DOCKET NO: 420717US
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`IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
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`ISSUED: SEPTEMBER 6, 2011
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`
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`PATENT: 8,014,917
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`INVENTOR: HAGENBUCH
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`FILED: MARCH 19, 2010
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`TITLE: APPARATUS FOR TRACKING TRIAL NO.: UNASSIGNED
`AND RECORDING VITAL SIGNS AND
`TASK-RELATED INFORMATION OF A
`VEHICLE TO IDENTIFY OPERATING
`PATTERNS
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`
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`DECLARATION OF DAVID MCNAMARA
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`1.
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`I, David McNamara, make this declaration in connection with a second petition for inter
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`partes review of U.S. Patent No. 8,014,917 (“the ‘917 patent”; Exhibit 1101 to the petition). All
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`statements herein made of my own knowledge are true, and all statements herein made based on
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`information and belief are believed to be true. I am over 21 and otherwise competent to make
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`this declaration. Although I am being compensated for my time in preparing this declaration, the
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`opinions herein are my own, and I have no stake in the outcome of the inter partes review
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`proceeding.
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`2.
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`Attachment A to this declaration is my curriculum vitae. As shown in my curriculum
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`vitae, I have devoted my career to the field of automotive electronics. I earned my Bachelor of
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`Science degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1973 and my
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`Master of Engineering degree in Solid State Physics from the University of Florida in 1976.
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`3.
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`Further, as shown in my curriculum vitae, I have professional and academic experience
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`in the field of automotive electronics and transportation systems acquired over a career spanning
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`1
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 1
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 1
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`36 years. In particular, during this period, I have worked and otherwise interacted with
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`professionals and students of various experience and expertise levels in the automotive
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`electronics field. Yet, throughout, my primary focus has related to identifying, demonstrating,
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`testing, and manufacturing new automotive and transportation systems embodied in complex
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`hardware and software products. For example, I have been involved in the development and
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`integration of various motor vehicle technologies, such as: embedded vehicle controllers; sensors
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`and actuators as key elements in an engine control system; diagnostic/maintenance algorithms;
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`multiplexes (or buses) to reduce wiring, provide a test/diagnostic capability, and to provide
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`control for new convenience features (e.g., power seat controls); and user interface hardware and
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`software to implement voice-driven features/technology, audio systems, digital media and
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`wireless communications. I also have conducted extensive research on motor vehicle interfaces
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`to permit the safe and easy integration of new electronic devices within a motor vehicle
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`environment. Recently, I have worked on vehicle diagnostic systems that monitor a wide range
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`of vehicle parameters and estimate useful component life, commonly called prognostics. More
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`specifically, I have worked on modifying existing vehicle diagnostic systems to add the
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`capability of predicting component life and providing the data to engineers who are managing
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`fleets of hydrogen-fueled vehicles from a remote base station.
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`4.
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`I am currently a consultant for McNamara Technology Solutions LLC and work with
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`clients in active safety (e.g., mmWave radar based systems), automotive electrical/electronics
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`architecture, and automotive wireless technology.
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`5.
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`I also am an active member of the Society of Automotive Engineers and the Institute of
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`Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and I have been an invited speaker to various
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`conferences, including the Telematics Update Events (www.telematicsupdate.com), at which I
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`2
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 2
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 2
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`interact with various members of the technical community. I participate in the annual Telematics
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`Update Events-sponsored conferences called “Insurance Telematics,” during which I am
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`apprised of recent developments in vehicle diagnostics, such as new monitoring approaches as
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`applied to vehicle performance and driver behavior. I periodically publish reports on observed
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`trends in automotive electronics, and also co-authored an invited paper for the Proceedings of the
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`IEEE along with former Ford Research colleagues. I have contributed articles to the Intelligent
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`Transport System (ITS) International Magazine (www.itsiternational.com), on
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`Diagnostics/Prognostics and on the 2009 Consumer Electronics Show (CES). I report on
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`consumer trends and sensor technology impacting the automotive industry as part of my annual
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`CES report, which has been published since 2007.
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`6.
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`I am a named inventor on five U.S. patents (U.S. Patent No. 4,377,851; U.S. Patent No.
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`4,446,447; U.S. Patent No. 5,060,156; U.S. Patent No. 5,003,801; and U.S. Patent No.
