`
`
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`
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`Gawmpuiier
`Q
`lileskmp
`Emzyclicmpedm
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`Ninth Edition
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`Osborne/Mcuraw-Hill
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` ight © 2001 by "the McCraw—Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Printed in the
`
`computer Desktop Encyclopedia, Ninth Edition
`
`States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of "1976, no part
`is publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or
`of t
`s
`red in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the
`' publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and
`executed in ii computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.
`
`1234567890 DOC DOC 901987654321
`
`Book p/n 0-07-219307-7 and CD p/n 0-O7-219308-5
`parts of
`ISBN 0-07-219306—9
`
`L)
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`@)
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`
`
`
`Publisher
`Brandon A. Nordin
`
`Vice President & Associate Publisher
`Scott Rogers
`Editorial Director
`Roger Stewart
`Senior Project Editor
`Pamela Woolf
`
`Computer Designers
`Lauren McCarthy, Tabitha Cagan
`
`Illustrators
`Lyssa Wald, Michael Mueller
`Series Design
`Peter F. Hancik
`Cover Design
`Greg Scott
`
`Proofreaders
`Linda Medoff, Paul Medoff
`
`Cover Illustration
`]ohn Bleck
`
`This book was composed with Core] VEN'l"URA'”“ Publisher.
`
`LC Como. Numb,“
`
`llllllllllllllllllll
`
`2001
`278111
`
`ill from sources believed to be reliable. However. beciiiise of the
`information has been obtaiined by Osbome/Mrfiraw-H
`Osborne/McGraw-liilb or others, Osborne/l‘«icGraw-Hill does not
`possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources,
`ponsible for any errors or omissions or
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`Page 3 of 9
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`
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`
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`146
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`client
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`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`(1) A workstation or personal computer in a client/server
`client
`environment. See client/server and[at client.
`(2) One end of the spectrum in a request/supply relationship
`between programs. bee X Window and OLE.
`
`1
`client application
`An application running in a workstation or
`personal computer on a network. See also OLE.
`
`client based
`Refers to hardware or software that runs in the user's
`machine (client). Contrast with server based.
`
`client machine
`A user's workstation that is attached to a network.
`/the term can also refer to a portable computer that is plugged into the
`network. See client and client/server.
`
`client program Software that runs in the user's PC or workstation.
`Contrast with server program, which resides in a server in the network.
`
`c|lent/server An architecturein which the user's PC (the client) is
`the re uesiin machine and the server is the tau
`1
`in machine, both of
`‘l
`8
`PP Y 5
`which are connected via a local area network (LAN) or wide area network
`(WAN). Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, client]server was
`thehotbuzzword as applications weremigrated from centralized
`minicomputers and mainframes to networks of personal computers.
`inclient/server, theclient processes the userinterface(Windows, Mac,
`etc.) and canperformsome oral] ofthe application processing. Sewers range
`in capacityfrom high-endPCs to mainframes. A databaseserver maintains
`thedatabasesand processes requests from the client to extract datafromor
`to update the database. An application server provides additional business
`processing for the clients. Sue rlicnt/scrucrdcvclopnumt system.
`Client/server Versus the Web
`Because of the Internet, terms such
`as "Web based” and "Web enabled” have replaced the client/sewer
`buzzword, yet the client/server architecture is conceptually the same.
`Users’ PCs are still clients, and there are tens of thousands of Web sewers
`throughout the lntemet delivering Web pages. Ncverthcls,client/
`server is mostly used to refer to "legacy," non-Web based systems.
`On the Web, the client runs the browser and just like legacy clientl
`server can perform little or a lot of processing: simple displaying of
`HTML pages, more processing with cmbeclded scripts or considerable
`processing with Inva applets. A myriad of browser plug-ins provide all
`3"“5 °f°11e"tP"°°e55‘“S'
`The server side of the Web is a multi-tier server architecture with
`interlinked Web servers, application servers, database servers and
`~
`-
`-
`. S
`.
