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`antee of excellence. It is used by a
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`ve mainly to mislead an unwary
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`The name Webster alone is no guar
`number of publishers and may ser
`buyer.
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`Merriam-WebsterTM is the name you should look for. when you
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`consider the purchase of dictionaries or other fine reference books.
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`It carries the reputation of a company that has been publishing since
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`1831 and is your assurance of quality and authority.
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`Copyright © 2007 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
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`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
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`Merriam—Webster’s collegiate dictionary. -— Eleventh ed.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes index.
`(Laminated unindexed : alk. paper)
`ISBN-13: 978-0-87779—807-1
`(Laminated unindexed : alk. paper)
`ISBN—10: 0-87779-807-9
`(Jacketed hardcover unindexed : alk. paper)
`ISBN—13: 978-0-87779-808—8
`(Jacketed hardcover unindexed : alk. paper)
`ISBN—10: 0-87779-808—7
`(Jacketed hardcover with CD—ROM : alk. paper)
`ISBN-13: 978~0~87779-809-5
`(Jacketed hardcover with CD-ROM : alk. paper)
`ISBN-10: O-87779-809-5
`(Leatherlook with CD-ROM : alk. paper)
`ISBN-13: 978-0-87779—810-1
`(Leatherlook with CD—ROM : alk. paper)
`ISBN-10: 0—87779-810-9
`(Canadian)
`ISBN-13: 978-0-87779—813-2
`(Canadian)
`ISBN-10: 0-87779~813-3
`(International)
`ISBN—13: 978—0-87779—814-9
`(International)
`ISBN-10: 0—87779-814-1
`1. English language——Dictionaries. I. Title: Collegiate dictionary. II. Merriam-
`Webster, Inc.
`PE1628.M36
`423—dc21
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`2003003674CIP
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`2003
`
`Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition, principal copyright
`2003
`
`COLLEGIATE is a registered trademark of Merriam—Webster, Incorporated
`All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyrights hereon may be
`y form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or
`reproduced or copied in an
`mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval
`systemsflwithout written permission of the publisher,
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`Made in the United States of America
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`101 112TT2QWV0807
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`signature is attached b : a sum subscribed or pledged 3 : an arrange-
`ment for providing, receiving, or making use of something of a con-
`tinuing or periodic nature on a prepayment plan: as a : a purchase by
`prepayment for a certain number of issues (as of a periodical) b : ap-
`plication to purchase securities of a new issue c : a method of offering
`or presenting a series of public performances d Brit : membership
`dues
`.-
`-
`subscription TV It (1953) : pay-TV that broadcasts programs directly
`over the air to customers provided with a special receiver — called‘also
`subscription television; compare PAY-CABLE, PAY—TV
`sub-sec-lion \'sob—.sek~shan\ n (1621)
`1 : a subdivision or a subordi—
`nate division of a section 2 : a subordinate part or branch
`‘sub-se-quence \'sob-ss—.kwen(t)s, —si~kwan(t)s\ )1 (ca. 1500) : the qual-
`ity or state of being subsequent; also : a subsequent event
`2sub.se-quence \'sab-.sé-kwan(t)s, -.kwen(t)s\ n (1908) : a mathemati-
`cal sequence, that is part of another sequence
`sub-se-quent \'sab-si-kwsnt. -so-.kwent\ adi [ME. fr. AF, fr. L sub—
`sequenl-, subsequens, prp. of subsequi to follow close, frl sub— near + se-
`qui to follow — more at SUB-, SUE] (15c) : following in time, order, or
`place (~ events) (a ~ clause in the treaty) ~— subsequent n ——
`subise-quent-ly \-.kwent—lé, ~kwant-\ adv
`subsequent toprep (1621) : at a time later or more recent than : erCE
`(subsequent lo our discussion)
`sub-serve \(.)sab-'sarv\ vt [L subservire to serve, be subservient. fr. sub-
`+servire to serve] (1661)
`1 : to promote the welfare or purposes of 2
`: to serve as an instrument or means in carrying out
`sub-ser-vi-ence \sab-‘sor-vé—sn(t)s\ n (ca. 1676)
`1 : a subservient or
`subordinate place or function 2 : obsequious servility
`sub-ser-vi-en-cy \-on(t)-sé\ n (1651) : SUBSERVIENCB
`sub~ser-vi-ent \-ant\ adj [L subservient-, subserviens, prp. of subservire]
`(ca. 1626)
`1 : useful in an inferior capacity : SUBORDINATE 2 : serv-
`ing to promote some end 3 : obsequiously submissive : TRUCKLING
`-— subser-vi-ent-ly adv
`syn SUBSERVIENT, SERVILE, SLAVISH, OBSEQUIOUS mean showing or
`characterized by extreme compliance or abject obedience. SUBSERVI~
`ENT implies the cringing manner of one very conscious of a subordi-
`nate position (domestic help was expected to be properly subservient).
