Page 1 of 9
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`Ninth Edition
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`Alan Freedman
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`Desktup
`Emcyclapedm
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`Osborne/McGraw-Hill
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`Computer Desktop Encyclopedla, Ninth Edition
`
`ight © 2001 by "the McCraw—Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Printed in the
`‘<
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`9cEm:
`States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part
`is publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or
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`red in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the
`" publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and
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`E
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`1234567890 DOC DOC 901987654321
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`Book p/n 0-07-219307-7 and CD p/n 0—07-219308-5
`parts of
`ISBN 0-07-219306-9
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`"C
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`
`Publisher
`Brandon A. Nordin
`
`Vice President & Associate Publisher
`Scott Rogers
`Editorial Director
`
`Roger Stewart
`
`Senior Project Editor
`Pamela Woolf
`
`Proofreaders
`Linda Medoft, Paul Medotf
`
`Computer Designers
`Lauren McCarthy, Tabitha Cagan
`
`Illustrators
`Lyssa Wald, Michael Mueller
`Series Design
`Peter F. Hancik
`
`Cover Design
`Greg Scott
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`Cover Illustration
`John Bleck
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`LC Control Number
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`llllllllllllllll
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`2001
`
`27811
`
`This book was composed with Core] VENTURA1M Publisher.
`
`Information has been obtained by Osborne/McCraw-Hill from sources believed to be reliable. However, because of the
`possmility of human or mechanical error by our sources, Osborne/McCraw-iiill, or others. Osborne/Mcan-Hill does not
`guarantee Ihe ncuuncy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissmns or
`the results obtained from use of such information,
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`
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`

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`Page 3 of 9
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`
`
`
`(1) A workstation or personal computer in a client/server
`cllent
`environment. See client/server and[at client.
`(2) One end of the spectrum in a request/supply relationship
`between programs. See X Window and OLE.
`’
`client application
`An application running in a workstation or
`personal computer on a network. See also OLE.
`
`cllent based
`Refers to hardware or software that runs in the user’s
`machine (client). Contrastwithserver based.
`
`_
`.
`client machine
`A user's workstation that 15 attached to a network.
`1112 term can also refer tola portable computer that is plugged into the
`network. See client and client/server.
`
`client program Software that runsin the user‘sPC orworkstation.
`Contrast with server program, which resides in a server in the network.
`
`client/server An architecturein which the user's PC (the client) is
`therequestingmachine and theserver is thesupplying machine,both of
`which are connected via a local areanetwork (LAN) or wide area network
`(WAN). Throughout the late 19809 and early 19905, client]server was
`thehotbuzzword as applications weremigrated from centralized
`minicemputers and mainframes to networks of personal computers.
`in dient/server, theclient pnxesscs the user interface (Windows, Mac,
`etc.) and canperformsome oral] ofthe application processing. Sewers range
`in capacityfrom high-endPCs to mainframes. A databaseserver maintains
`thedatabasesand processes requests from the client to extract datafromor
`to update the database. An application server provides additional business
`processing for the clients. See client/sewerdevelopment system.
`Client/server Versus the Web
`Because of the Internet, terms such
`as "Web based” and "Web enabled" have replaced the client/server
`buzzword, yet the client/server architecture is conceptually the same.
`Users’ PCs are still clients, and there are tens of thousands of Web sewers
`throughout the lntemet delivering Web pages. Nevertheless,client/
`server is mostly used to refer to "legacy," nowWeb based systems.
`On the Web, the client runs the browser and lust like legacy Client/
`server can perform little or a lot of processing: simple displaying of
`HTML pages, more processing with embedded scripts or considerable
`processing with lava applets. A myriad of browser plug-ins provide all
`3"“5 Of client processing.
`The server side of the Web is a multi-tier server architecture with
`interlinked Web servers, application servers, database servers and
`0“th servers. See application server
`.