`
`aching Servers
`ee application Sen)"
`cllent/sewer analyst
`A person responsible for performing
`analysis and design of a client/server system. A knowledge oftwo-tier and
`three tier client/server architectures is required. See systems analyst and client/serwr.
`
`client sewer architecture
`An environment in which the a
`lication rocessin is divided between client
`.
`.
`. pp
`.
`P.
`5 .
`.
`workstations and servers. it implies the use of desktop computers interacting with sewers in a network, in contrast to
`processing everything in a large centralized mainframe. See client/scrvcr.
`
`r:&<;(Lo,s«X)
`
`.
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`‘g‘|§d2<1°vé;3.1. woe. NT
`m:JcXO(3Mx)
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`because {He server is nowng more than '5
`remote disk drive. and the client does all the
`processing. Lengthy searches can bog down the
`"¢Wlt°':- b9€3'J59:3f%gl(l)eQ’;1"35 W “=30 2'9
`ont ro
`ato ase.
`t
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`es per recor .
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`3 database with 100,000 records sends
`100MB
`lh LAN.
`over
`5
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`Page 4 of 9
`
`lttodula-3
`626
`
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`
`(MODUlar LAnguage-3) The successor to the Modula-2 language. Developed by Digital and Olivetti, it
`Modula-3
`adds object—or'1ented extensions, automatic garbage collection and improved exception handling. It is considered an
`excellent teaching language.
`modular chassis
`A hardware device that is designed for expansion and accepts a variety of plug-in modules of
`different types. Network switches and routers are typically built with a modular chassis. See line card.
`
`
`_..:,_.._.
`
`maln
`
`ll||l||||ll|§
`
` ‘llllllllllllllllllllllllll
`
`
`
`on.:F
`r“|||ll|l
`
`
`
`Modular
`Programming
`Building a program
`in modules, or
`independent
`routines. is
`common practice.
`The module
`performs a
`functlon and then
`returns control
`back to the
`program or
`instruction that
`called it. Modular
`prograrrvning has
`evolved Into
`object-oriented
`programming.
`which provides
`stricter rules for
`oeveloping
`seli-contained
`routines.
`
`A network hub that is configured by adding different modules, each supporting
`modular hub
`a topology, such as Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, etc. See hub.
`
`
`The characteristic of a system that has been divided into smaller subsystem which
`modularity
`interact with each other.
`Breaking down the design of a program into individual components
`modular programming
`(modules) that can be programmed and tested independently. It is a requirement for effective
`development and maintenance of large programs and projects.
`Modular programming has evolved into object—oriented programming, which provides formal
`rules for developing self-contained software modules. Sec object-oriented progmrmnfng.
`
`
`To vary a carrier wave. Modulation blends a data signal (text, voice, etc.) into a
`modulate
`carrier for transmission over a network. The most common methods are (l) amplitude modulation
`(AM), which modulates the height of the carrier wave, (2) frequency modulation (FM), which
`modulates the frequency of the wave, and (3) phase modulation (PM), which modulates the
`polarity of the wave. Contrast with demodulate. Sec carrier.
`
`A self-contained hardware or software component that interacts with a larger system.
`module
`Hardware modules are often made to plug into a main system. Program modules are designed to
`handle a specific task within a larger program. See memory module, ROM crml, MCM and mmiular
`programming.
`
`A mathematical operation (modulus arithmetic) in which the result is the remainder of
`modulo
`the division. For example, 20 MOD 3 results in 2 (20/3 = 6 with a remainder of 2).
`
`(1) (Managed Object Format) An ASCII file that contains the formal definition of a CIM
`MOF
`schema. See CIM.
`(2) (Meta Object Facility) An object model from the Object Management Group (OMG) for
`defining metadata in a distributed CORBA environment. its four levels define the meta-meta
`model, meta model, model and instance data. See CORB/it and OMG.