`SERVILE suggests the mean or fawning behavior of a slave (a political
`boss and his entourage of serviIe hangers-on). SLAVISH suggests abject
`or debased servility (the slavish status of migrant farm workers). OE-
`SEQUIOUS implies fawning or sycophantic compliance and exaggerat-
`ed deference of manner (waiters who are obsequiaus in the presence
`of celebrities).
`sub-set \'ssb-.set\ n (1902)
`1 : a set each of whose elements is an ele-
`mty
`-
`nien>t of an inclusive set 2 : DIVISION, PORTION (3. ~ of our commu-
`Sub-shrub \—.shrsb, esp Southern -.srab\ n (1851) : a perennial plant
`having woody stems except for the terminal part of the new growth
`which is killed back annually; also : a low shrub
`Sub-side \sab-‘sid\ vi sub-sid-ed: sub-sidcing [L subsidere, fr. sub. +
`Sldere to sit down, sink; akin to Lsede're to sit -—— more at SIT] (1607)
`1
`2 to sink or fall to the bottom : SETTLE 2 : to tend downward : DE~
`SCEND; esp : to flatten out so as to form a depression 3 : to let oneself
`Settle down : SINK (subsided into a chair) 4 : to become quiet or less
`as the fever ~s) (my anger subsided)
`syn see ABATE —— subcsi-
`ence \sab~'si-d°n(t)s, 'ssb-sa-d9n(t)s\ n
`1 : the quality or
`SUbisld-i-ar-i-ty \.scb-si-dé~'er—a-té, s9b-.si-\ n (1936)
`Slate of being subsidiary 2 : a principle in social organization: func-
`ilons which subordinate or local organizations perform effectively be-
`, i°ng more properly to them than to a dominant central organization
`sHit-Sid-i-ary \sab<'si-dé~.er-e, -'si—d9-re\ adj [L subsidiarius,
`fr. sub-
`Sldlum reserve troops] (1543)
`1 a : furnishing aid or support : AUXIL—
`IARY (~ details) b : of secondary importance (a N stream) 2 : of,
`relating to, or constituting a subsidy (a ~ payment to an ally) —— sub-
`; Sid-handy \~.si~dé-'er~a-lé\ aa'v
`Subsidiary n; pl -ar-les (1603) : one that is subsidiary; esp : a company
`Wholly controlled by another
`Slib-Sl-dlse Brit var UfSUBSIDIZE
`‘
`Sub-slnlze \'sob-s9-.diz, ~za~\ vt ~dized: -diz-ing (1759) : to furnish
`“'Ilh_a subsidy: as a : to purchase the assistance of by payment of a
`SubSIdy b : to aid or promote (as a private enterprise) with public
`"Wiley N soybean farmers) (~ public transportation) — sub-si-di-
`SIB-lion .sab-ss—dera-shan, ~za—\ n —— sub-si-dIz-er n
`lib,'Si~dy \‘ssb-sa-dé, -za-\ n, pl ~dies [ME subsidie, fr. AF, fr. L sub-
`“dlum reserve troops, support, assistance, fr. sub- near + sedére to sit
`‘ more at we, sIT] (14c) : a grant or gift of money: as a : a sum of
`money formerly granted by the British Parliament to the crown and
`gaised by special taxation b : money granted by one state to another
`‘ a grant by a government to a private person or company to assist an
`Semerprise deemed advantageous to the public
`”his!“ \sab—‘sist\ vb [LL subsistere to exist, fr. L, to come to a halt, re-
`mam‘ fr. sub- + sistere to come to a stand; akin to L stare to stand —
`3‘0": at STAND] vi (1549)
`1 a : to have existence : HE
`D : PERSIST,
`cloN'EINUE
`2 : to have or acquire the necessities of life (as food and
`filling): esp : to nourish oneself (~ing on roots, berries and grubs)
`“a - 10 hold true b : to be logically conceivable as the subject of true
`sufif'elrlerits ~ vt : to support with provisions
`.
`len‘SiS-tence \sab-‘sis-tcn(t)s\ n (ME. fr. LL subsistentla,_fr. subsis-
`TE 1‘. Nubslsiens; prp. of subsistere] (15c)
`1 a (1) : real being :EXIs-
`FENCE (2) : the condition of remaining in ex1stence : CONTINUATION,
`exiRSISTENCE b : an essential characteristic quality of something that
`2 ,5t5 0 : the character possessed by whatever is logically conceivable
`e. means of subsisting: as
`a : the minimum (as of food and shelter)
`Siti 555313" to support life b : a source or means of obtaining the neces-
`sUbes. 0f life —- sub-sus-tent \-t9nt\ ad]
`'
`lhats'Sierice tarmm n (1938)
`1
`: farming _or a system of farming
`“s“ Drledes all or a most all the goods required by the farm family
`' Wlthout any significant surplus for sale 2 : farming or a system of
`at "lg that produces a minimum and often inadequate return to the
`“miner - called also subsistence agriculture — subSIstence farmer n
`; 1e SQ-CIaI
`\,sab-'so-shal\ adi (ca. 1909)
`:
`incompletely social; esp
`orgndlng to associate gregariously but lacking fixed or complex social
`amzation (~ insects)
`
`1sub-soil \'s9b-.soi(—9)l\.n (1796) : the stratum of weathered material
`2 that underlies the surface soil
`subsoil vt (1840) : to turn, break, or stir the subsoil of — sub-soiler n
`sub-so-lar point \.sab~'so-lor-\ n (ca. 1908) : the point on the surface
`of the earth or a planet at which the sun is at the zenith
`sub-sonoic \.s9b-'sa~nik\ adj [ISV] (1937)
`1 : of, relating to, or being a
`speed less than that of sound in air 2 : moving, capable of moving, or
`utilizing air currents moving at a subsonic speed 3 : INFRASONIC 1 ——
`subsson-iocal-ly \-ni~k(e—)lé\ adv
`sub-space \'sab-,spas\ n (1926) : a subset of a space; esp : one that has
`the essential properties (as those of a vector space or topological space)
`of the including space
`sub spe-cie aeoier-ni-ta-tls \sub-'spe—ké'.a-.i-.ter-na~'ta—tas\ adv [‘NL.
`lit., under the aspect of eternity] (1895) : in its essential or universal
`form or nature
`sub-spe-cies \'ssb-.spé-shéz, ~séz\ n [NL] (1699) : a subdivision of a
`species: as a : a category in biological classification that ranks imme~
`diately below a species and designates a population of a particular geo-
`graphic region genetically distinguishable from other such populations
`of the same species and capable of interbreeding successfully with
`them where its range overlaps theirs
`b : a named subdivision (as a
`race or variety) of a taxonomic species c : SUBGROUP 1 (a political
`~) — sub~spe-cif‘ic \.sob-spi-'si-fik\ adj
`sub-stage \'ssb-.staj\ n (1888) : an attachment to a microscope by
`means Of which accessories (as mirrors, diaphragms, or condensers)
`are held in place beneath the stage of the instrument
`sub-stance \‘sab-st9n(t)s\ n [ME, fr. AF, fr. L substantia, fr. substant-.
`substans, prp. of subslare to stand under, fr. sub- + stare to stand -—‘
`more at STAND] (14c)
`1 a : essential nature : ESSENCE b : a funda-
`mental or characteristic part or quality c Christian Science : GOD 1b
`2 a : ultimate reality that underlies all outward manifestations and
`change
`b : practical
`importance : MEANING, USEFULNESS (the
`.
`.
`. bill—which will be without ~ in the sense that it will authorize
`nothing more than a set of ideas —«Richard Reeves)
`3 a : physical
`material from which something is made or which has discrete existence
`b : matter of particular or definite chemical constitution c : some-
`thing (as drugs or alcoholic beverages) deemed harmful and usu, sub—
`ject to legal restriction (possession of a controlled ~) (~ abuse) 4
`: material possessions : PROPERTY (a family of ~) — sub-stance-
`Iess \~los\ adi — in substance : in respect to essentials : FUNDAMEN-
`TALLY
`substance P n (1934) : a neuropeptide that consists of 11 amino acid
`residues, that is present in the nervous system and gastrointestinal
`tract, that causes the contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of
`blood vessels, and that acts as a potent neurotransmitter esp. in the
`transmission of signals from pain receptors
`sub-stan-dard \.sab-'stan-derd\ adi (1897) : deviating from or falling
`short of a standard or norm: as a 1 of a quality lower than that pre—
`scribed by law (~ housing) b : conforming to a pattern of linguistic
`usage existing within a speech community but not that of the prestige
`group in that community c : constituting a greater than normal risk
`to an insurer
`1 a : consisting of or relat-
`sub-stan-tial \sabaistan(t)~shel\ adi (14c)
`ing to substance b : not imaginary or illusory : REAL, TRUE c : IM-
`PORTANT, ESSENTIAL 2 : ample to satisfy and nourish : FULL (a ~
`meal) 3 a : possessed of means : WELL-To-Do b : considerable in
`quantity : significantly great (earned a ~ wage) 4 : firmly construct-
`ed : STURDY (a ~ house) 5 : being largely but not wholly that which
`is specified (a ~ lie) — substantial n —— subcstan-tlal-i-ty
`\-.stan(t)—shé-'a-la-té\ n —- sub~stan-tial-ly \-'stan(t)~sh(a-)lé\ adv -
`sub-stan-tial-ness \-'stan(t)-shol-nas\ n
`sub-stan-tia nI-gra \sab-.stan(t)-shé~a-'ni-gro, -'ni—\ n, pl substan-ti-
`ae niigrae \-ché»,é-'ni—(.)gré, -'ni-\ lNL,
`lit., black substance] (ca.
`1882) : a layer of deeply pigmented gray matter situated in the mid-
`brain and containing the cell bodies of a tract of dopamine-producing
`nerve cells whose secretion tends to be deficient in Parkinson’s disease
`sub-stan-ti-ate \sob-‘stan(t)-shé—.at\ vt -at-ed; —at-ing (1657)
`1
`: to
`give substance or form to : EMBODY 2 : to establish by proof or com—
`petent evidence : VERIFY («1 a charge)
`syn see CONFIRM -— sub-
`stan-ti-a-iion \-.stan(t)-shé»'a-shon\ n —— sub-stan-ti-a-tive \-'stan(t).
`she-.a-tiv\ adj
`-
`v
`sub-stan-ti-Val \,ssb-st9n-'ti—vcl\ adj (ca. 1832) : of, relating to, or serv-
`ing as a substantive — sub-stan-ti-val-ly \-v9-lé\ adv
`1sub-sinn-tive \'s9b-stgn~tiv\ n [ME substantif, fr. AF sustentzjf, fr. su-
`stentif, adj., having or expressing substance, fr. LL substantivus, fr. L
`substa‘ntia] (14c) : NOUN; broadly : a word or word group functioning
`2
`syntactically as a noun -— sub-stan-tiv-ize \-ti-.viz\ v1
`sub-stan-tive \‘ssb~stan-tiv; 26 & 3 also sob-'stan—tiv\ any [MB, fr. AF
`sustenrif] (14c)
`1 : being a totally independent entity 2 a : real rather
`than apparent : FIRM (need ~ evidence to prove her guilt); also : PER-
`MANENT, ENDURING b : belonging to the substance of a thing : Es—
`SENTIAL c : expressing existence (the ~ verb is the verb to be)
`d
`: requiring or involving no mordant (a A, dyeing process) 3 a : hav-
`ing the nature or function of a grammatical substantive (3. ~ phrase)
`b : relating to or having the character of a noun or pronominal term in
`logic 4 : considerable in amount or numbers : SUBSTANTIAL (made
`~ progress) 5 : creating and defining rights and duties (N law) ~—
`compare PROCEDURAL 6 : having substance : involving matters of
`major or practical importance to all concerned (~ discussions among
`world leaders) — sub-stanotive-Iy adv — sub-stan-tive-ness n
`substantive due process I: (1954) : DUE PROCESS 2
`substantive right it (1939) : a right (as of life, liberty, property, or rep-
`utation) held to exist for its own sake and to constitute part of the nor-
`mal legal order of society
`sub-sta-tion \'sab-.sta-shcn\ n (1881) : a subordinate or subsidiary sta-
`tion: as a : a branch post office b : a subsidiary station in which
`————.——__________
`\9\ abut \°\ kitten, F table \or\ further \a\ ash \a\ ace \a\ mop, mar
`\au\ out
`\ch\ chin \e\ bet
`\é\ easy \g\ go \i\ hit
`\1\ ice
`\j\ job
`\11\ sing \6\ go \o\ law \oi\ boy \tb\ thin \th\ the \ii\ loot \u\ foot
`\y\ yet
`\zh\ vision, beige \k. “. in, Le, y\ see Guide to Pronunciation
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