`-
`-
`
`client/server analyst
`A person responsible for performing
`analysis and design of a client/server system. A knowledge oftwo-tier and
`three tier client/server architectures is required. See systems analyst and client/sewer.
`_______________
`client/sewer architecture
`An environment in which the application processing is divided between client
`workstations and servers. it implies the use of desktop computers interacting with servers in a network, in contrast to
`processing everything in a large centralized mainframe. See client/server.
`
`CLIENT PLATFORMS (CPU 5 05)
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`bseleiiiiasreoihglssdrfilgfls hilltiintglfiincir/esigii'a
`remote disk drive. and the client does all the
`processing. Lengthy searches can bog down the
`"0‘30";- ?93305833f%8%eg;"35 “1'23: 3'6
`a database with 100,000 records sends
`cnro aoase.
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`esnercr.
`100MB over the LAN'
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`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
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`.-———_:———m.—-“.53..-——‘=,:-=—"—'-———-.———4-
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`Page 4 of 9
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`626 Moduli-3
`_____________________————————-——~
`
`—
`
`VAR FahrtREAL;
`BEGIN
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`ReadReal(Pahz)y
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`r 5 / 9);
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`
`(MODUlar LAnguage-a) The successor to the Module-2 language. Developed by Digital and Olivetti, it
`Modula—3
`adds object—oriented extensions, automatic garbage collection and improved exception handling. It is considered an
`excellent teaching language.
`modular chassis
`A hardware device that is designed for expansion and accepts a variety of plug-in modules of
`different types. Network switches and routers are typically built with a modular chassis. See line card.
`
`
`A network hub that is configured by adding different modules, each supporting
`modular hub
`a topology, such as Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, etc. See hub.
`
`
`The characteristic of a system that has been divided into smaller subsystem which
`modularity
`interact with each other.
`Breaking down the design of a program into individual components
`modular programming
`(modules) that can be programmed and tested independently. It is a requirement for effective
`development and maintenance of large programs and projects.
`Modular programming has evolved into object—oriented programing, which provides formal
`rules for developing self-contained software modules. Sec object-orimled progmmming.
`
`
`To vary a carrier wave. Modulation blends a data signal (text, voice, etc.) into a
`modulate
`carrier for transmission over a network. The most common methods are (i) amplitude modulation
`(AM), which modulates the height of the carrier wave, (2) frequency modulation (FM), which
`modulates the frequency of the wave, and (3) phase modulation (PM), which modulates the
`polarity of the Wave. Contrast with demodulate. Sec carrier.
`
`A self-contained hardware or software component that interacts with a larger system.
`module
`Hardware modules are often made to plug into a main system. Program modules are designed to
`handle a specific task within a larger program. See memory mvdule, ROM crml, MCM and modular
`programming.
`
`A mathematical operation (modulus arithmetic) in which the result is the remainder of
`modulo
`the division. For example, 20 MOD 3 results in 2 (20/3 = 6 with a remainder of 2).
`
`
`(1) (Managed Object Format) An ASCII file that contains the formal definition of a CiM
`MOF
`schema. See GM.
`(2) (Meta Object Facility) An object model from the Object Management Group (OMG) for
`defining metadata in a distributed CORBA environment. its fmrr levels define the meta-meta
`model, meta model, model and instance data. See CORB/i and OMG.
`
`
`Pronounced "mor-ray” and spelled "moire.” in computer graphics, a visible distortion.
`moire
`it results from a variety of conditions; for example, when scanning halftoncs at a resolution not
`consistent with the printed resolution or when superimposing curved patterns on one another,
`Internal monitor misalignment can also be a cause.
`
`MOLAP
`
`See OLAP.
`
`main
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`llllllllllllg
`
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`oa.aE
`
` {V
`
`
`
`
`
`Modular
`Programmlng
`BJildtng a program
`in modules, or
`independent
`routines. is
`common practice.