`
`Pronounced "mor-my" and spelled "moiré.” in computer graphics, a visible distortion.
`moire
`it results from a variety of conditions; for example, when scanning halftoncs at a resolution not
`consistent with the printed resolution or when superimposing curved patterns on one another.
`Internal monitor misalignment can also be a cause.
`
`MOLAP
`
`See OLAP.
`
` ‘ijZ-——
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
` v n
`
`————————————_
`
`
`
`
`
`J?——1——:?f:t:::?————.fi:‘FfT':m___fi,_________.
`
`cm-.._.“,
`
`
`
`~..-:':.'..._..'.....,.._'‘“'
`
`_
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 5 of 9
`
` personal computer
`751
`
`
`
` Perl
`(Practical Extraction Report Language) A programming language written by Larry Wall that combines syntax
`from several UNIX utilities and languages. Introduced in 1987, Perl is designed to handle a variety of system
`administrator functions and provides comprehensive string handling functions. it is widely used to write Web server
`
`
`programs for such tasks as automatically updating user accounts and newsgroup postings, processing removal requests,
`synchronizing databases and generating reports. Perl has also been adapted to non-UNIX platforms. See also PURL.
`
`permanent font
`(1) A soft font that is kept in the printer's memory until the printer is turned off.
`(2) Same as internal font.
`l
`
`
`permanent memory
`Same as non-volatile memory.
`
`
`permutation
`One possible combination of items out of a larger set of items. For example, with the set of numbers
`1, 2 and 3, there are six possible permutations: 12, 21, 13, 31, 23 and 32.
`
`perpendicular recording
`
`See vertical recording.
`
`per seat
`
`By workstation. See per seat licensing.
`
`Software licensing based on a per user basis. For example, a 100-user license means that up
`per seat licensing
`to 100 specifically-named users have access to the program. Per seat licensing is administered by providing user—level
`security to the directory containing the program. Contrast with concurrent licensing.
`
`('1) in a CRT, the time a phosphor dot remains illuminated after being energized. Long-persistence
`persistence
`phosphors reduce flicker, but generate ghost-like images that linger on screen for a fraction of a second.
`
`(2) in object technology, the storage of an object on a disk or other permanent storage device.
`
`Data that exists from session to session. Persistent data is stored in a database on disk or tape.
`persistent data
`Contrast with transient data.
`
`
`persistent link
`
`See hot link.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`!
`
`l
`I
`
`.
`
`_
`'
`
`'
`
`
`
`
`
`
`'
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`i
`
`[
`’
`
`-‘
`
`'
`
`
`
`persistent object An object that continues to exist after the program that created it has been unloaded. An
`object's class and current state must be saved for use in subsequent sessions. In object technology, persistence means
`storing the object for later use.
`
`
`personal agent
`See agent.
`personal communicator
`
`See PDA.
`
`Synonymous with ”microcompute1',” "desktop computer," and "laptop computer," it is a
`personal computer
`computer that serves one user in the office or home. A complete personal computer system with printer can cost as
`little as $1,000 or as much as $8,000 or more. Size is based on memory and disk capacity. Speed is based on the CPI}
`that runs it, and output quality is based on the type and resolution of its monitor and printer.
`Major Suppliers of Personal Computers
`The personal computer world is dominated by Windows-based PCs.
`There are thousands of vendors that make them, from mom and pop shops to huge companies such as Compaq, HP
`and IBM. The alternate personal computer standard is Apple's Macintosh, which is only made by Apple. Atari and
`Commodoreprice carved out their respective niches, but Atari returned to its gaming roots and Commodore has since
`closed its doors.
`
`The industry began in 1977, when Apple, Radio Shack and Commodore
`The History Of Personal Computers
`introduced the first off—thc-shelf computers as consumer products. The first machines used an 8-bit microprocessor
`with a maximum of 64K of memory and floppy disks for storage. The Apple ll, Atari 500, and Conirnodore 64 became
`popular home computers, and Apple was successful in companies after the VlsiCalc spreadsheet was introduced.