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`6,175,803) that resulted from the development of products for high-volume production. Of
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`these, U.S. Patent No. 4,377,851 and U.S. Patent No. 4,446,447 relate to pressure sensors used in
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`Ford vehicles, and U.S. Patent No. 5,060,156 relates to the oil change detection system used by
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`Ford in high-volume production for several years.
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`Understanding of the Law
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`7.
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`For the purposes of this declaration, I have been informed about certain aspects of the law
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`that are relevant to my analysis and opinions, as set forth in this section of my declaration.
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`8.
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`I understand that “claim construction” is the process of determining a patent claim’s
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`meaning. I also have been informed and understand that the proper construction of a claim term
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`is the meaning that a person of ordinary skill in the art (i.e., the technical field to which the
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`patent relates) would have given to that term at the patent’s filing date. My opinion and analysis
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`3
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 3
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 3
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`with respect to claim construction are provided from the viewpoint of one of ordinary skill in the
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`art to which the ‘917 patent pertains at the earliest priority date for the ‘917 patent, which I have
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`been informed to be February 15, 1994.
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`9.
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`I understand that claims in inter partes review proceedings are to be given their broadest
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`reasonable interpretation in light of the specification, which is what I have done when
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`performing my analysis in this declaration.
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`10.
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`I understand that a patent claim is unpatentable as obvious if the subject matter of the
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`claim as a whole would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art as of the time
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`of the invention at issue. I understand that the following factors must be evaluated to determine
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`whether the claimed subject matter is obvious: (1) the scope and content of the prior art; (2) the
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`difference or differences, if any, between the scope of the claim of the patent under consideration
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`and the scope of the prior art; and (3) the level of ordinary skill in the art at the time the patent
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`was filed.
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`11.
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`I understand that prior art references can be combined to reject a claim under 35 U.S.C. §
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`103 when there was an objective reason for one of ordinary skill in the art, at the time of the
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`invention, to combine the references, which includes, but is not limited to (A) identifying a
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`teaching, suggestion, or motivation to combine prior art references; (B) combining prior art
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`methods according to known methods to yield predictable results; (C) substituting one known
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`element for another to obtain predictable results; (D) using a known technique to improve a
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`similar device in the same way; (E) applying a known technique to a known device ready for
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`improvement to yield predictable results; (F) trying a finite number of identified, predictable
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`potential solutions, with a reasonable expectation of success; or (G) identifying that known work
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`in one field of endeavor may prompt variations of it for use in either the same field or a different
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`4
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 4
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 4
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`one based on design incentives or other market forces if the variations are predictable to one of
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`ordinary skill in the art.
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`12. Moreover, I have been informed and I understand that so-called objective indicia of non-
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`obviousness, also known as “secondary considerations,” like the following are also to be
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`considered when assessing obviousness: (1) commercial success; (2) long-felt but unresolved
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`needs; (3) copying of the invention by others in the field; (4) initial expressions of disbelief by
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`experts in the field; (5) failure of others to solve the problem that the inventor solved; and (6)
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`unexpected results. I also understand that evidence of objective indicia of non-obviousness must
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`be commensurate in scope with the claimed subject matter. I am not aware of any objective
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`indicia of non-obviousness for the ‘917 patent.
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`Materials Considered
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`13.
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`I have read the ‘917 patent and its prosecution history. I have also reviewed U.S. Patent
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`No. 4,839,835 to Hagenbuch (“Hagenbuch ‘835”; Exhibit 1108 to the petition); U.S. Patent No.
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`5,430,432 to Camhi et al. (“Camhi”; Exhibit 1109 to the petition); U.S. Patent No. 4,939,652 to
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`Steiner (“Steiner”; Exhibit 1110 to the petition); Japanese Patent Publication No. H03-085412 to
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`Aoyanagi (“Aoyanagi”; Exhibit 1102 to the petition); Japanese Patent Publication No. S58-
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`16399 to Oishi et al. (“Oishi”; Exhibit 1104 to the petition); and International Patent Publication
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`No. WO 90/03899 to Vollmer et al. (“Vollmer”; Exhibit 1106 to the petition) along with their
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`corresponding certified translations. Additionally, I have read G.B. Hamilton & M. Kirshenblatt,
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`Real-Time Vehicle Systems Monitoring, 3 Microcomputers in Civil Engineering 45 (1988)
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`(Exhibit 1112); Trevor O. Jones & Wallace K. Tsuha, Fully Integrated Truck Information and
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`control Systems (TIACS), SAE Technical Paper 831775 (1983) (Exhibit 1113); Daniel Sellers &
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`Thomas J. Benard, An Update on the OmniTRACSr Two-Way Satellite Mobile Communications
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`5
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 5
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 5
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`System and its Application to the Schneider National Truckload Fleet, Proceedings of the 1992
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`International Congress on Transportation Electronics, Society of Automotive Engineers,
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`Dearborn, MI, SAE P-260 (1992) (Exhibit 1114); and LeRoy G. Hagenbuch, Truck/Mobile
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`Equipment Performance Monitoring Management Information Systems (MIS), SAE Technical
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`Paper 861249 (1992) (Exhibit 1115).