`The module
`performs a
`functlon and then
`returns control
`back to the
`program or
`instruction that
`called it. Modular
`programing has
`evowed Into
`object-oriented
`programming.
`which provudes
`stricter rules for
`oeveloping
`sell-contalned
`routines.
`
`__..
`
`
`
`
`
`riabNuM—d...-..-W,
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`
`
` v «
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`._...V.V._..._R.._.._..._M..._.‘-.____..._~.,._—:_<,_.-~_..
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`

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`Page 5 of 9
`
`(1) A soft font that is kept in the printer’s memory until the printer is turned off.
`permanent font
`
`(2) Same as internal font.
`
`perpendicular recording
`
`See vertical recording.
`
`
` personal computer
`751
`
`
`Perl
`(Practical Extraction Report Language) A programming language written by Larry Wall that combines syntax
`
`from several UNIX utilities and languages. Introduced in 1987, Perl is designed to handle a variety of system
`
`administrator functions and provides comprehensive string handling functions. it is widely used to write Web server
`
`
`programs {or such tasks as automatically updating user accounts and neWSgroup postings, processing removal requests,
`
`
`synchronizing databases and generating reports. Perl has also been adapted to non-UNIX platforms. See also PURL.
`
`
`l
`
`
`permanent memory
`Same as non-volatile memory.
`
`
`One possible combination of items out of a larger set of items. For example, with the set of numbers
`permutation
`
`1, 2 and 3, there are six possible permutations: 12, 21, 13, 31, 23 and 32.
`
`
`
`!
`
`per seat
`
`By workstation. See per seat licensing.
`
`Software licensing based on a per user basis. For example, a 100-user license means that up
`per seat licensing
`to 100 specifically-named users have access to the program. Per seat licensing is administered by providing user—level
`security to the directory containing the program. Contrast with concurrent licensing.
`
`(‘1) in a CRT, the time a phosphor dot remains illuminated after being energized. Long-persistence
`persistence
`phosphors reduce flicker, but generate ghost-like images that linger on screen for a fraction of a second.
`
`(2) in object technology, the storage of an object on a disk or other permanent storage device.
`
`'
`I
`
`'
`
`persistent link
`
`
`See hot link.
`
`See PDA.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`.
`.
`Data that exists from session to session. Persistent data is stored in a database on disk or tape.
`persistent data
`'
`Contrast with transient data.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`persistent object An object that continues to exist after the program that created it has been unloaded. An
`object’s class and current state must be saved for use in subsequent sessions. In object technology, persistence means
`storing the object for later use.
`
`
`
`personal agent
`See agent.
`personal communicator
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Synonymous with ”microcomputer,” ”desktop computer,” and "laptop computer," it is a
`personal computer
`computer that serves one user in the office or home. A complete personal computer system with printer can cost as
`little as $1,000 or as much as $8,000 or more. Size is based on memory and disk capacity. Speed is based on the CPU
`that rims it, and output quality is based on the type and resolution of its monitor and printer.
`Major Suppliers of Personal Computers
`'Ihe personal computer world is dominated by Windows-based PCs.
`There are thousands of vendors that make them, from mom and pop shops to huge companies such as Compaq, HP
`and IBM. The alternate personal computer standard is Apple’s Macintosh, which is only made by Apple. Atari and
`Commodore‘once carved out their respective niches, but Atari returned to its gaming roots and Commodore has since
`closed its doors.
`
`
`
`The industry began in 1977, when Apple, Radio Shack and Commodore
`The History Of Personal Computers
`introduced the first off—the-shelf computers as consumer products. The first machines used an 8-bit microprocessor
`
`with a maximum of 64K of memory and floppy disls for storage. The Apple ll, Atari 500, and Commodore 64 became
`
`popular home computers, and Apple was successful in companies after the VisiCalc spreadsheet was introduced.