`However, the business world was soon dominated by the Z80 processor and Cl’/ M operating system, used by
`
`
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`server appliance A self-contained computer system specialized
`for network use. Its applications are preinstalled, and access to
`setup and configuration is via a Web browser. Server appliances
`may provide a single application or several applications; for example,
`a single device may provide file server, Web server, mail server and
`firewall capabiliies.
`Server appliances are designed to be plugged into the network
`and configured, loaded with files and begin working immediately
`with limited or no technical support, at least for a power user or
`experienced network administrator. The appliance may also include
`a RAID-based disk system and redundant power supplies to
`provide an increased level of fault tolerance.
`Although not known as such, one might say that the router was
`the first server appliance. It is a specialized, self-contained system
`that plugs into the network and is used for the application of packet
`forwarding. However, routers come in many sizes and complexities,
`the larger ones requiring significant technical expertise and detailed
`knowledge of the network. See Internet appliance.
`
`
`
`IBM Systemlao
`zserles
`
`Digital UNIX
`0penVMS
`windows NT
`
`Dgc VAX
`
`Compaq
`Alpha
`Digital UNIX
`
`‘
`VMS
`Ultrix (UNIX)
`Palhworks
`
`AIX (UNIX)
`
`
`
`'
`
`IBM AS1400
`IBM RSI6000
`Iserles
`pserles
`HPIUX (UNIX)
`MPEIIX (UNIX)
`
`
`
`HP (PA-RISC)
`
`De/ux (uN|)()
`
`S)
`
`
`
`IOtnI’:.*'U¢nIF\(nl"UUIl>—lQ.U.‘Q<£uII<nI:InIe2o9‘mmI
`
`(D
`(9
`
`Page 6 of 9
`
`SERVER PLATFORMS (CPU & NOS)
`
`NIX SVR4
`.
`-
`-
`-
`
`
`
`DYNIX/ptx (UNIX)
`
`
`
`'
`'
`’
`’
`NOR (X36)
`sequent (X83)
`UNIX SVR4
`
`
`Ulsys (x86)
`
`Mac os
`
`Mac OS
`
`Lantastic-DOS
`NeIWare
`OS/2-Lan Managerlserver
`Windows NT and 2000
`Solaris (UNIX)
`AIX (UNIX)
`CO UnIxWare UN
`SCO Open Server (l‘J):~IIX)
`Eiexrsrep (UNI)(()
`)
`VINES (UNIX)
`Interactive UNIX
`
`
`
`Intel (x86)
`
`Solaris (UNIX)
`
`Sun sPARcserver
`
` A
`
`MVS VM, OSl390, ZOS
`
`882
`
`serpentine recording
`
`.__......_..._.._.._.._____.._......__.
`
`Tape recording format of parallel
`serpentine recording
`tracks in which the data ”snakes” back and forth from the end of
`one track to the beginning of the next track.
`
`A computer in a network shared by multiple users. The
`server
`term may refer to both the hardware and software or just the
`software that performs the service. For example, Web server may
`refer to the Web server software in a computer that also runs other
`applications, or, it may refer to a computer system dedicated only to
`the Web server application. There would be several dedicated Web
`servers in a large Web site.
`The following are the network servers defined in this database.
`
`I Application server
`I Audio server
`I Database server
`I Fax server
`I File server
`I Intranet server
`I Mail server
`I Merchant server
`I Modem server
`
`
`
`I Network access server
`I Print server
`I Proxy server
`I Remote access server
`I Telephony server
`I Terminal server
`I Video server
`I Web server
`
`Encore |I>ha)
`
`DG AVIION (sax)
`
`DC/OSX (UNIX)
`
`Nonsmp Kernel
`
`IRIX (UNIX)
`
`
`
`5'°'"°'_‘5
`Pyramrd
`(MIPS)
`
`
`
`lIII..IIII;
`III.