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`Level of Ordinary Skill in the Art
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`14.
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`I have been asked to provide my opinion regarding the “level of ordinary skill in the art”
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`at the time of the invention, which I have been told is February 15, 1994.
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`15.
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`I understand that the hypothetical person of ordinary skill in the art is considered to have
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`the normal skills and knowledge of a person in a certain technical field. I understand that factors
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`that may be considered in determining the level of ordinary skill in the art include: (1) the
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`education level of the inventor; (2) the types of problems encountered in the art; (3) the prior art
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`solutions to those problems; (4) rapidity with which innovations are made; (5) the sophistication
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`of the technology; and (6) the education level of active workers in the field. I also understand
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`that “the person of ordinary skill” is a hypothetical person who is presumed to be aware of the
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`universe of available prior art.
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`16.
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`It is my opinion that, in February 1994, a person of ordinary skill in the art would have
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`had one of the following: (1) a bachelor’s degree in electrical, mechanical or computer
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`science/engineering (or a closely related field) with at least four years of experience working
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`with automotive electronics, (2) a master’s degree in electrical, mechanical or computer
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`science/engineering (or a closely related field) with at least two years of experience working with
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`automotive electronics, or (3) a PhD in electrical, mechanical or computer science/engineering
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`(or a closely related field) focused on automotive electronic systems.
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`6
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 6
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 6
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`17.
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`Based on my experience and education, I consider myself to be a person of at least
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`ordinary skill in the art with respect to the field of technology implicated by the ‘917 patent (as
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`of 1994). Unless stated otherwise, my opinions herein are provided from the viewpoint of one of
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`ordinary skill in the art in February 1994, i.e., at the time of the earliest priority date for the ‘917
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`patent.
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`Background on the State of the Art
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`18.
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`It is my experience that since the 1980s as capable and affordable embedded systems and
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`sensors became available, augmented by wireless communications; these new capabilities were
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`applied to the transportation industry. As reported by the researchers G.B. Hamilton and M.
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`Kirshenblatt of Sypher: Mueller International Inc. in their 1988 paper, “Real-time Vehicle
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`Systems Monitoring,” (Exhibit 1112). “The use of computer-based systems to monitor and
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`display vehicle location is currently an area of strong interest, and a number of organizations
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`have developed such systems…. Our requirement for vehicle data acquisition systems (DAS)
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`was to monitor and store data on driving cycle, temperatures, pressures, engine stoichiometry,
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`etc. In the course of working with fleets, it became clear that if vehicle systems data could be
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`transmitted to a base station in real time, could be interpreted by base station software to provide
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`a diagnostic capability, and could be combined with a map location display capability, then it
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`would be of interest to a large number of fleets.” (Ex. 1112, 45). The figure below taken from
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`the 1988 Hamilton paper contains all the elements of a modern fleet tracking and diagnostic
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`system with communications capability.
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`7
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 7
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 7
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`(Id. at Fig. 3 (annotated)).
`19.
`The seminal paper published by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in 1983
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`titled, “Fully Integrated Truck Information and Control Systems (TIACS)” by Trevor O. Jones
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`and Wallace K. Tsuha of TRW Inc. (Exhibit 1113) “identifies the current, near term, and long
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`range system requirements and suggests ideas for a fully integrated Truck Information And
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`Control System (TIACS)….” (Ex. 1113, 1). The industry recognized the benefits of applying
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`embedded systems and sensor technology to commercial vehicles for “optimizing asset
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`utilization,” “improving productivity” and “reducing operating cost.” (Id.). Additionally, the
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`industry recognized “the need to implement a recording and monitoring capability for improved
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`asset management and reduction of diagnostic and maintenance costs.” (Id. at 7). In my
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`opinion, this seminal paper represents the “state of the art” describing the need and approach to
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`monitoring and recording production-related and vital sign parameters. As shown below, the
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`elements (e.g., performance or task and maintenance or vital sign monitoring and recording) of a
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`8
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 8
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 8
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`modern commercial fleet system are described.
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`(Id. at Fig. 11).
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`(Id. at Fig. 15).
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`9
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 9
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 9
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`DIlEHEIEI'lGW-lnmflf'r III'DHHIJR
`
`
`l'LfilH-‘I'Ellm {IDHFFDFI
`
`
`
`Flitl. 'I'AJ'; HEtEIFIIJIFI
`
`1::
`
`- Vehicle maintenance
`Fig.
`systems
`connected
`te
`nestie
`Serial Emuniestiens Link.
`
`and dias-
`the
`TIHES
`
`
`
`(Id. at Fig. 14).
`(Id. at Fig. 14).
`
`
`
`LE - Uie telecommunications satellite
`Figs
`the vehicle urn-beard computer eeuld trans-
`mit
`and receive messages
`frem the dispatch
`center cempetEr
`
`
`
`(Id. at Fig. 18).
`(Id. at Fig. 18).
`
` 
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`10
`10
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 10
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`OWNER EX. 2043, page 10
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 10
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 10
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`20.
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`Those skilled in the art were aware of the need to combine data transmission with
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`recording systems and, therefore, would have been motivated to do so. An example is the
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`Qualcomm OmniTRACSr product first launched in 1988. It is my experience that from 1988 -
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`1992 companies, such as Qualcomm, first developed and expanded the capability of on-board
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`embedded systems to include two-way communications such as emergency messaging. The
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`Qualcomm OmniTRACSr product for heavy trucks is an example and is described in the 1992
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`Proceedings of the International Congress on Transportation Electronics, “An Update on the
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`OmniTRACSr Two-Way Satellite Mobile Communications System and its Application to the
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`Schneider National Truckload Fleet”, Daniel Sellers of Schneider National and Thomas J.
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`Benard Qualcomm, October 1992. (Exhibit 1114).
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`The ‘917 Patent
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`21.
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`The ‘917 patent (Ex. 1101) describes a system for monitoring production-related (e.g.,
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`vehicle speed) and vital sign (e.g., crash detection) parameters, detecting a collision,
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`automatically sending a distress signal if a collision is detected, and recording pre-collision
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`production-related parameters and post-collision vital sign parameters. (Id. at 6:23–8:16).
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`22.
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`Figure 2A of the ‘917 patent illustrates the hardware architecture for the claimed system.
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`The system is controlled by processor 41, which receives production-related inputs 67 and vital
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`sign inputs 73. (Id. at 7:43–45, Fig. 2B). As noted in the ‘917 patent specification, a system for
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`monitoring production-related and vital sign parameters was well-known at the time of the ‘917
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`patent’s priority date:
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`Recently, it has become increasingly common for heavy-duty vehicles such as the
`vehicle 11 in FIG. 1A to include a plurality of sensors distributed about the
`vehicle for the purpose of monitoring certain important performance and vital
`sign parameters.
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`11
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 11
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 11
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`(Id. at 5:61–65).
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`23.
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`Likewise, the ‘917 patent specification acknowledges that the enumerated production-
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`related and vital sign sensors were all well-known at the time of the ‘917 patent’s priority date:
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`Each of the foregoing vital sign and production-related sensors 73 and 67 is a well
`known sensor that is commercially available.
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`(Id. at 6:30–63).
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`24.
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`Regarding the system’s method for collision detection, the ‘917 patent specification
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`describes only one method:
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`[T]he system recognizes a crash when the value of the data sampled from the
`accelerometer 73L exceeds a pre-programmed critical value 116.
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`(Id. at 25:8–10).
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`25.
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`Likewise, the wireless distress signal sent automatically in the event of a collision is only
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`mentioned once in the specification of the ‘917 patent:
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`[A] crash event sensed by the processor 41 as explained hereinafter may
`automatically key the transceiver 55 to download the data in the RAM 47 and also
`serve to broadcast a distress signal, which serves to alert other personnel (e.g., at a
`central station) that immediate aid may be required.
`
`(Id. at 7:36–41).
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`26.
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`Figure 2B of the ‘917 patent provides a functional diagram of the system. (Id. at Fig. 2B,
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`7:42–43). As illustrated in Figure 2B, the processor receives data from both production-related
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`and vital sign sensors at periodic sampling intervals. (Id. at 7: 43–45). The data received by the
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`processor 41 is then stored inside the RAM 47, which includes chronology memory 83 and
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`diagnostic memories 85, 87, 89. (Id. at Fig. 2B, 7:50–56). At periodic sampling intervals,
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`processor 41 stores all production-related parameters into chronology memory 83. (Id. at 7:45–
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`49, 11:15–18). Additionally, the processor 41 updated the diagnostic memory 87 if any of the
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`12
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 12
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 12
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`vital sign parameters is “one of the historical ten highest or lowest readings” such that the
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`diagnostic memory 87 maintains “the ten most extreme readings from each of the vital sign
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`sensors 73.” (Id. at 8:1–16).
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`27.
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`Diagnostic memories 85 and 89 are used to store data if any one of the vital sign sensor
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`73 readings exceed a pre-determined critical value. (Id. at 7:57–8:1). Specifically, when the
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`system detects a collision, see supra at ¶ 24, processor 41 stores all the production-related
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`parameters stored in chronology memory 83 into diagnostic memory 85. (Id. at 7:57–60, 11:59–
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`63, 25:10–14). Likewise, if any of the vital sign sensors exceeds a pre-determined value,
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`processor 41 stores the identity of the vital sign sensor, the value of the vital sign sensor, and a
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`pre-determined amount of production related data into diagnostic memory 89. (Id. at 7:60–66).
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`28.
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`The ‘917 patent specification also “contemplates continuing to gather data and store the
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`data to the memories 85 and 89 so long as the value of the vital sign parameter exceeds the
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`critical value 116.” (Id. at 25:16–18). Accordingly, the ‘917 patent specification contemplates
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`recording both production-related and vital sign parameters after a collision. (Id. at 25:15–30).
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`Claim Construction
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`29.
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`I have been asked to provide my opinion regarding the claim terms: “monitoring
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`production-related parameters,” “monitoring vital sign parameters” or “monitoring vital signs,”
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`“a load on the engine,” “a second memory,” and “a permanent memory.” I understand that, for
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`purposes of my analysis, the terms appearing in the claims should be interpreted according to
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`their “broadest reasonable interpretation in light of the specification of the patent in which it
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`appears.” I further understand that the words of the claims should be given their plain meaning
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`unless that meaning is inconsistent with the specification. With this understanding in mind, I
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`interpret “monitoring production-related parameters,” “monitoring vital sign parameters” or
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`13
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 13
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 13
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`“monitoring vital signs,” “a load on the engine,” “a second memory,” and “a permanent
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`memory.”
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`30.
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`Under its broadest reasonable interpretation in light of the specification, the phrase
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`“monitoring production-related parameters” in claims 4, 9–17, 21, and 26–34 should be
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`construed to mean sampling data from sensors that provide indicia of the work done by a vehicle.
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`The specification of the ‘917 patent supports this construction because the specification describes
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`processor 41 which samples data from the production-related sensors 67 that measure
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`parameters, such as engine RPM, throttle position, engine fuel consumption, distance traveled,
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`ground speed, road incline, angle of turn, steering wheel, status of brake, vehicle direction, load,
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`and dump. (Ex. 1101, 1:41–43, 2:63–66, 6:25–42, 7:42–49).
`
`31.
`
`Under its broadest reasonable interpretation in light of the specification, the phrase
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`“monitoring vital sign parameters” or “monitoring vital signs” in claims 4, 9–17, 21, and 26–34
`
`should be construed to mean sampling data from sensors indicative of the state of health of the
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`vehicle. The specification of the ‘917 patent supports this construction because the specification
`
`describes processor 41 which samples data from the vital sign sensors 73 that measure
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`parameters, such as engine oil temperature, engine oil pressure, engine coolant level, engine
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`crankcase pressure, engine fuel pressure, transmission oil temperature, transmission oil level,
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`differential oil temperature, differential oil level, current amperes to drive motor, drive motor
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`temperature, crash (acceleration), and tire air pressure. (Id. at 1:29–40, 6:22–25, 6:43–58, 7:42–
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`45, 7:52–54, 8:3–6).
`
`32.
`
`Under its broadest reasonable interpretation in light of the specification, the phrase “a
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`load on the engine” in claims 4 and 21 should be construed to mean any condition or parameter
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`placing a demand on the engine that is affecting the amount of work done by the engine.
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`14
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 14
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 14
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`Although the specification of the ‘917 patent never discusses “a load on the engine,” this
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`construction is consistent with the specification because it describes several production related
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`sensors that a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand to indicate “a load on the
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`engine,” such as: throttle position 67B, engine fuel consumption 67C, inclinometer 67F, and
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`load sensor 67K. (Id. at 6:30–41).
`
`33.
`
`Under its broadest reasonable interpretation in light of the specification, the phrase “a
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`second memory” in claims 9–17 and 26–34 should be construed to mean any set of memory
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`addresses separate from a first set of memory addresses. The specification of the ‘917 patent is
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`consistent with this construction because it describes a single memory device, RAM 47, that
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`contains multiple memories composed of “a number of address locations in the RAM 47.” (Id. at
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`7:3–20, 7:50–56, 9:51–57, 12:37–39, Fig. 2A, Fig. 2B).
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`34.
`
`Under its broadest reasonable interpretation in light of the specification, the phrase “a
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`permanent memory” in claims 10 and 27 should be construed to mean any set of memory
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`addresses that are preserved so that they are not overwritten. The specification of the ‘917 patent
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`is consistent with this construction because it describes permanent memory 89 as “a number of
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`address locations in the RAM 47 that preserves the data until an operator of the system removes
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`it.” (Id. at 9:51–57).
`
`Claims 4 and 21 are Obvious Over Aoyanagi in View of
`Oishi and Steiner
`
`It is my opinion that claims 4 and 21, which depend from claims 1 and 18, respectively,
`
`35.
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`would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art over Aoyanagi in view of Oishi and
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`Steiner. My analysis of the scope and content of the prior art references follows. Additionally, I
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`have compared the prior art references with claims 4 and 21 of the ‘917 patent, noting
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` 
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`15
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 15
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 15
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`differences, or lack thereof. My analysis begins with the independent claims, claims 1 and 18,
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`from which claims 4 and 21 depend.
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`36.
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`Aoyanagi is directed to “a recording apparatus for vehicle running conditions, especially
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`to a recording apparatus for vehicle running conditions (hereinafter referred to as a recording
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`apparatus) that records running data at the time when the vehicle has received shocks due to an
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`accident or the like, while protecting those data from corruption.” (Ex. 1103, 70:2:3–9).
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`Accordingly, a person of ordinary skill in the art would have understood that the normal
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`operations of the Aoyanagi recording apparatus would include a “method for recording
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`operations of a vehicle,” as recited in claims 1 and 18.
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`37.
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`The Aoyanagi recording apparatus monitors specific vehicle running parameters by using
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`a variety of sensors. (Id. at 71:1:50–72:1:2). Specifically, Aoyanagi monitors the sensor data by
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`“record[ing] data of the running conditions of the vehicle from these sensors….” (Id. at 71:1:6–
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`8). Aoyanagi discusses monitoring vehicle ground speed by using, for example, vehicle wheel
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`speed sensors. (Id. at 71:1:65–71:2:2). As seen in Figure 2 reproduced below, Aoyanagi
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`describes monitoring engine throttle position “by detecting the butterfly position of an intake
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`manifold 22a activated by an accelerator 26 through a rotation angle sensor 24 mounted within
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`the intake manifold 22a of the engine 22.” (Id. at 71:2:20–23, Fig. 2). Aoyanagi discusses using
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`accelerator pedal position and wheel rotation speed to detect vehicle acceleration/deceleration
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`(i.e., a collision). (Id. at 71:2:6–10). Accordingly, a person of ordinary skill in the art would
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`have understood that the normal operations of the Aoyanagi recording apparatus would include
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`“monitoring production-related parameters of the vehicle, including a ground speed of the
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`vehicle, [and] a position of a throttle of an engine of the vehicle…,” as recited in claims 1 and
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`18.
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` 
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`16
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 16
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 16
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`38.
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`As seen in Figure 3 reproduced below, Aoyanagi discloses monitoring the status of the
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`vehicle’s braking system by “detecting the hydraulic pressure of a hydraulic pressure cylinder
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`brake 32 by a hydraulic pressure sensor 28 provided at the hydraulic pressure cylinder brake 32
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`activated by a brake 30.” (Id. at 71:2:28–35, Fig. 3). The brake pedal position is detected from
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`the hydraulic pressure and recorded. (Id. at 71:1:6–9, 71:2:28–35).
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`a.
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`A person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the ‘917 patent’s priority date
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`would have understood that when no pressure is applied to the brake pedal, the
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`hydraulic pressure sensor 28 would detect an amount of pressure that corresponds
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`to an “off” state of the braking system, i.e. when no braking pressure is applied to
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`the brake 30. On the other hand, when pressure is applied to the brake pedal, the
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`hydraulic pressure sensor 28 would detect an increased amount of pressure that
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`corresponds to an “on” state of the braking system.
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`b.
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`Additionally, it would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art at
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`the time of the ‘917 patent’s priority date to make a straight forward modification
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`to Aoyanagi’s brake monitoring method to create a simpler system that only
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`monitors the braking system for an on or off status. A person of ordinary skill in
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`the art would have made Aoyanagi’s apparatus recognize the braking system as
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`“off” when the hydraulic pressure was at its rest state (i.e., no pressure applied to
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` 
`
`17
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 17
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 17
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`the brake pedal). Conversely, the apparatus would recognize the system as “on”
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`for all hydraulic pressure readings above the rest state pressure (i.e., pressure is
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`being applied to the brake pedal, or non-zero pressure is applied). A person of
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`ordinary skill in the art would have been motivated to modify Aoyanagi’s brake
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`sensors to monitor only the on/off status in order to create a simpler system for
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`applications that only need to record whether or not the brakes were applied.
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`Aoyanagi discusses using brake pedal position to detect vehicle
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`acceleration/deceleration (i.e., a collision). (Id. at 71:2:6–10). Accordingly, a
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`person of ordinary skill in the art would have understood that the normal
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`operations of the Aoyanagi recording apparatus would include “monitoring
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`production-related parameters of the vehicle, including … an on/off status of a
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`braking system of the vehicle,” as recited in claim 18.
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`
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`39.
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`Additionally, a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the‘917 patent’s priority
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`date would have understood that Aoyanagi’s method for monitoring the vehicles braking system
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`would provide a “degree of braking.” Specifically, the hydraulic pressure sensor would provide
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`a pressure value between full pressure and no pressure. The digitized pressure value provides a
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`degree of braking (i.e., the value would indicate how much pressure was applied to the brakes).
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`(Ex. 1103, 72:2:9-14). Accordingly, a person of ordinary skill in the art would have understood
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` 
`
`18
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`TOYOTA Ex. 1111, page 18
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`OWNER Ex. 2043, page 18
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`that the normal operations of the Aoyanagi recording apparatus would include “monitoring
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`production-related parameters of the vehicle, including… a degree of braking of the vehicle,” as
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`recited in claim 1.
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`40.
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`The Aoyanagi recording apparatus monitors vital sign parameters of the vehicle.
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`Specifically, the Aoyanagi apparatus monitors vehicle acceleration and deceleration. (Id. at
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`71:2:3). Additionally, Aoyanagi teaches using acceleration sensor 18 to measure impact force
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`and direction of a collision. (Id. at 71:2:65–72:1:2). Alternatively, engine speed, accelerator
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`pedal position, brake pedal position, and other sensors can be used in place of sensor 18 to
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`measure acceleration/deceleration. (Id. at 71:2:3–11). Accordingly, a person of ordinary skill in
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`the art would have understood that the normal operations of the Aoyanagi recording apparatus
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`would include “monitoring vital sign parameters of the vehicle, including information indicative
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`of a change in the velocity of the vehicle,” as recited in claims 1 and 18.
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`41.
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`The Aoyanagi recording apparatus detects a vehicle collision using acceleration sensor
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`18, which “detects the impact force and its direction.” (Id. at 71:2:65–72:1:2). A person of
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`ordinary skill in the art would have understood that an acceleration sensor is used to detect a
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`collision because of the rapid decrease in vehicle velocity over a short period of time during a
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`collision. Accordingly, a person of ordinary skill in the ar