`However, the business world was soon dominated by the Z80 processor and CP/ M operating system, used by
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`'
`
`[
`3
`
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`
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`
` Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`

`

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`
`
`erpentine recording
`Tape recording format of parallel
`
`tracks in which the data ”snakes” back and forth from the end of
`one track to the beginning of the next track.
`
`Page 6 of 9
`
`SERVER PLATFORMS (CPU & NOS)
`
`882
`
`serpentine recording
`
`M s
`
`Lantastic—DOS
`NelWare
`OSIZ-Lan Manager/Server
`Windows NT and 2000
`Soiaris (UNIX)
`AIX (UNIX)
`SCO Open Server (UNIX)
`SCO UnixWare (UNIX)
`NeXTStep (UNIX)
`VINES (UNIX)
`Interactive UNIX
`
`
`
`Intel (x86)
`
`DYNIX/ptx (UNIX)
`
`
`
`Sequent (x86)
`
`NIX SVR4
`
`.
`.
`.
`.
`
`
`
`NCR (x86)
`
`UNIX SVR4
`
`
`Unlsys (x86)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`A computer in a network shared by multiple users. The
`server
`term may refer to both the hardware and software or just the
`software that performs the service. For example, Web server may
`refer to the Web server software in a computer that also runs other
`applications, or, it may refer to a computer system dedicated only to
`the Web server application. There would be several dedicated Web
`servers in a large Web site.
`The following are the network servers defined in this database.
`
`I Application server
`I Audio server
`I Database server
`I Fax server
`I File server
`I Intranet server
`I Mail server
`I Merchant server
`I Modem server
`
`
`
`I Network access server
`I Print server
`I Proxy server
`I Remote access server
`I Telephony server
`I Terminal server
`I Video server
`I Web server
`
`server appliance A self—contained computer system specialized
`for network use. Its applications are preinstalled, and access to
`setup and configuration is Via a Web browser. Server appliances
`may provide a single application or several applications; for example,
`a single device may provide file server, Web server, mail server and
`firewall capabiliies.
`Server appliances are designed to be plugged into the network
`and configured, loaded with files and begin working immediately
`[with limited or no technical support, at least for a power user or
`experienced network administrator. The appliance may also include
`a RAID-based disk system and redundant power supplies to
`provide an increased level of fault tolerance.
`Although not known as such, one might say that the router was
`the first server appliance. It is a specialized, self-contained system
`that plugs into the network and is used for the application of packet
`forwarding. However, routers come in many sizes and complexities,
`the larger ones requiring significant technical expertise and detailed
`knowledge of the network. See Internet appliance.
`
`(1) An application designed to run in a
`
`server application.
`server. See client/server.
`(2) Any program that is run in the server, whether designed as
`a client/ server application or not.
`(3) See OLE.
`
`
`
`
`
`r—lQ
`
`‘90)
`
`Solaris (UNIX)
`
`
`.1
`Sun SPARCserver
`
`Mac OS
`Mac OS
`NUX (UNIX)
`
`
`
`
`Motorola
`680le
`
`MVS VM. 08/390, 203
`
`
`
`IBM System/390
`zSerles
`
`-
`
`AIX (UNIX)
`
`05/400,
`
`
`
`IBM RSI6000
`pSorles
`
`Digital UNIX
`OpenVMS
`Windows NT
`
`«
`VMS
`Ultrix (UNIX)
`Pathworks
`
`DEC VAX
`
`Compaq
`Alpha
`Digital UNIX
`
`
`
`HP (PA-RISC)
`
`DG/ux (UNIX)
`
`IBM A8140!)
`ISorles
`HP/UX (UNIX)
`MPEIIX (UNIX)
`
`
`
`Encore (Alpha)
`
`DG AViION (88K)
`
`DC/OSX (UNIX)
`
`Nonstop Kernel
`
`lRIX (UNIX)
`
`
`
`
`litllz II.