`Tadem (MIPS)
`
`SGI (MIPS)
`'
`
`(1) An application designed to run in a
`
`server application.
`server. See client/server.
`(2) Any program that is run in the server, whether designed as
`a client/ server application or not.
`(3) See OLE.
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 6 of 9
`
`
`
`Page 7 of 9
`
`toggle switch
`
`977
`
`(Top-Level Domain) The highest level domain category in the Internet domain naming system. There are two
`TLD
`types: the generic top—level domains, such as .com, org, and .net, and the country codes, such as .ca, .uk and .jp. See
`Internet domain name.
`
`(Transport Level Interface) A common interface for transport services (layer 4 of the OS] model). It provides a
`TLI
`common language to a transport protocol and allows c1icnt/server applications to be used in different networking
`environments.
`
`Instead of directly calling NetWare’s SPX, for example, the application calls the TLI library. Thus, any transport
`protocol that is TLI compliant (SPX, TCP, etc.) can provide transport services to that application. 'I'Ll is part of UNIX
`System V. It is also supported by NetWare 3.x. See STREAMS.
`
`(1) (Transport Layer Security) A security protocol from the IETF that is a merger of SSL and other protocols. it
`TL5
`is expected to become a major security standard on the Internet, eventually superseding SSL. T15 is backward
`compatible with SSL and uses Triple DES encryption. See SSL and DES.
`(2) (Transparent LAN Service) A communications service from the telephone companies that connects LANs in
`different locations. The service is provided via copper or fiber lines and is called "transparent/’ because the customer
`connects at both ends via the same protocol.
`
`(Tables Manager 1) A multidimensional analysis program for DOS and Windows from Applix, Inc.,
`TM1
`Westboro, MA (www.applix.corn). It allows data to be viewed in up to eight dimensions. The data is kept in a database;
`and the formulas are kept in a spreadsheet, which is used as a viewer into the database. T.\/I1 makes it easy to display
`different slices of the data, and it is designed to import and cross tab large amounts of data. TMl was originally
`developed by Sinper Corporation.
`
`(Transmission Minimized Differential Signalling) A transmission method for sending digital information
`TMDS
`to a flat panel display. TMDS is used in the VESA Plug and Display, DFI’ and DVI interfaces. TMDS is a variation of
`LVDS, but converts an 8-bit signal into a 10-bit signal to minimize voltage swings and provide more tolerance. See DVI,
`LVDS andflat panel display.
`
`(Telecommunications Management Network) A set of international standards for network management from
`TMN
`the ITU. It is used by large carriers such as Sprint, MCI WorldCom and AT&:T.
`
`(Twisted Nematic) The first LCD technology. It twists liquid crystal molecules 90 degrees between polarizers.
`T-W
`TN displays require bright ambient light and are still used for low-cost applications. Sec STN and LCD.
`
`(TclNet 3270) A client program that includes the 3270 protocol for logging onto IBM mainframes. Using
`TN3270
`the TCP/ ll’ networking protocol, it is widely used to connect a desktop computer to a mainframe and emulate a
`mainframe terminal (3270) session.
`
`(1) (Transparent Network Transport) Services from the telephone companies and common carriers that
`TNT
`provide Ethernet and Token Ring transmission over MANS and WANS.
`(2) A DOS extender from Phar Lap Software, Cambridge, MA (www.pharlap.com) that allows DOS applications to
`use various Win32 features, including memory allocation, Di .1 .s and threads.
`
`toaster
`
`See intranet toaster and Video Toaster.
`
`(Top Of Form) The beginning of a physical paper form. To position paper in many printers, the printer is
`TOF
`turned offline, the forms are aligned properly and the TOP button is pressed.
`
`toggle
`
`To alternate back and forth between two states.
`
`A device that opens and closes an electric circuit. It uses a lever that is moved back and forth; a
`toggle switch
`light switch on the wall being a common example. Old computers often had rows of toggle switches on their consoles,
`making them look very formidable.
