Network Working Group EARN Staff
`Request for Comments: 1580 EARN Association
`FYI: 23 March 1994
`Category: Informational
`
` Guide to Network Resource Tools
`
`Status of this Memo
`
` This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
` does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
` this memo is unlimited.
`
`Table of Contents
`
` 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
` 2. GOPHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
` 2.1. What is Gopher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
` 2.2. Who can use Gopher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
` 2.3. How to get to Gopher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
` 2.3.1. Local clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
` 2.3.2. Remote clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
` 2.4. Using Gopher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
` 2.5. VERONICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
` 2.6. Learning more about Gopher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
` 3. WORLD-WIDE WEB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
` 3.1. What is World-Wide Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
` 3.2. Who can use World-Wide Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
` 3.3. How to get to World-Wide Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
` 3.3.1. Local clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
` 3.3.2. Remote clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
` 3.3.2.1. E-mail access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
` 3.4. Using World-Wide Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
` 3.5. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
` 3.6. Learning more about World-Wide Web . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
` 4. WAIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
` 4.1. What is WAIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
` 4.2. Who can use WAIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
` 4.3. How to get to WAIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
` 4.4. Using WAIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
` 4.4.1. E-mail access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
` 4.5. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
` 4.6 Learning more about WAIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
` 5. ARCHIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
` 5.1. What is ARCHIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
` 5.2. Who can use ARCHIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
` 5.3. How to get to ARCHIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
`
`EARN Staff [Page 1]
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`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1010, p. 1
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`RFC 1580 Guide to Network Resource Tools March 1994
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` 5.4. Using ARCHIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
` 5.4.1. Using a local client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
` 5.4.1.1. Archie client command and parameters . . . . . . . . . 29
` 5.4.2. Using Telnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
` 5.4.3. Using electronic mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
` 5.5. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
` 5.6. Learning more about ARCHIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
` 6. WHOIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
` 6.1. What is WHOIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
` 6.2. Who can use WHOIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
` 6.3. How to get to WHOIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
` 6.4. Using WHOIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
` 6.4.1. Using a local client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
` 6.4.2. Using Telnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
` 6.4.3. Using electronic mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
` 6.5. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
` 6.6. Learning more about WHOIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
` 7. X.500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
` 7.1. What is X.500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
` 7.2. Who can use X.500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
` 7.3. How to get to X.500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
` 7.4. Using X.500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
` 7.4.1. Using a local client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
` 7.4.2. Using Telnet or X.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
` 7.4.3. Using electronic mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
` 7.5. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
` 7.6. Learning more about X.500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
` 8. NETFIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
` 8.1. What is NETFIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
` 8.2. Who can use NETFIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
` 8.3. How to get to NETFIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
` 8.4. Using NETFIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
` 8.4.1. Local access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
` 8.4.2. Remote access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
` 8.5. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
` 8.6. Learning more about NETFIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
` 9. TRICKLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
` 9.1. What is TRICKLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
` 9.2. Who can use TRICKLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
` 9.3 How to get to TRICKLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
` 9.4. Using TRICKLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
` 9.5. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
` 9.6. Learning more about TRICKLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
` 10. BITFTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
` 10.1. What is BITFTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
` 10.2. Who can use BITFTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
` 10.3. How to get to BITFTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
` 10.4. Using BITFTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
`
`EARN Staff [Page 2]
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`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1010, p. 2
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`RFC 1580 Guide to Network Resource Tools March 1994
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` 10.5. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
` 10.6. Learning more about BITFTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
` 11. LISTSERV (Version 1.7f). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
` 11.1. What is LISTSERV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
` 11.2. Who can use LISTSERV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
` 11.3. How to get to LISTSERV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
` 11.4. Using LISTSERV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
` 11.4.1. Commands for LISTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
` 11.4.2. Commands for FILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
` 11.4.3. LISTSERV DATABASE Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
` 11.4.4. Commands for INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
` 11.5. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
` 11.6. Learning more about LISTSERV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
` 12. NETNEWS (USENET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
` 12.1. What is NETNEWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
` 12.2. Who can use NETNEWS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
` 12.3. How to get to NETNEWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
` 12.4. Using NETNEWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
` 12.5. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
` 12.6. Learning more about NETNEWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
` 13. OTHER TOOLS OF INTEREST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
` 13.1. ASTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
` 13.1.1. What is ASTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
` 13.1.2. How to get to ASTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
` 13.1.3. Learning more about ASTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
` 13.2. NETSERV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
` 13.2.1. What is NETSERV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
` 13.2.2. How to get to NETSERV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
` 13.2.3. Learning more about NETSERV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
` 13.3. MAILBASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
` 13.3.1. What is MAILBASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
` 13.3.2. How to get to MAILBASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
` 13.3.3. Learning more about MAILBASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
` 13.4. PROSPERO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
` 13.4.1. What is PROSPERO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
` 13.4.2. How to get to PROSPERO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
` 13.4.3. Learning more about PROSPERO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
` 13.5. IRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
` 13.5.1. What is IRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
` 13.5.2. How to get to IRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
` 13.5.3. Learning more about IRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
` 13.6. RELAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
` 13.6.1. What is RELAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
` 13.6.2. How to get to RELAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
` 13.6.3. Learning more about RELAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
` 14. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
` 15. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
` 16. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
`
`EARN Staff [Page 3]
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`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1010, p. 3
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`RFC 1580 Guide to Network Resource Tools March 1994
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` 17. Author’s Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
` 18. Appendix A - Freely available networking software . . . . . 103
` 18.1. Gopher clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
` 18.2. World-Wide Web clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
` 18.3. WAIS clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
` 18.4. Netnews - news reader software . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
`
`1. Introduction
`
` As the worldwide academic computer network grows and expands far
` beyond its previous confines, so the resources and services available
` on the network evolve and multiply at a dizzying rate. The typical
` user is hardpressed to keep up with this explosive growth.
` Fortunately, a number of tools are available to facilitate the task
` of locating and retrieving network resources, so that users anywhere
` can utilize texts, data, software and information for public access.
` Facilities to explore public domain software repositories, to consult
` mailing list archives and databases, to retrieve directory
` information and to participate in global group discussions are now
` available to all.
`
` The key to exploiting these resources is a server, special software
` on a computer somewhere in the network which accepts requests (or
` queries or commands) and sends a response automatically. The
` requestor does not have to be working on the same computer (or even
` in the same part of the world) in order to use the server. Many
` servers accept requests via electronic mail, so that often the
` requestor needs not even be on the same computer network as the
` server. In many cases, servers are interconnected so that once you
` have established contact with one server, you can easily communicate
` with other servers as well.
`
` Today, many users have powerful computers on the desktop, with
` advanced graphical, audio and storage capabilities, which are
` connected to the network. This fact has given rise to what is known
` as the client-server model. Users can have special software on their
` local computer called a client which can utilize the capabilities of
` that computer and can also communicate with a server on the network.
` These clients provide an easy-to-use, intuitive user interface, allow
` use of pointing devices such as a mouse, and exploit other local
` features. The client sends the user’s requests to a server using a
` standardized format (called a protocol) and the server sends its
` response in a condensed format which the client displays to the user
` in a more readable way.
`
` Several of the tools described herein have several different
` functions. However they could be classified in functional areas
` according to their main purpose. Sections two and three cover two
`
`EARN Staff [Page 4]
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`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1010, p. 4
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`RFC 1580 Guide to Network Resource Tools March 1994
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` services, Gopher and World-Wide Web, which use the client-server
` model to explore the network providing a means of moving through a
` wide range of network sources and resources in a uniform and
` intuitive way. A tool for searching in a wide range of different
` databases located throughout the network, WAIS, is documented in
` section four. The problem of knowing where to find network resources
` (files and programs) is addressed in section five, which deals with
` archie. Three tools for finding people, computers and their network
` addresses, WHOIS, X.500 and Netfind, are discussed in sections six,
` seven and eight. While just about all of these network tools can be
` used to get files of one sort or another, there are a few servers
` available for getting files easily and efficiently from various
` repositories in the network. Two of these servers, TRICKLE and
` BITFTP, are covered in sections nine and ten. Sections eleven and
` twelve deal with what is perhaps the most popular of all the network
` resources, discussion groups on every imaginable topic. The two tools
` discussed there are LISTSERV and Netnews (Usenet). Section thirteen
` gives brief descriptions and pointers for a number of tools which
` were not mainstream enough to get a full description. Some are still
` in the developmental stage (Prospero), some are relatively unknown
` outside a particular network (ASTRA and Netserv from EARN/Bitnet and
` Mailbase from JANET) and some are meant for chatting rather than work
` (Relay and IRC).
`
` The purpose of this guide is to supply the basic information that
` anyone on the network needs to try out and begin using these tools. A
` basic knowledge of networking terminology has been assumed, as well
` as familiarity with the basic tools of networking: electronic mail
` (often referred to as e-mail or simply mail throughout this guide)
` and, for those connected to the Internet, FTP (file transfer
` protocol) and Telnet (remote login). It is beyond the scope of this
` guide to describe these basic tools. The example in the BITFTP
` section of this guide shows how one can use BITFTP to get guides to
` these tools over the network.
`
`2. GOPHER
`
`2.1. What is Gopher
`
` The Internet Gopher, or simply Gopher, is a distributed document
` delivery service. It allows users to explore, search and retrieve
` information residing on different locations in a seamless fashion.
`
` When browsing it, the information appears to the user as a series of
` nested menus. This kind of menu structure resembles the organization
` of a directory with many subdirectories and files. The subdirectories
` and the files may be located either on the local server site or on
` remote sites served by other Gopher servers. From the user point of
`
`EARN Staff [Page 5]
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`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1010, p. 5
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`RFC 1580 Guide to Network Resource Tools March 1994
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` view, all information items presented on the menus appear to come
` from the same place.
`
` The information can be a text or binary file, directory information
` (loosely called phone book), image or sound. In addition, Gopher
` offers gateways to other information systems (World-Wide Web, WAIS,
` archie, WHOIS) and network services (Telnet, FTP). Gopher is often a
` more convenient way to navigate in a FTP directory and to download
` files.
`
` A Gopher server holds the information and handles the users’ queries.
` In addition, links to other Gopher servers create a network wide
` cooperation to form the global Gopher web (Gopherspace).
`
`2.2. Who can use Gopher
`
` Gopher uses the client-server model to provide access to the Gopher
` web. You must be on the international TCP/IP network (the Internet)
` in order to use a client on your computer to access Gopher.
`
`2.3. How to get to Gopher
`
` Users explore the Gopher menus using various local clients or
` accessing a remote client via an interactive Telnet session.
`
` 2.3.1. Local clients
`
` Public domain clients for accessing a Gopher server are available
` for: Macintosh, MS-DOS, OS/2, VM/CMS, VMS, NeXT, Unix, X-Windows.
` The clients are available for anonymous FTP from many FTP sites
` (e.g., boombox.micro.umn.edu in the directory /pub/gopher). See
` the list of freely available client software in Appendix A.
`
` 2.3.2. Remote clients
`
` Some sites allow public access to a client. To access such a
` remote client, telnet to one of these sites:
`
` +---------------------------------------------------------------+
` | info.anu.edu.au Australia (login: info) |
` | tolten.puc.cl Columbia |
` | ecnet.ec Ecuador |
` | gopher.chalmers.se Sweden |
` | consultant.micro.umn.edu USA |
` | gopher.uiuc.edu USA |
` | panda.uiowa.edu USA (login: panda) |
` | sunsite.unc.edu USA |
` +---------------------------------------------------------------+
`
`EARN Staff [Page 6]
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`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1010, p. 6
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`RFC 1580 Guide to Network Resource Tools March 1994
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` At the login: prompt type gopher (unless specified otherwise) and
` the top-level Gopher menu for that site will be displayed.
`
` Users are requested to use the site closest to them.
`
` 2.4. Using Gopher
`
` The implementations of the Gopher clients on various platforms are
` slightly different to take advantage of the platforms’
` capabilities (mouse, graphic functions, X-Windows server) and to
` offer the popular look and feel. Even with different
` implementations, the same set of functions and commands is
` available.
`
` When issuing the gopher command, you will be connected
` automatically to the default Gopher server specified at the
` installation. The format of the command is:
`
` +---------------------------------------------------------------+
` | |
` | gopher <hostname> |
` | |
` +---------------------------------------------------------------+
`
` where hostname is an optional alternative Gopher server you want
` to talk to.
`
` When connected to a Gopher server, it is still possible to access
` another server by exploring the Other Gopher servers in the rest
` of the world branch. To locate them more easily, the Gopher
` servers are distributed in geographical regions:
`
` * Africa
` * Europe
` * Middle East
` * North America
` * Pacific
` * South America
`
` and then by countries.
`
` Access to a Gopher server is identical whether using a local or a
` remote client: a simple menu-driven interface which doesn’t
` require any special training or knowledge from the user.
`
` Here is a sample menu:
`
`EARN Staff [Page 7]
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`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1010, p. 7
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`RFC 1580 Guide to Network Resource Tools March 1994
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` -----------------------------------------------------------------
`
` Internet Gopher Information Client v1.1
`
` Information About Gopher
`
` 1. About Gopher.
` 2. Search Gopher News <?>
` 3. Gopher News Archive/
` 4. comp.infosystems.gopher (Usenet newsgroup)/
` 5. Gopher Software Distribution/
` 6. Gopher Protocol Information/
` 7. University of Minnesota Gopher software licensing policy.
` 8. Frequently Asked Questions about Gopher.
` 9. gopher93/
` 10. Gopher| example server/
` 11. How to get your information into Gopher.
` --> 12. New Stuff in Gopher.
` 13. Reporting Problems or Feedback.
` 14. big Ann Arbor gopher conference picture.gif <Picture>
`
` Press ? for Help, q to Quit, u to go up a menu Page: 1/1
`
` -----------------------------------------------------------------
`
` In the example above, any item can be selected by typing its line
` number or by moving the cursor (-->) next to it.
`
` An item could be:
`
` * a subdirectory
` * a text file
` * a binary file
` * a sound file
` * an image file
` * a phone book (directory information)
` * an index-search
` * a Telnet session
`
` Items are displayed with an identifying symbol next to them. In
` the example above, "<?>" means a full text index-search, "/" means
` a subdirectory, "<Picture>" means an image file and no symbol
` means a text file.
`
` Some Gopher clients are not able to handle certain file types
` (e.g., sound files). Some clients display only files of types they
` can handle or files they suppose you are interested in. Others
`
`EARN Staff [Page 8]
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`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1010, p. 8
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`RFC 1580 Guide to Network Resource Tools March 1994
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` display all types of files.
`
` Most Gopher clients allow you to create, view and select
` bookmarks. A bookmark keeps track of the exact location of a
` Gopher item, regardless of where it resides. It is useful when you
` often need to reach a file or a service located far from the
` top-level directory. A collection of bookmarks is like a
` customized Gopher menu.
`
` Some capabilities of a local Gopher client are bound to the
` capabilities of your own computer. In fact, for sound files, image
` files and Telnet sessions, the Gopher client looks for the
` appropriate software on your computer and passes control to it to
` perform the requested task. When the task is completed, control is
` returned to the Gopher client.
`
` At any time, it is possible to terminate the session (quit
` command), to cancel the current processing or to get the on-line
` help (help command).
`
` An item is processed according to its type:
`
` a subdirectory
` its contents are displayed. To go up one level, use the up
` command.
`
` a text file
` the file is displayed. Then you can browse it, search for a
` particular string, print it on a local printer or copy (save)
` it onto your local disk space in a user-specified file (the
` last 2 functions may not be available to you).
`
` a binary file
` the remote file is simply copied onto your local disk space in
` a user-specified file. Binary files are binhexed Macintosh
` files, archives (.zip, .tar,...), compressed files, programs,
` etc.
`
` a sound file
` the remote file is played through your local audio device if it
` exists, as well as the appropriate utility. Only one sound file
` can be active at a time; you will be warned if you try to play
` a sound before a previous one is done.
`
` an image file
` the remote file is displayed on your computer screen if an
` image viewer exists on your computer.
`
`EARN Staff [Page 9]
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`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1010, p. 9
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`RFC 1580 Guide to Network Resource Tools March 1994
`
` a phone book
` you are prompted for a search string to look up people
` information through the selected phone book. Since different
` institutions have different directory services, the queries are
` not performed in the same fashion.
`
` an index-search
` you are prompted for a search string which may be one or more
` words, plus the special operators and, or, and not. The search
` is case-insensitive. Usually, an index is created to help users
` locate the information in a set of documents quickly. E.g.:
`
` terminal and setting or tset
`
` will find all documents which contain both the words terminal
` and setting, or the word tset. or is nonexclusive so the
` documents may contain all of the words.
`
` The result of the index-search looks like any Gopher menu, but
` each menu item is a file that contains the specified search
` string.
`
` a Telnet session
` Telnet sessions are normally text-based information services,
` for example, access to library catalogs.
`
`2.5. VERONICA
`
` Veronica was designed as a solution to the problem of resource
` discovery in the rapidly-expanding Gopher web, providing a keyword
` search of more than 500 Gopher menus. Veronica helps you find
` Gopher-based information without doing a menu-by-menu, site-by-site
` search. It is to the Gopher information space, what archie is to the
` FTP archives.
`
` Veronica is accessible from most top-level Gopher menus or from the
` Other Gopher servers... branch. There is no need for opening another
` connection or another application.
`
` When you choose a veronica search , you will be prompted to enter a
` keyword or keywords. The simplest way to search with veronica is to
` enter a single word and hit the RETURN key. It does not matter
` whether the word is upper-case or lower-case. The veronica server
` will return a gopher menu composed of items whose titles match your
` keyword specification. Items can be accessed as with any Gopher menu.
` E.g.:
`
` eudora
`
`EARN Staff [Page 10]
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1010, p. 10
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`RFC 1580 Guide to Network Resource Tools March 1994
`
` will give you a list of menu titles that contain eudora, such as:
`
` Electronic Mail: Eudora on Macintosh, Micro-08
` Modem Setting Eudora Slip.
` A UNIX-based Eudora reader for those that ...
` Eudora: Popmail for the Macintosh.
` Eudora.
`
` etc.
`
` The search string may contain keywords optionally separated by and,
` or and not. If there is no operator between 2 keywords, and is
` assumed. E.g.:
`
` eudora and macintosh
`
` will give you a list of menu titles that contain both eudora and
` macintosh, such as:
`
` Eudora: Popmail for the Macintosh.
` v4.1 EUDORA: E-MAIL FOR THE MACINTOSH.
` Micro News: Eudora - A Mailer for the Macintosh.
` Eudora: Electronic Mail on Your Macintosh.
` ACS News - Eudora Mail Reader for Macintosh.
`
` etc.
`
` "*" is the wildcard character. It can replace any other character or
` characters at the end of a keyword. E.g.:
`
` desk*
`
` will give you a list of menu titles, such as:
`
` The Help Desk.
` Keene State College Press Release COMPUTER ON EVERY DESK.
` DESKQview/X... An alternative to Windows???.
` Ethernet at Your Desktop/
`
` etc.
`
`2.6. Learning more about Gopher
`
` The Internet Gopher is developed by the Computer and Information
` Services Department of the University of Minnesota. Bug reports,
` comments, suggestions, etc. should be mailed to the Gopher
` development team at: gopher@boombox.micro.umn.edu.
`
`EARN Staff [Page 11]
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1010, p. 11
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`RFC 1580 Guide to Network Resource Tools March 1994
`
` Mailing list: gopher-news@boombox.micro.umn.edu
` To subscribe send a mail to:
` gopher-news-request@boombox.micro.umn.edu
`
` Usenet newsgroup: comp.infosystems.gopher
`
` A comprehensive description of veronica search methods is available
` from the veronica menus.
`
` Veronica is being developed by Steve Foster and Fred Barrie at the
` University of Nevada. Bug reports, comments, suggestions, etc. should
` be addressed to: gophadm@futique.scs.unr.edu
`
`3. WORLD-WIDE WEB
`
`3.1. What is World-Wide Web
`
` World-Wide Web (also called WWW or W3) is an information system based
` on hypertext, which offers a means of moving from document to
` document (usually called to navigate) within a network of
` information.
`
` Hypertext documents are linked to each other through a selected set
` of words. For example, when a new word, or a new concept, is
` introduced in a text, hypertext makes it possible to point to another
` document which gives more details about it. The reader can open the
` second document by selecting the unknown word or concept and the
` relevant section is displayed. The second document may also contain
` links to further details. The reader need not know where the
` referenced document is, and there is no need to type a command to
` display it, or to browse it to find the right paragraph.
` Cross-references may be defined in the same document. A collection of
` documents is a database.
`
` If you were reading this document on a hypertext system, instead of
` this all too short explanation about hypertext, you would have a
` selectable pointer to a complete hypertext information web with
` examples and more pointers to other definitions.
`
` For instance, in the first document you might read:
`
` -----------------------------------------------------------------
`
` The WorldWideWeb (W3) is a wide-area "hypermedia" information
` retrieval initiative aiming to give universal access to a large
` universe of documents.
`
` -----------------------------------------------------------------
`
`EARN Staff [Page 12]
`
`Petitioner Apple Inc. - Exhibit 1010, p. 12
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`RFC 1580 Guide to Network Resource Tools March 1994
`
` Selecting hypermedia will display the following explanation for you:
`
` -----------------------------------------------------------------
`
` WHAT IS HYPERTEXT
` Hypertext is text which is not constrained to be linear.
`
` Hypertext is text which contains "links" to other texts. The term
` was coined by "Ted Nelson" around 1965 (see "History").
`
` HyperMedia is a term used for hypertext which is not constrained
` to be text: it can include graphics, video and "sound", for
` example. Apparently Ted Nelson was the first to use this term too.
`
` -----------------------------------------------------------------
`
` Then you can learn more about links and Nelson. Indeed, the links in
` WWW are not confined to text only, so the term hypermedia is more
` accurate. For example, the link to Nelson might point to a file
` containing a picture of Ted Nelson. The picture would be displayed on
` your screen if you have a suitable configuration.
`
` Also, special documents (indexes) in the WWW information space can be
` search for given keyword(s). The result is a document which contains
` links to the documents found.
`
` World-Wide Web uses hypertext over the network: the linked documents
` may