`Tandem (MIPS)
`
`$le (MIPS)
`
`
`
`Siemens
`Pyramid
`(MIPS)
`
`
`MUJI’UUII
`
`OtDIE’UmII
`
`
`
`
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
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`Page 6 of 9
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`Page 7 of 9
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`toggle switch
`
`977
`
`(Top-Level Domain) The highest level domain category in the Internet domain naming system. There are two
`TLD
`types: the generic top—level domains, such as .com, .org, and .net, and the country codes, such as .ca, .uk and .jp. See
`Internet domain name.
`
`(Transport Level Interface) A common interface for transport services (layer 4 of the 051 model). It provides a
`TLI
`common language to a transport protocol and allows client/server applications to be used in different networking
`environments.
`
`Instead of directly calling NetWare’s SPX, for example, the application calls the TLI library. Thus, any transport
`protocol that is TLI compliant (SPX, TCP, etc.) can provide transport services to that application. 'I'Ll is part of UNIX
`System V. It is also supported by NetWare 3.x. See STREAMS.
`
`(1) (Transport Layer Security) A security protocol from the IETF that is a merger of SSL and other protocols. it
`TLS
`is expected to become a major security standard on the Internet, eventually superseding SSL. T15 is backward
`compatible with SSL and uses Triple DES encryption. See SSL and DES.
`(2) (Transparent LAN Service) A communications service from the telephone companies that connects LANs in
`different locations. The service is provided via copper or fiber lines and is called "transparent,” because the customer
`connects at both ends via the same protocol.
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`(Tables Manager 1) A multidimensional analysis program for DOS and Windows from Applix, Inc.,
`TM1
`Westboro, MA (www.applix.com). It allows data to be viewed in up to eight dimensions. The data is kept in a database;
`and the formulas are kept in a spreadsheet, which is used as a viewer into the database. TMl makes it easy to display
`different slices of the data, and it is designed to import and cross tab large amounts of data. TMl was originally
`developed by Sinper Corporation.
`
`(Transmission Minimized Differential Signalling) A transmission method for sending digital information
`TMDS
`to a flat panel display. TMDS is used in the VESA Plug and Display, DFI’ and DVI interfaces. TMDS is a variation of
`LVDS, but converts an 8-bit signal into a 10-bit signal to minimize voltage swings and provide more tolerance. See DVI,
`LVDS andflat panel display.
`
`(Telecommunications Management Network) A set of international standards for network management from
`TMN
`the ITU. It is used by large carriers such as Sprint, MCI WorldCom and ATérT.
`
`(Twisted Nematic) The first LCD technology. It twists liquid crystal molecules 90 degrees between polarizers.
`TN
`TN displays require bright ambient light and are still used for low-cost applications. Sec STN and LCD.
`
`(TclNet 3270) A client program that includes the 3270 protocol for logging onto IBM mainframes. Using
`TN3270
`the TCP/ll’ networking protocol, it is widely used to connect a desktop computer to a mainframe and emulate a
`mainframe terminal (3270) session.
`
`(1) (Transparent Network Transport) Services from the telephone companies and common carriers that
`TNT
`provide Ethernet and Token Ring transmission over MANs and WANs.
`(2) A DOS extender from Phar Lap Software, Cambridge, MA (www.pharlap.com) that allows DOS applications to
`use various Win32 features, including memory allocation, Dl.l.s and threads.
`
`toaster
`
`See intranet toaster and Video Toaster.
`
`(Top Of Form) The beginning of a physical paper form. To position paper in many printers, the printer is
`TOF
`turned offline, the forms are aligned properly and the TOP button is pressed.
`
`toggle
`
`To alternate back and forth between two states.
`
`A device that opens and closes an electric circuit. It uses a lever that is moved back and forth; a
`toggle switch
`light switch on the wall being a common example. Old computers often had rows of toggle switches on their consoles,
`making them look very formidable.
`
`

`

`Page 8 of 9
`
`.‘rmAIFHII
`
`such as Mnlibu. Montego and Daytonn.
`
`cessor Complex) An IBM mainframe mu
`
`
`
`antity of 3-D data just as a pixel represents
`voxel represents a qu
`XEL) A three-dimensional pixel. A tic and medical applica
`tions that process 3 ‘D images.
`(VOlume pi
`voxel
`a. it is used in scienti
`a point or cluster of points in 2—D dat
`Ff
`rer oi sound cards and music
`lnc., Yonkers, NY, www.tbeach.corn) A manttlactu
`Technologies and Turtle Beach Systems. Voyetm was founded
`(Voyetra Turtle Beach,
`Voyetra
`lity in southern New York state. it introduced the Voyetra
`software that is a result of a late-l 996 merger of Voyetrtt
`in 1975 as Octave Electronics, in synthesizer and repair fact
`car and music-related applications. Voyetra utilities are
`synthesizer and later moved into software (or MIDI sequen
`Turtle Beach was founded in1985 in York, PA,and became known for its award-winningMultisound line of
`bundled with numerous sound cards.
`high-endsoundcards. Its consumerbrands are also popularand are named afterbeaches from around theworld
`ltiproccssing that uses several computers under tight
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`VPC (Virtual Pro
`central control.
`
`hin a public network. For years, common
`work that is configured wit
`to the customer, but physically share
`VPN (Virtual Private Network) A private net tional or international networks
`the security of a private network via access control and encryption,
`carriers have built VPNs that appear as private na
`whiletakingadvantageof theeconomiesofscaleandbuilt-inmanagementfacilities oflargepublicnetworks.VPNShave
`backbone trunks with other customers. Vl’Ns enjoy
`been builtover X25,Switched 56, frame relayand ATM technologies.Today, there is tremendousinterest inVPNs over
`the lnternet,especially due to theconstant threat ofhackur attacks. TheVPN adds thatextra layerofsecurity,and ahuge
`growth in VPN use is expected. Sec PPTP, L2F, !.
`d transparent LAN service.
`271’, lPsec, PVC, security an
`
`ber of virtual processors that a physical processor is simulating.
`VP ratio
`(Virtual Processor ratio) The num
`The measurement of the speed of a vector or array processor.
`
`VPS
`
`(Vectors Per Second)
`
`VR
`
`See virtual reality.
`
`od that generates and tests a parity bit for
`
`each byte of
`
`in 1977, which use virtual memory techniques.
`
`VRAM See video RAM.
`VRC
`(Vertical Redundancy Chock) An error checking meth
`data that is moved or transmitted.
`
`used on the Web. After downloading a
`VRML
`(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) A 3-D graphics language
`ed rooms can be "walked into." The VRML
`VRML page, its contents can be viewed, rotated and manipulated. Simulat
`Thefirst VRMLviewer was WebSpace fromSCI, whoseOpen inventorgraphics library was thebasis for developing
`viewer is launched from within the Web browser.
`VRML.WebFX, WorldView andFountain are otherWindowsviewers, and Whurlwindand Voyager areMacviewers.
`VS
`(1) (Virtual Storage) Same as virtual memory.
`(2) (Virtual Storage) A family of minicomputers from Wang introduced
`ccess method for storing data, widely used in IBM mainlrames.
`VSAM (Virtual Storage Access Method) An IBM a
`it uses the B+tree method for organizing data.
`VSAT
`(Very Small Aperture satelliteTerminal) A smallearthstation for satellite transmission thathandlesup to56
`l.544 Mbits/ sec) are called "TSATs."
`Kbits/sec of digital transmission. VSATs that handle the T1 data rate (up to
`ackdoor" protocol on the VME bus that allows high-speed transfer
`V53
`(1) (VME Subsystem Bus) An auxiliary "b
`fore the 64bit implementation arriVed.
`hod developed by Zenith for cable modems and terrestrial
`between devices. lt was faster than the main bus be
`(2) (Vestlgial SideBnnd) A digital modulation met
`transmission for D'IV. See 8-VSB.
`
`
`
`V573
`
`See DOS/V55.
`
`
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`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
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`

`

`Page 9 of 9
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`work function
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`II
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`bottom of the in basket. Automating workflow sets timers that ensure that documents move along at a prescribed pace and
`that the appropriate person processes them in the correct order.
`Integrating workflow into existing software applications may require extensive reprogramming, because althOugh
`independent workflow software can launch a whole application, a workflow system must be able to invoke individual
`routines within the application. As a result, vendors of application software have teamed up with workflow vendors to
`provide the appropriate interfaces and/or they have developed their own workflow capability. Workflow standards
`developed by the Workflow Management Coalition (WI’MC) are expected to provide interoperability between wprkflow
`software and the applications as well as between different workflow systems.
`Workflow software is not the same as work-group software, otherwise known as groupware. Workflow deals with
`the step-by-step processes, whereas workgroup systems are concerned with information sharing and threaded
`discussions among users.
`For an excellent book on the subject of workflow written by the guru in this field, read The Worigtow Imperative by
`Thomas M. Koulopoulos, published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN 0-442-01975-0.
`
`
`work function
`
`
`The amount of photon energy required to cause an electron to be emitted from a material.
`
`Two or more individuals that share files and databases. We designed around workg-roups provide
`workgroup
`electronic sharing of required data. In general, products designed for workgroups support up to 50 people, whereas
`departmental devices support several hundred, and enterprise devices serve several thousand. See groupware and worijIrw.
`
`
`workgroup switch
`
`
`A network switch designed for LAN traffic within an enterprise Contrast with carrier-class switch.
`
`
`
`working directory See current directory.
`
`The user interface in 05/2 introduced with Version 2.0. The Workplace Shell is extensible and
`Workplace Shell
`application developers can use Workplace Shell library functions when developing programs.
`
`
`Same as spreadsheet.
`worksheet
`
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`worksheetcompiler
`
`Sameasspreadsheetcompiler.
`
`(1) A high-performance, single-user computer used for graphics, CAD, CAB, simulation and scientific
`workstatlon
`applications. It is typically a RISC-based computer that runs under some variation of UNIX. The major vendors of
`workstations are Sun, HP, IBM, Compaq and SC]. High-end Pentium I’Cs increasingly provide workstation performance.
`(2) A terminal or desktop computer in a network. In this context, workstation is just a generic term for a user's
`machine (client machine). Contrast with server and host.
`(3) In the telecom industry, a combined telephone and computer.
`
`
`WorldCom (WorldCom, lnc.,jacl<son, MS, www.wcom.com) A major, international telecommunications carrier
`founded in 1983 as Long Distance Discount Service (LDDS), a reseller of A'I‘&T WA’l‘S lines to small businesses. It grew
`by acquiring many small, and eventually, large long distance and networking organizations, including [DB WorldCom,
`a leading international carrier, Wil’l‘el, a major telecom carrier, and Mi-‘S Communications, an international phone
`company and recentparent or UUNET, a prominent Internet provider.
`In 1997, the network operations of America Online and CompuServe became part of WorldCom. It also merged
`with BrooksFiberand thenacquired MCIin 1998 tobecome the MCI WorldCom powerhouse. WhileWorldCommay
`
`have been a pretentious name for rather modest beginnings, it was Very prophetic, because the MCI name was later
`dropped, leaving WorldCom as the name of the company.
`
`World Wide Walt What many have called the Web while waiting patiently for the next page to download. The
`World Wide Walt is caused by any combination of a slow modem, overloaded Web server at the site you are accessing
`or any clog in one of the routers or switches at a national, regional or local ISP. Sec Internet service provider.
`
`
`World Wide Web
`
`An Internet facility that links documents locally and remotely. The Web document, or Web
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`
`page, contains text, graphics, animations and videos as well as hypertext links. The links in the page let users jump
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