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
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`Page 8 of 9
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`antity of 3-D data just as a pixel represents
`voxel represents a qu
`XEL) A three-dimensional pixel. A tic and medical applica
`tions that process 3 D images.
`(VOlume pi
`VOX8|
`a. it is used in scienti
`a po'tnt or cluster of points in 2-D dat
`..._._.
`Voyetta
`(Voyetra'i'urt1c Beucli, lnc., Yonkers,NY,www.tbeach.corn) A manufacturer of sound cards and music
`software that isa result ofa late-1996 merger ofVoyetra Technologies and TurtleBeachSystems. Voyetm was founded
`facility in southern New York state. it introduced the Voyetra
`in 1975 as Octave Electronics, a synthesizer and repair
`synthesizer and later moved into software (or MIDI sequencer and music-related applications. Voyctra utilitiesart;
`its award-winning Multisuund line of
`bundled with numerous sound cards.
`A, and became known for d after beaches from around the world
`Turtle Beach was founded in 1985 in York, P
`lso popular and are name
`high-end sound cards. its consumer brands are a
`such as Mniihu. Montego and Daytonn.
`VPC (Virtual Processor Complex) An IBM mainframe mu
`central control.
`work that is configured within a public network. For years, common
`tional or international networks to the customer, but physically shnrc
`VPN (Virtual Private Network) A private net
`backbonetrunks with othercustomers.Vl’Ns enjoy thesecurity of aprivatenetwork via access control and encryption,
`carriers have built VPNS that appear as private mi
`whiletakingadvantageof theeconomiesofscaleandbuilt-inmanagementfacilities oflargepublicnetworks.VPNShave
`been builtover X.25,Switched 56, frame relayand ATM technologies.Today, there is tremendousinterest inVl’Ns over
`the Internet,especially clue to theconstant threat ofhackur attacks. TheVPN adds thatextra layerofsecurity,and ithuge
`growth in VPN use is expected. Sec PPTP, L21-‘, L
`cl transparent LAN service.
`277’, lPsec. PVC, security an
`
`ber of virtual processors that a physical processor is simulating.
`VP ratio
`(Virtual Processor ratio) The num
`The measurement of the speed of a vector or array processor.
`
`ltiproccssing that uses several computers under tight
`
`VPS
`
`(Vectors Per Second)
`
`VR
`
`See virtual reality.
`
`VRAM See video RAM.
`
`each byte of
`
`in 1977, which use virtual memory techniques.
`
`(Vertical Redundancy Chock) An error checking method that generates and tests a paritybit for
`VRC
`data that is moved or transmitted.
`
`(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) A 3-D graphics languageused on theWeb. After downloading a
`VRML
`VRMLpage, its contents canbeviewed, rotated and manipulated. Simulated rooms canbe "walked into.
`Thefirst VRMLviewer was WebSpace fromSCI, whoseOpen inventorgraphics library was thebasis for developing
`viewer is launched from within the Web browser.
`VRML.Webl"X, Worldview andFountain are otherWindowsviewers, and Whurlwindand Voyager areMacviewers.
`VS
`(1) (Virtual Storage) Same as virtual memory.
`(2) (Virtual Storage) A family of rninicomputers from Wang introduced
`ccess method for storing data, widely used in IBM mainframes.
`\/SAM (Virtual Storage Access Method) An IBM a
`it uses the B+tree method for organizing data.
`
`satellite transmission that handles up to 56
`tellite Terminal) A small earth station for
`L544 Mbits/ sec) are called "TSATs.”
`VSAT
`(Very Small Aperture sa SATs that handle the T1 data rate (up to
`Kbits/sec of digital transmission. V
`"backdoor" protocol on the VME bus that allows high-speed transfer
`VSB (1) (VME Subsystem Bus) An auxiliary
`re the 64~bit implementation arrived.
