`
`E-6
`
`MPCS|NVODO5199
`
`

`
` I
`
`system with video image processing for vehicle detection and is linked
`with the Siemens’s ALI-SCOUT technology.
`
`FCC
`
`Federal Communications Commission for the U.S.
`
`FI-[WA
`
`Federal Highway Administration. A branch of the U.S. Department of
`Transportation.
`
`FSCS
`
`Freeway Surveillance and Control System, Chicago.
`
`FTA
`
`Federal Transit Administration. A branch of the U.S. Department of
`Transportation.
`
`FTMS
`
`FreewayTrafficMana,gementSystem.
`
`GAO
`
`U.S. Government General Accounting Office.
`
`GBFIDIME Geographic base file, dual independent map encoding, U.S. Census
`Bureau digirai map project from the 1960's.
`
`GDF‘
`
`GIS
`
`GPS
`
`Geographic Data Fomat. A transfer file specification for digital
`roadway and topoiogical map databases produced by Bosch and Philips
`under the DEMETER project of DRIVE. The format includes specifi~
`cations for database encoding.
`
`Geographic Information System. A computerized data management
`system designed to capture, store, retrieve, analyze, and report
`geographic and demographic information.
`
`Navstar Global Positioning System. A govemment-owned system of 24
`earth-orbiting satellites that transmit data to ground—based receivers.
`GPS provides extremely accurate latitude and longitude ground
`position in WGS—34 coordinates. However, for U.S. strategic defense
`reasons, deliberate error (cailed selective availability) is introduced into
`the code that is provided for civilian users.
`
`GSM Groupe Speciale Mobile. European digital cellular radio standard.
`
`HAR
`
`Highway Advisory Radio. A traffic information broadcasting system
`used in the U.S. Drivers are alerted to tune their car radios to a
`specific channel in order to receive transmitted information. HAR is
`similar to the European ARI system.
`
`HAZMAT
`
`Hazardous Material(s)_
`
`HELP
`
`See HELP/Crescent.
`
`I-lELPfCrescent Heavy vehicle Electronic License Plate program. CRESCENT is a
`
`MPCSINVOOOSZOO
`
`

`
`IVHS AMERICA
`
`E-8
`
`dernonstraijon project within the HELP program. It includes a multi-
`state, rnulti-national research effort to design and test an integrated,
`heavy vehicle monitoring system using AVE, AVC, and WIM technolo-
`gies. The project will take place along I-10 and 1-20 from central
`Texas, west through New Mexico, Arizona, and California to the
`greater Los Angeles area, then north along I-5 through California,
`Oregon, and Washington to the international border, continuing into
`British Columbia along portions of both the trans-Canada and Alaska
`highways. Data will eventually be monitored at more than 30 locations.
`
`Highway Industry Development Organization, Japanese organization
`for R&D under Ministry of Construction, 1984.
`
`High Occupancy Vehicle. Any vehicle — bus, van, car -— with
`multiple riders. An HOV lane refers to a roadway lane reserved for use
`by I-lOVs.
`
`Head—Up Display. A type of display that projects information in front
`of the user.
`
`Highway Users Federation for Safety And Mobility. A Washington-
`based coalition of 400 corporate and association members (plus some
`2,000 individual members) with affiliated groups in each state and 14
`regional offices around the country. Its main goal is to serve the
`common interests of business and industry in advancing highway
`transportation safety and efficiency. HUFSAM was instniniental in the
`formation of IVHS AMERICA. The I-Iighwayfl/ehicle Technology
`Committee of HUFSAM, composed of representatives from major U.S.
`transportation companies, has been charged with identifying the value
`of IVHS and defining how such systems can be effectively utilized.
`
`Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. A professional
`society and standa.rds—rnaking body, IEEE is composed of some 30
`individual societies, including the Computer Society and the Vehicular
`Technology Society. It has established an IVI-IS Standards Coordina-
`tion Committee.
`
`International Institute for Applied System Analysis, Austria
`
`Integrated Motorist Information System, Long Island urban freeway
`research project, now operational and called INFORM.
`
`HIDO
`
`HOV
`
`I-IUD
`
`HUFSAM
`
`IEEE
`
`IIASA
`
`IMIS
`
`IMPACT
`
`INMARSAT
`
`International Maritime Satellite organization.
`
`INRETS
`
`National Institute for Research in Transportation and Related Safety,
`
`MPCSINVODOSZO1
`
`

`
`
`
`Intelligent Vehicie-Highway
`Systems Act of 1991
`
`In-Vehicle Signing
`
`a French institute.
`
`IVHS Act. included in the ISTEA, this act proposes the establishment
`of a national IVHS program to include evaluation and implementation
`of IVHS technologies; development of standards; establishment of an
`IV]-IS infonnation clearinghouse; utilization of advisory committees
`(one of which is IVHS AMERICA); and funding of an IVHS research,
`development, and testing program.
`
`On-board display of roadside sign information. The information can be
`obtained either by short—range transmission from roadside beacons or
`from on-board data storage. In-vehicle signs are utilized to improve
`driver effectiveness, especially when driving at night or during
`inclement weather conditions.
`
`IR
`
`Infrared.
`
`IRTE
`
`ISATA
`
`ISO
`
`ISTEA
`
`ITE
`
`Integrated Road Transport Environment.
`
`International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation.
`A yeariy symposium held in Florence, Italy.
`
`Entemational Standards Organization.
`
`Public Law 102-240, Dec. 18, 199} (I-I.R. 2950 [early Senate version,
`S 1204]). The Intermodai Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
`(ISTEA) of 1991 provides the primary federal funding for highway
`programs in the U.S. It contains the Intelligent Vehicle-Highway
`Systems Act of 1991 (Title VI, Part B).
`
`Institute of Transportation Engineers, an international scientific and
`educational association. ITE’s 10,000 members are transportation
`professionals -- from over 70 countries — who are responsible for the
`planning, design, and operation of surface transportation systems.
`
`IVHS
`
`intelligent Vehicle-I-lighway Systems.
`
`IVHS AMERICA
`
`Intelligent Vehicie Highway Society of America A nonprofit,
`public/‘private scientific and educational corporation that is working to
`advance a national program for safer, more economical, energy
`eflicient, and environmentally sound highway travel in the U.S. IVHS
`AMERICA is a utilized federal advisory committee for the USDOT.
`
`JDRMA
`
`Japan Digital Road Map Association, 1987, to standardize map fonnats
`for vehicle navigation systems.
`
`JSAE
`
`Japanese Society of Automotive Engineers.
`
`
`
`E-3
`
`MPCSNV0005202
`
`

`
`IVH S AME RICA
`
`E-10
`
`JS K Foundation
`
`Japanese Association of Electronic Technology for Automotive Traffic
`and Driving.
`
`JTMTA
`
`LCD
`
`LED
`
`Liaison Council for
`
`IVHSIRTI Japan
`
`Japan Traffic Management Technology Association.
`
`Liquid Crystal Display.
`
`Light Emitting Diode.
`
`A council formed by representative members of the IVHS community
`in Japan to smoothly carry out information interchange inside and
`outside of Japan. Membership includes personnel from the Japan
`Tratiic Management Technology Association, the Highway Industry
`Development Organization, and the Association of Electronic Technol—
`ogy for Automotive "Frafiic and Driving (JSK Foundation).
`
`LISB
`
`Leit— und Information System Berlin. A full—scale trial of the ALI-
`SCOUT system that was conducted in West Berlin. The trial was
`completed in 1991, but the system remains operational. The project
`was carried out by BoschlBlaupunkt and Siemens with funding from
`the West Gennan govemment and the Senate of West Berlin.
`
`LORAN-C
`
`Land—based radio navigation system operated by the U.S. Coast Guard
`as a public service. This hyperbolic system uses signals broadcast from
`laud-based radio towers.
`
`Map—Matching
`
`A technique to enhance and correct in—vehicle dead—reckoning.
`Computer software follows the progress ofthe vehicle through an on-
`board digital map and matches the dead~reckoned estimate of the
`current position to the closest point on the map in order to correct for
`accumulated sensor errors.
`
`MDTRS
`
`MECC
`
`MITI
`
`Mobility 2009
`
`MOC
`
`MPO
`
`Mobile Digital Trunked Radio Systems. A standard for pan-European
`public and private digital trunked mobile voice and data networks.
`
`Metropolitan Express Control Center, installed in Japan in 1973.
`
`Japan’s Ministry of intemational Trade and Industry.
`
`An informal assembly of government agencies, automotive companies,
`electronics suppliers, communications companies, large fleet operators,
`universities, and private individuals. Mobility 2000 served to define
`and promote IVI-IS in the late l980’s.
`
`Japanese Ministry of Construction, one of the several agencies
`responsible for IVHS development in Japan.
`
`Metropolitan Planning Organization.
`
`MPCS |NV0005203
`
`

`
`
`
`MPT
`
`MTO
`
`Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications in Japan.
`
`Ontario (Canada) Ministry ofTransportation.
`
`MVMA
`
`Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association.
`
`NHTSA
`
`NPA
`
`NRIPS
`
`National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Abranch of the U.S.
`Department of Transportation that focuses on safety and standards.
`
`National Police Agency, one of several agencies responsible for IVHS
`developments in Japan.
`
`National Research Institute of Police Science, sponsored