Smartphone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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`6/6/14 3:25 PM
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`Smartphone
`From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`A smartphone (or smart phone) is a mobile phone with more advanced computing capability and connectivity
`than basic feature phones.[1][2][3]
`Early smartphones typically combined the features of a mobile phone with those of another popular consumer
`device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a media player, a digital camera, or a GPS navigation unit.
`Modern smartphones include all of those features plus the features of a touchscreen computer, including web
`browsing, Wi-Fi, and 3rd-party apps.
`Currently, about 90% of handset sales worldwide are for devices driven by Google's Android and Apple's iOS
`mobile operating systems.[4]
`
`Contents
`1 History
`1.1 Early years
`1.2 Forerunners
`1.3 PDAs
`1.4 Mass adoption
`1.5 iPhone and later
`1.6 The future
`2 Mobile operating systems
`2.1 Android
`2.2 Bada
`2.3 BlackBerry
`2.4 Firefox OS
`2.5 iOS
`2.6 Palm OS
`2.7 Sailfish OS
`2.8 Symbian
`2.9 Windows Mobile
`2.10 Windows Phone
`3 Application stores
`4 Market share
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`4.1 Smartphone usage
`4.2 By manufacturer
`4.3 By operating system
`4.3.1 Historical sales figures (in millions of units)
`
`5 Issues
`5.1 Environmental
`5.2 Worker conditions
`5.3 Social
`5.4 Legal
`5.5 Security
`5.6 Disturbing sleep
`6 Other Terms
`7 See also
`8 References
`
`History
`Early years
`Devices that combined telephony and computing were first conceptualized in 1973, and were offered for sale
`beginning in 1993. The term "smartphone" first appeared in 1997, when Ericsson described its GS 88
`"Penelope" concept as a Smart Phone.[5][6][7][8][9]
`Forerunners
`The first mobile phone to incorporate PDA features was an IBM prototype developed in 1992 and demonstrated
`that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show. A refined version of the product was marketed to
`consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. The Simon was the first
`device that can be properly referred to as a "smartphone", even though that term was not yet coined.[6][11] In
`addition to its ability to make and receive cellular phone calls, Simon was also able to send and receive faxes
`and e-mails through its touch screen display.
`PDAs
`In the late 1990s, many mobile phone users carried a separate dedicated PDA device, running early versions of
`operating systems such as Palm OS, BlackBerry OS or Windows CE/Pocket PC.[1] These operating systems
`would later evolve into mobile operating systems.
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`In 1996, Nokia released the Nokia 9000 which became their best-selling phone of that time. It was a palmtop
`computer-style phone combined with a PDA from HP. In early prototypes, the two devices were fixed together
`via a hinge in what became known as a clamshell design. When opened, the display was on the inside top
`surface and with a physical QWERTY keyboard on the bottom. Email and text-based web browsing was
`provided by the GEOS V3.0 operating system.
`In June 1999, Qualcomm released a "CDMA Digital PCS Smartphone" with integrated Palm PDA and Internet
`connectivity, known as the "pdQ Smartphone".[12]
`In early 2000, the Ericsson R380 was released by Ericsson Mobile Communications,[13] and was the first device
`marketed as a "smartphone".[14] It combined the functions of a mobile phone and a personal digital assistant
`(PDA), supported limited web browsing with a resistive touchscreen utilizing a stylus.[15]
`In early 2001, Palm, Inc. introduced the Kyocera 6035, which combined a PDA
`with a mobile phone and operated on Verizon. It also supported limited web
`browsing.[16][17]
`Smartphones before Android, iOS, and Blackberry, typically ran on Symbian,
`which was originally developed by Psion. It was the world's most widely used
`smartphone operating system until Q4 2010.
`Mass adoption
`In 1999, the Japanese firm NTT Docomo released the first smartphones to achieve
`mass adoption within a country. These phones ran on i-mode, which provided data
`transmission speeds up to 9.6 kbit/s.[18] Unlike future generations of wireless
`services, NTT Docomo's i-mode used cHTML, a language which restricted some
`aspects of traditional HTML in favor of increasing data speed for the devices.
`Limited functionality, small screens and limited bandwidth allowed for phones to
`maximize the slower data speeds available.[19]
`The rise of i-mode helped NTT Docomo accumulate an estimated 40 million subscribers by the end of 2001. It
`was also ranked first in market capitalization in Japan and second globally. This power would wane in the face
`of the rise of 3G and new phones with advanced wireless network capabilities.[20]
`Outside of Japan smartphones were still a rare feature, although throughout the mid-2000s, devices based on
`Microsoft's Windows Mobile started to gain high popularity among businessmen and businesswomen in the
`U.S. The BlackBerry later gained mass adoption in the U.S., which in 2006 popularized the term CrackBerry
`due to its addictive nature.[21] The company first released its GSM BlackBerry 6210, BlackBerry 6220, &
`BlackBerry 6230 devices in 2003. Also released was the Blackberry 7730 which featured a color screen.[22] In
`
`IBM Simon and charging
`base (1993[10])
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`2006 and 2007, both operating systems were in a large lead in the North American market, although while
`BlackBerry was popular among both business people and young people, Windows Mobile was only popular in
`the former.
`These successive waves of phone technology allowed users to email, fax and make traditional calls, making it a
`useful tool for business travelers. As the Blackberry gained customers, less sophisticated users were attracted to
`its many communication options.
`In Europe, Windows Mobile was never a large player in the market, and BlackBerry didn't make a notable
`impact in the market until around 2008. Symbian was the most popular smartphone OS in Europe during the
`mid and late 2000s. This was largely led by Nokia, which has always been a popular brand outside of North
`America. Initially Nokia's Symbian devices were focused on business, the same way as Windows Mobile and
`BlackBerry devices at the time. From 2006 onwards, Nokia started to make entertainment-focused smartphones,
`which were popularized by the Nseries. The N95, for instance, had breakthrough multimedia features for its
`time, and marked the start of a broader market of smartphones within younger people, and not just business. In
`Asia (except Japan), the trend was similar to Europe's.
`Another company that made a breakthrough was the Palm. Although originally PDAs, Palms later turned into
`business-focused smartphones, largely competing with BlackBerry and Windows Mobile in the U.S. market,
`and was less popular in Europe and Asia.
`All leaders of the 2000s suffered following the release of the iPhone.
`iPhone and later
`In 2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones to use a multi-touch interface. The
`iPhone was notable for its use of a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction,
`instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical for smartphones at the time.[23] 2008 saw the release of the first
`phone to use Android called the HTC Dream (also known as the T-Mobile G1).[24][25] Android is an open-
`source platform founded by Andy Rubin and backed by Google.[26][27] Although Android's adoption was
`relatively slow at first, it started to gain widespread popularity in 2010.
`Both of these operating systems led to the drop of the previous leading companies. Microsoft, for instance,
`started a new OS from scratch, in the form of Windows Phone, which is now the third largest OS. Nokia
`abandoned Symbian and partnered with Microsoft to use Windows Phone on its smartphones. Palm was bought
`by Hewlett-Packard, turned into webOS, and later demised. BlackBerry also made a new system from scratch,
`BlackBerry 10.
`The future
`In 2013, the Fairphone company launched its first "socially ethical" smartphone at the London Design Festival
`to address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing.[28] In late 2013, QSAlpha
`commenced production of a smartphone designed entirely around security, encryption and identity
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`protection.[29] In December 2013, the world's first curved-OLED technology smartphones were introduced to
`the retail market with the sale of the Samsung Galaxy Round and LG G Flex models.[30]
`Foldable OLED smartphones could be as much as a decade away because of the cost of producing them. There
`is a relatively high failure rate when producing these screens. As little as a speck of dust can ruin a screen
`during production. Creating a battery that can be folded is another hurdle.[31] Samsung fully foldable phones are
`expected around 2016 to 2017.[32]
`A clear thin layer of crystal glass can be added to small screens like watches and smartphones that make them
`solar powered. Smartphones could gain 15% more battery life during a typical day. This first smartphones using
`this technology should arrive in 2015. This screen can also work to receive Li-Fi signals and so can the
`smartphone camera.[33] The cost of these screens per smartphone is between $2 and $3, much cheaper than
`most new technology.[34]
`Near future smartphones might not have a traditional battery as their sole source of power. Instead, they may
`pull energy from radio, television, cellular or Wi-Fi signals.[35]
`In early 2014, smartphones are beginning to use Quad HD (2K) 2560x1440 on 6" screens with up to 490 ppi
`which is a significant improvement over Apple's retina display. Quad HD is used in advanced televisions and
`computer monitors, but with 110 ppi or less on such larger displays.[36]
`In 2014, Wi-Fi will continue to become the primary network for smartphones. As these devices do more and
`more with data and Wi-Fi becomes more prevalent and easier to connect to, Wi-Fi First smartphones service
`will start to take off.[37][38][39]
`In February 2014, some smartphones are dustproof and waterproof up to one-meter underwater depth such as
`Samsung Galaxy S5, Sony Xperia Z1S and Sony Xperia Z2.[40]
`Mobile operating systems
`Android
`Android is an open-source platform founded in October 2003 by Andy Rubin and backed by Google, along with
`major hardware and software developers (such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Motorola and Samsung) that form the
`Open Handset Alliance.[26][27] In October 2008, HTC released the HTC Dream, the first phone to use
`Android.[24][25] The software suite included on the phone consists of integration with Google's proprietary
`applications, such as Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, and a full HTML web browser. Android supports the
`execution of native applications and third-party apps which are available via Google Play, which launched in
`October 2008 as Android Market. By Q4 2010, Android became the best-selling smartphone platform.
`Bada
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`The Bada operating system for smartphones was announced by Samsung in November
`2009.[41][42] The first Bada-based phone was the Samsung Wave S8500, released in June
`2010.[43][44][45] Samsung shipped 4.5 million phones running Bada in Q2 of 2011.[46] In
`2013, Bada merged with a similar platform called Tizen.
`BlackBerry
`In 1999, RIM released its first BlackBerry devices, providing secure real-time push-email
`communications on wireless devices. Services such as BlackBerry Messenger provide the
`integration of all communications into a single inbox. There are 80 million active
`BlackBerry service subscribers and the 200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped
`in September 2012.[47] Most recently, RIM has undergone a platform transition, changing
`its name to BlackBerry and making new devices on a new platform named "BlackBerry
`10."[48]
`Firefox OS
`Firefox OS (originally called the boot to gecko project) was demonstrated by Mozilla in
`February 2012. It was designed to have a complete community based alternative system for
`mobile devices, using open standards and HTML5 applications. The first commercially
`available Firefox OS phones were ZTE Open and Alcatel One Touch Fire. As of 2014
`more companies have partnered with Mozilla including Panasonic (which is making a
`smart TV with Firefox OS) and Sony.[49]
`iOS
`In 2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones to use a multi-
`touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a large touchscreen for direct finger
`input as its main means of interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad as typical
`for smartphones at the time.[23] In July 2008, Apple introduced its second generation
`iPhone with a much lower list price and 3G support. Simultaneously, they introduced the
`App Store, which allowed any iPhone to install third-party native applications. Featuring
`over 500 applications at launch,[50] the App Store eventually achieved 1 billion downloads
`in the first year, and 15 billion by 2011.[51][52]
`Palm OS
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`Android 4.4.2
`home screen
`
`BlackBerry
`Curve 8900
`(2008)
`
`The original
`iPhone (2007)
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`Palm Treo 650
`(2004)
`
`Smartphone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`In late 2001, Handspring launched their own Springboard GSM phone module with limIn early 2002,
`Handspring released the Palm OS Treo smartphone with both a touch screen and a full keyboard. The Treo had
`wireless web browsing, email, calendar, a contact organizer and mobile third-party applications that could be
`downloaded or synced with a computer.[53] Handspring was soon acquired by Palm, which released the Treo
`600 and continued, though the series eventually took on Windows Mobile. After buying
`Palm, Inc, in 2011 Hewlett-Packard (HP) finally discontinued its smartphones and tablets
`production using webOS which is initial developed by Palm, Inc.[54]
`Sailfish OS
`The Sailfish OS is based on the Linux kernel and Mer.[55] Additionally Sailfish OS
`includes a partially or completely proprietary multi-tasking user interface programmed by
`Jolla. This user interface differentiate Jolla smartphones from others.[56] Sailfish OS is
`intended to be a system made by many of the MeeGo team, which left Nokia to form Jolla,
`utilizing funding from Nokia's "Bridge" program which helps establish and support start-up companies formed
`by ex-Nokia employees.[57][58][59]
`Symbian
`Symbian was originally developed by Psion as EPOC32. It was the world's most widely
`used smartphone operating system until Q4 2010, though the platform never gained
`popularity or widespread awareness in the U.S., as it did in Europe and Asia. The first
`Symbian phone, the touchscreen Ericsson R380 Smartphone, was released in 2000,[60][61]
`and was the first device marketed as a "smartphone".[62] It combined a PDA with a mobile
`phone.[63] In February 2011, Nokia announced that it would replace Symbian with
`Windows Phone as the operating system on all of its future smartphones, with the platform
`getting abandoned throughout the following few years.[64]
`Windows Mobile
`Windows Mobile was based on the Windows CE kernel and first appeared as the Pocket
`PC 2000 operating system. Throughout its lifespan, the operating system was available in
`both touchscreen and non-touchscreen formats. It was supplied with a suite of applications
`developed with the Microsoft Windows API and was designed to have features and
`appearance somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows. Third parties could develop
`software for Windows Mobile with no restrictions imposed by Microsoft. Software
`applications were eventually purchasable from Windows Marketplace for Mobile during
`the service's brief lifespan.
`Windows Phone
`
`Nokia N8 (2010)
`
`HTC Kaiser
`(2009)
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`Store
`2010 (millions U.S.)[68]
`Apple App Store
`$1782
`BlackBerry App World $165
`Nokia Ovi Store
`$105
`Google Play
`$102
`Total
`$2155
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`In February 2010, Microsoft unveiled Windows Phone 7 with a User Interface inspired by Microsoft's "Metro
`Design Language", to replace Windows Mobile. Windows Phone 7 integrates with Microsoft services such as
`Microsoft SkyDrive, Office, Xbox and Bing, as well as non-Microsoft services such as Facebook, Twitter and
`Google accounts. This software platform runs the Microsoft Mobile smartphones, and has received some
`positive reception from the technology press and been praised for its uniqueness and differentiation.[65][66][67]
`Application stores
`The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and
`iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer-
`hosted online distribution for third-party applications
`(software, computer programs) focused on a single
`platform. Up until that point, smartphone application
`distribution depended on third-party sources providing
`applications for multiple platforms, such as GetJar,
`Handango, Handmark, and PocketGear.
`Following the success of the App Store, other
`smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market in October 2008 and
`RIM's BlackBerry App World in April 2009.
`Market share
`Smartphone usage
`In the third quarter of 2012, one billion smartphones were in use worldwide.[69] Global smartphone sales
`surpassed the sales figures for features phones in early 2013.[70] As of 2013, 65 percent U.S. mobile consumers
`own smartphones.[71] The European mobile device market as of 2013 is 860 million.[72] In China, smartphones
`represented more than half of all handset shipments in the second quarter of 2012.[73]
`As of November 2011, 27% of all photographs were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.[74] A study
`conducted in September 2012 concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop.[75] Another
`study conducted in June 2013 concluded that 56% of American adults now owned a smartphone of some kind.
`Android and iPhone owners account for half of the cell phone user population. Higher income adults and those
`under age 35 lead the way when it comes to smartphone ownership.[76]
`Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013 (up 38% from 2012's 725 million) while
`comprising a 55% share of the mobile phone market in 2013 (up from 42% in 2012).[77]
`By manufacturer
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`In 2013, Samsung had 31.3 percent shipment market share, a slight increase from 30.3 percent in 2012, while
`Apple was at 15.3 percent, a decrease from 18.7 percent in 2012. Huawei, LG and Lenovo were at about 5
`percent each, significantly better than 2012 figures, while others had about 40 percent, the same as the previous
`years figure. Only Apple lost market share, although their shipment volume still increased by (small) 12.9
`percent; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92 percent.[78]
`By operating system
`The market has been dominated by the Android operating system since 2010. Android's market share (measured
`by units shipment) rose from 33.2% in Q4 2011 to 78.1% of the market in Q4 2013. Apple managed to oscillate
`their market share between 15% to 20.9% during the same period. BlackBerry's market share fell from 14.3% in
`Q4 2011 to 0.6% in Q4 2013. MS Windows Mobile market share rose from 1.5% to 3% during the same time
`frame.[79]
`As of the end of Q3 2013, Android was the most popular operating system, with a 81.9% market share,
`followed by iOS with 12.1%, Windows Phone with 3.6% and BlackBerry with 1.8%.[80][81]
`Historical sales figures (in millions of units)
`
`Year Android
`(Google)
`
`BlackBerry
`(RIM)
`
`iOS
`(Apple)
`
`11.77
`23.15
`34.35
`47.45
`51.54
`9.94
`
`7.4
`
`9.0
`
`7.3
`
`6.3
`
`6.2
`
`3.3
`11.42
`24.89
`46.6
`89.26
`33.12
`
`26.0
`
`23.6
`
`43.5
`
`37.4
`
`31.9
`
`Linux
`(other
`than
`Android)
`11.76
`11.26
`8.13
`
`3.5
`
`Palm/WebOS
`(Palm/HP)
`
`Symbian
`(Nokia)
`
`1.76
`2.51
`1.19
`
`77.68
`72.93
`80.88
`111.58
`93.41
`12.47
`
`6.8
`
`4.4
`
`2.6
`
`__
`
`.631
`
`Asha
`Full
`Touch
`(Nokia)
`
`6.5[89]
`
`9.3[91]
`
`--
`
`--
`
`Windows
`Mobile/Phone
`(Microsoft)
`14.7
`16.5
`15.03
`12.38
`8.77
`2.71
`
`5.4
`
`4.1
`
`6.2
`
`7.0
`
`7.4
`
`Bada
`(Samsung) Other
`
`14.24
`1.24
`
`0.1
`
`0.7
`
`0.7
`
`--
`
`3.84
`
`5.1
`
`2.7
`
`--
`
`.838
`
`.471
`
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`2007[82]
`2008[82]
`6.8
`2009[83]
`67.22
`2010[84]
`2011[85] 219.52
`2012-
`81.07
`Q1[86]
`2012-
`Q2[87]
`2012-
`Q3[88]
`2012-
`Q4[90]
`2013-
`Q1[92]
`2013-
`Q2[93]
`
`104.8
`
`122.5
`
`144.7
`
`162.1
`
`177.9
`
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`Issues
`Environmental
`Obtaining the resources required to create smartphones involves the mining of minerals such as coltan, which
`are toxic to humans and wildlife.[94] Other raw materials, such as oils, copper, plastics, and solvents, have the
`potential to contaminate both the soil and groundwater.[94] Smartphones also contain toxic chemicals such as
`lead, bromine, chlorine, mercury, and cadmium.[95]
`The improper recycling of used smartphones damages the environment.[96] Mobile phones can contain
`dangerous chemicals such as antimony, cadmium, copper, lead, arsenic, nickel and zinc,[94] which can run off
`into surrounding water bodies or seep into soil contaminating wildlife and drinking water.[97]
`Worker conditions
`The capacitors in electronics use minerals mined in developing countries. Mines in Rwanda, for example, have
`been associated with human rights and labor rights violations.[98] Workers, including children, have been forced
`to work at gunpoint while mining for smartphone materials.[98]
`The electronics soldering in smartphones require tin, 30% of which comes from the Indonesian islands of
`Bangka and Belitung. The tin extraction process has been identified as environmentally destructive and, as of
`September 2013, children are employed in hazardous conditions to extract tin.[99] Modern Westerners typically
`disapprove routine employment of people under 16 or so, imagining they have better options.
`Social
`A University of Southern California study found that the unprotected adolescent sexual activity was more
`common amongst owners of smartphones.[100] A study conducted by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's
`(RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect
`sleep cycles.[101]
`Legal
`A "patent war" between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original Galaxy S Android
`phone copied the interface—and possibly the hardware—of Apple's iOS for the iPhone 3GS.
`Security
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`Smartphone malware is more easily distributed through application stores that have minimal or no security
`mechanisms.[102][103] Often malware is hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed
`through 3rd party app stores.[104][105] Malware risk also comes from what's known as an "update attack", where
`a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are
`notified that the app has been updated.[106]
`One out of three robberies involve the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition urging that smartphone
`makers to install kill switches in their devices is underway.[107]
`In order to minimize the chances of being a victim of theft of mobile devices, there have been several apps
`created to help those out that may be in a dangerous situation. There are now apps that may aid in personal
`security by providing immediate assistance.
`Disturbing sleep
`Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep due to the bright screen light affecting melatonin levels and
`sleep cycles.[108][109][110][111]
`Other Terms
`"phablet", a portmanteau of the words phone and tablet describes smartphones with larger screens.[112][113]
`"superphone" is also used by some companies to market phones with unusually large screens and other
`expensive features.[114][115]
`See also
`BlackBerry thumb
`Camera phone and videophone
`Comparison of smartphones
`List of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices
`Media Transfer Protocol
`Mobile broadband connectivity
`Mobile Internet device (MID) and personal digital assistant (PDA)
`Mobile operating system
`Mobile phone
`Second screen
`Screen protector
`
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`References
`
`6/6/14 3:25 PM
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`3. ^ Andrew Nusca (20 August 2009). "Smartphone vs. feature phone arms race heats up; which did you buy?"
`(http://www.zdnet.com/blog/gadgetreviews/smartphone-vs-feature-phone-arms-race-heats-up-which-did-you-buy/6836).
`ZDNet. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
`4. ^ Charles Arthur (18 July 2013). "Nokia revenues slide 24% but Lumia sales rise offers hope"
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`Guardian. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
`5. ^ U.S. Patent #3,812,296/5-21-1974 (Apparatus for Generating and Transmitting Digital Information), U.S. Patent
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`1974 (Sensor Monitoring Device)
`6. ^ a b Sager, Ira (2012-06-29). "Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphone"
`(http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone).
`Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg L.P. ISSN 2162-657X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2162-657X). Retrieved
`2012-06-30. "...Simon wasn’t ready for its scheduled release in May 1994. Customers couldn’t get one until Aug. 16."
`7. ^ "Ericsson GS88 Preview" (http://pws.prserv.net/Eri_no_moto/GS88_Preview.htm). Eri-no-moto. 2006. Retrieved
`2011-12-15.
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