`thod developed by Zenith for cable modems and terrestrial
`between devices. it was faster than the main bus beta
`(2) (Vestigial SideBnnd) A digital modulation me
`transmission for UN. See 8—VSB.
`
`V375
`
`See DOS/VSE.
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`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
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`Page 9 of 9
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`work function
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`bottom of the in basket. Automating workilow sets timers that ensure that documents move along at a prescribed pace and
`that the appropriate person processes them in the correct order.
`integrating workflow into existing software applications may require extensive reprogramming, because although
`independent workflow software can launch a whole application, a workflow system must be able to invoke individual
`routines within the application. As a result, vendors of application software have teamed up with workflow vendors to
`provide the appropriate interfaces and/or they have developed their own workflow capability. Workflow standards
`developed by the Workflow Management Coalition (WPMC) are expected to provide interoperability between wprkflow
`software and the applications as well as between different workflow systems.
`Workflow software is not the same as workgroup software, otherwise known as groupware. Workflow deals with
`the step-by-step processes, whereas workgroup systems are concerned with information sharing and threaded
`discussions among users.
`For an excellent book on the subject of workflow written by the guru in this field, read The Woriglow Imperative by
`Thomas M. Koulopoulos, published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN 0-442-01975-0.
`
`
`work function
`
`
`The amount of photon energy required to cause an electron to be emitted from a material.
`
`Two or more individuals that share files and databases. LANS designed around workg-roups provide
`W0|'kgf0llP
`electronic sharing of required data. in general, products designed for workgroups support up to 50 people, whereas
`departmental devices support several hundred, and enterprise devices serve several thousand. See groupware and workjlow.
`
`
`workgroup switch
`
`
`A network switch designed for LAN traffic within an enterprise. Contrast with carrier-class switch.
`
`
`
`working directory See current directory.
`
`The user interface in 05/2 introduced with Version 2.0. The Workplace Shell is extensible and
`Workplace Shell
`application developers can use Workplace Shell library functions when developing programs.
`
`
`worksheet
`
`Same as spreadsheet.
`
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`Sameasspreadsheetcompiler.
`
`(1) A high-performance, single-user computer used for graphics, CAD, CAB, simulation and scientific
`workstation
`applications. It is typically a RISC~based computer that runs under some variation of UNIX. The major vendors of
`workstations are Sun, HI’, IBM, Compaq and SC]. High-end Pentium l"Cs increasingly provide workstation performance.
`(2) A terminal or desktop computer in a network. In this context, worloitation is just a generic term for a user's
`machine (client machine). Contrast with server and host.
`(3) In the telecom industry, a combined telephone and computer.
`
`
`Worldcom (WorldCom, inc.,}ncl<son, MS, www.wcom.com) A major, international telecommunications carrier
`founded in 1983 as Long Distance Discount Service (LDDS), a reseller of A'l‘&T WATS lines to small businesses. It grew
`by acquiring many small, and eventually, large long distance and networking organizations, including [DB WorldCom,
`II leading international carrier, Wil'l‘el, a major telecom carrier, and Ml-‘S Communications, an international phone
`company and recentparent of UUNET, a prominent Internet provider.
`in 1997, the network operations of America Online and CompuServe became part of WorldCom. It also merged
`with BrooksFiberand thenacquired MCIin 1998 tobecome the MCI WorldCom powerhouse. WhileWorldCommay
`
`have been a pretentious name for rather modest beginnings, it was very prophetic, because the MCI name was later
`dropped, leaving WorldCom as the name of the company.
`
`-
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`worksheetcompiler
`
`World Wide Walt What many have called the Web while waiting patiently for the next page to download. The
`World Wide Walt is caused by any combination of a slow modem, overloaded Web server at the site you are accessing
`or any clog in one of the routers or switches at a national, regional or local ISP. See Internet service provider.
`
`World Wide Web
`
`An Internet facility that links documents locally and remotely. The Web document, or Web
`
`page, contains text, graphics, animations and videos as well as hypertext links. The links in the page let users jump
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia