`MERIcA’s BEsT—sELL1NGDmmNARYMERIcA’s BEsT—sELL1NGDmmNARY
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`The name Webster alone is no guar
`number of publishers and may ser
`buyer.
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`antee of excellence. It is used by a
`Ve mainly to mislead an unwary
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`Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. —— Eleventh ed.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes index.
`(Laminated unindexed 2 alk. paper)
`ISBN-13: 978-0-87779-807-1
`(Laminated unindexed : alk. paper)
`ISBN-10: 0-87779-807-9
`(Jacketed hardcover unindexed : alk. paper)
`ISBN-13: 978-0-87779-808-8
`(Jacketed hardcover unindexed : alk. paper)
`ISBN-10: 0-87779-808-7
`(Jacketed hardcover with CD-ROM : alk. paper)
`ISBN-13: 978-0-87779-809-5
`(Jacketed hardcover with CD-ROM : alk. paper)
`ISBN-10: 0-87779-809-5
`(Leatherlook with CD-ROM : alk. paper)
`ISBN-13: 978-0-87779-810-1
`(Leatherlook with CD-ROM : alk. paper)
`ISBN-10: 0-87779-810-9
`(Canadian)
`ISBN-13: 978-0-87779-813-2
`(Canadian)
`ISBN-10: 0-87779-813-3
`(International)
`ISBN-13: 978-0-87779-814-9
`(International)
`ISBN-10: 0-87779-814-1
`1. English language—-—Dictionaries. I. Title: Collegiate dictionary. II. Merriam-
`Webster, Inc.
`PE1628.M36
`423——dc21
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`
`Merriam-Webster“ is the name you should look for when you
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`consider the purchase of dictionaries or other fine reference books.
`It carries the reputation of a company that has been publishing since
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`1831 and is your assurance of quality and authority.
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`Copyright © 2007 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`
`2003
`
`2003003674CIP
`
`Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition, principal copyright
`2003
`
`COLLEGIATE is a registered trademark of Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
`
`All rights reserved. No part 0
`reproduced or copied in any form 0
`mechanical, including photocopying, tap
`systems—-without written permission of the publisher_.
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`Made in the United States of America
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`101 1 12'IT:QWV0807
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` subscription TV) 9 substation
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`1245
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`
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`signature is attached b : a sum subscribed or pledged 3 : an arrange-
`ment for providing, receiving, or making use of something of a con-
`tinuing or periodic nature on a prepayment plan: as a : a purchase by
`prepayment for a certain number of issues (as of a periodical) b : ap-
`plication to purchase securities of a new issue c : a method of offering
`or presenting a series of public performances d Brit : membership
`dues
`.~
`-
`subscription TV 22 (1953) : pay-TV that broadcasts programs directly
`over the air to customers provided with a special receiver —- calledalso
`subscription television,‘ compare PAY-CABLE, PAY-TV
`sub-sec-lion \'sob—.sek~shan\ n (1621)
`1 : a subdivision or a subordi-
`nate division of a section 2 : a subordinate part or branch
`‘sub-se-quence \'sob-so-.kwen(t)s, -si-l<wan(t)s\n (ca. 1500) : the qual-
`ity or state of being subsequent; also : a subsequent event
`25ub.se-quence \'sab-.sé-kwan(t)s. -.kwen(t)s\ n (1908) : a mathemati-
`cal sequence, that is part of another sequence
`sub-Se-quent \'sab-si-kwsnt, -so-.kwent\ ad/' [ME. fr. AF, fr. L sub-
`requenl-, subsequens, prp. of sabsequi to follow close, fr. sub— near + se-
`am‘ to follow — more at sun-, sue] (15c) : following in time, order, or
`place (~ events) (a ~ clause in the treaty) —- subsequent n -
`sub-se-quent-ly \-.kwent-lé, -kwant-\ aalv
`subsequent toprep (1621) : at a time later or more recent than : sINcE
`(subsequent to our discussion)
`sub-serve \(s)sab-'s9rv\ vt [L subservire to serve, be subservient. fr. sub-
`+servire to serve] (1661)
`1 : to promote the welfare or purposes of 2
`: to serve as an instrument or means in carrying out
`sub-ser-vi-ence \sab-'sor-vé-9n(t)s\ n (ca. 1676)
`1 : a subservient or
`subordinate place or function 2 : obsequious servility
`sub-ser-vi-en-cy \-9n(t)-sé\ n (1651) : SUBSERVIENCB
`sub~ser-vi-ent \-ont\ ad)‘ [L subservient-, subserviens, prp. of subservire]
`(ca. 1626)
`1 : useful in an inferior capacity : SUBORDINATE‘
`2 : serv-
`ing to promote some end 3 : obsequiously submissive : TRUCKLING
`-— sub-ser-vi-ent-ly adv
`syn SUBSERVIENT, SERVILE, SLAVISH, OBSEQUIOUS mean showing or
`characterized by extreme compliance or abject obedience. sUBsERv1-
`ENT implies the cringing manner of one very conscious of a subordi-
`nate position (domestic help was expected to be properly subservient).
`SERVILE suggests the mean or fawning behavior of a slave (a political
`boss and his entourage of servile hangers-on). SLAVISH suggests abject
`or debased servility (the slavish status of migrant farm workers). 013-
`SEQUIOUS implies fawning or sycophantic compliance and exaggerat-
`0 ce e rities .
`ed deifebrence>of manner (waiters who are obsequious in the presence
`sub-set \'sab-.set\ n (1902)
`1 : a set each of whose elements is an ele-
`nity
`-
`nien>t of an inclusive set 2 : DIVISION, PORTION (3. ~ of our commu-
`sub-shrub \-.shrcb, esp Southern -.srab\ I1 (1851) : a perennial plant
`having woody stems except for the terminal part of the new growth
`which is killed back annually; also : a low shrub
`sub-side \sab-'sid\ vi sub-sid-ed: sub-sld-ing [L subsidere, fr. sub- +
`Sldere to sit down, sink; akin to Lsedére to sit -—— more at SIT] (1607)
`1
`2 to sink or fall to the bottom : SETTLE 2 : to tend downward : DE-
`SCEND; esp : to flatten out so as to form a depression 3 : to let oneself
`settle down : SINK (subsided into a chair) 4 : to become quiet or less
`as the fever ~s) (my anger subsided)
`syn see ABATE —— sub-si-
`ence \sab-'si-d°n(t)s, 's9b—sa-don(t)s\ n
`1 : the quality or
`sub-sld-I-ar-i-ty \.s9b-si-dé-‘er-3-té, sob-,si-\ n (1936)
`State of being subsidiary 2 : a principle in social organization: func-
`tions which subordinate or local organizations perform effectively be-
`, long more properly to them than to a dominant central organization
`5l{b_-Sid-i-ary \sab-'si—dé~,er-5, -'si—do-re\ adj [L subsidiarius,
`fr. sub-
`Sldlum reserve troops] (1543)
`1 a : furnishing aid or support : AUXIL~
`1*\RY(~ details) b : of secondary importance (a ~ stream) 2 : of,
`relating to, or constituting a subsidy (a ~ payment to an ally) —— sub-
`2 Sid-l-ari-Iy \~.si~dé-'er~a-le\ aa'v
`Subsidiary ll," pl -ar-ies (1603) : one that is subsidiary; esp : a company
`Wholly controlled by another
`Sub-SI-dlse Brit var ofSUBSIDIZE
`‘
`5"_b-S|~dlze \'sob-s9-.diz, -za-\ vl -dized: -diz-ing (1769) : to furnish
`WIth_a subsidy: as a : to purchase the assistance of by payment of a
`Subsidy b : to aid or promote (as a private enterprise) with public
`"‘°n,€Y ~ soybean farmers) (~ public transportation) — sub-si-di-
`slfl-llon .sab-so—da-'25-shan, -za-\ n — sub-si-dlz-er n
`libfsl-dy \'sab-so-dé, -za-\ n, pl ~dies [ME subsidie, fr. AF, fr. L sub-
`ildzum reserve troops, support, assistance, fr. sub- near + sedére to sit
`‘ more at sun-, srr] (l4c) : a grant or gift of money: as a : a sum of
`:"°“€3'
`formerly granted by the British Parliament to the crown and
`calsed by special taxation b : money granted by one state to another
`-
`‘=1 grant by a government to a private person or company to assist an
`Selgerprise deemed advantageous to the public
`U $5151 \sab-'sist\ vb [LL subsistere to exist, fr. L, to come to a halt, re-
`am. fr. sub- + sistere to come to a stand; akin to L stare to stand —
`gigre at STAND] vi (1549)
`1 a : to have existence : BE
`b : PERSIST,
`C] NT_INUI-:
`2 : to have or acquire the necessities of life (as food and
`3°ll“flg): esp : to nourish oneself (~Ing on roots, berries and grubs)
`sl:t- to hold true b : to be logically conceivable as the subject of true
`Subements ~ vt : to support with provisions
`.
`‘
`,em‘5lS-tence \sab-‘sis-tcn(t)_s\ n [ME. fr. LL subsistentza,_fr. subsis-
`TE ‘- Nubsistens; prp. of subsisterel (l5c)
`1 i_i (1) : real being Z_EXIS-
`PENCE (2) : the condition of remaining in existence : CONTINUATION,
`RSISTENCE b : an essential characteristic quality of something that
`_5l5 0 : the character possessed by whatever is logically conceivable
`ngcmeans of subsisting: as
`a : the minimum (as of food and shelter)
`Sm °55a1'3_' to support life b : a source or means of obtaining the neces-
`5., “t of life —- sub_-sis-tent \-t9nt\ ad/'
`’
`lhafwtence tarmm n (1938)
`1
`: farming or a system of farming
`Dfpvides all or a most all the goods required by the farm family
`' Wlthout any significant surplus for sale 2 : farming or a system of
`arming that produces a minimum and often inadequate return to the
`subset ~_— called also subsistence agriculture -—_ subsistence farmer n
`; ,end9'CIa|
`\,ssb-‘so-sh9l\ ad] (ca. 1909) ‘:
`incompletely social; esp
`grga ,“1E‘to associate gregariously but lacking fixed or complex social
`mzation (~ insects)
`
`1sub-soil \'s9b-.soi(-9)l\.n (1796) : the stratum of weathered material
`2 that underlies the surface soil
`subsoil vi (1840) : to turn, break, or stir the subsoil of — sub-soil-er n
`sub-so-lar point \.sab-‘so-lsr-\ n (ca. 1908) : the point on the surface
`of the earth or a planet at which the sun is at the zenith
`sub-son-ic \.sob—'s£i~nik\ adj [ISV] (1937)
`1 : of, relating to, or being a
`speed less than that of sound in air 2 : moving, capable of moving, or
`utilizing air currents moving at a subsonic speed 3 : INFRASONIC 1 -
`subsson-iocal-ly \—ni-k(o-)lé\ adv
`sub-space \'sab-,spas\ It (1926) : a subset of a space; esp : one that has
`the essential properties (as those of a vector space or topological space)
`of the including space
`sub spe-cie ae-ter-ni-ta-tls \su'ib-'spe-ke-.5-.i-.ter-na~'ta-tas\ adv [‘NL.
`lit., under the aspect of eternity] (1895) : in its essential or universal
`form or nature
`sub-spe-cies \'sab—.spé-shéz, -séz\ n [NL] (1699) : a subdivision of a
`species: as a : a category in biological classification that ranks imme-
`diately below a species and designates a population of a particular geo-
`graphic region genetically distinguishable from other such populations
`of the same species and capable of interbreeding successfully with
`them where its range overlaps theirs
`b : a named subdivision (as a
`race or variety) of a taxonomic species C : SUBGROUP 1 (a political
`~) —— sub-spe-cif-ic \.s9b—spi-'si-fik\ adj
`sub-stage \'s9b—.staj\ n (1888) : an attachment to a microscope by
`means of which accessories (as mirrors, diaphragms, or condensers)
`are held in place beneath the stage of the instrument
`sub-stance \‘sob-ston(t)s\ n [ME, fr. AF, fr. L substantia, fr. substant-,
`substans, prp. of subslare to stand under, fr. sub- + stare to stand ——‘
`more at STAND] (14c)
`1 a : essential nature : ESSENCE b : a funda-
`mental or characteristic part or quality c Christian Science : GOD lb
`2 a : ultimate reality that underlies all outward manifestations and
`change
`b : practical
`importance : MEANING, USEFULNESS (the
`.
`.
`. bill—-—which will be without ~ in the sense that it will authorize
`nothing more than a set of ideas —~Richard Reeves)
`3 a : physical
`material from which something is made or which has discrete existence
`b : matter of particular or definite chemical constitution c : some-
`thing (as drugs or alcoholic beverages) deemed harmful and usu. sub-
`ject to legal restriction (possession of a controlled ~) (~ abuse) 4
`: material possessions : PROPERTY (a family of ~) —- sub-stance-
`Iess \-l9s\ ad/' — in substance : in respect to essentials : FUNDAMEN-
`TALLY
`substance P n (1934) : a ncuropeptide that consists of 11 amino acid
`residues. that is present in the nervous system and gastrointestinal
`tract, that causes the contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of
`blood vessels, and that acts as a potent neurotransmitter esp. in the
`transmission of signals from pain receptors
`sub-stan-dard \.sab-'stan-dard\ ad/' (1897) : deviating from or falling
`short of a standard or norm: as a 1 of a quality lower than that pre-
`scribed by law (~ housing) b : conforming to a pattern of linguistic
`usage existing within a speech community but not that of the prestige
`group in that community c : constituting a greater than normal risk
`to an insurer
`1 a : consisting of or relat-
`sub-slan-tial \sab-,'stan(t)~shol\ atli (14c)
`ing to substance b : not imaginary or illusory : REAL, TRUE c : IM-
`PORTANT, ESSENTIAL 2 : ample to satisfy and nourish : FULL (a ~
`meal) 3 a : possessed of means : WELL-TO-DO b : considerable in
`quantity : significantly great (earned a ~ wage) 4 : firmly construct-
`ed : STURDY (a ~ house) 5 : being largely but not wholly that which
`is specified (a ~ lie) — substantial n —— sub-stan-ti-al-i-ty
`\-.stan(t)-shé-‘a-la-té\ n —- sub-Stan-tlal-ly \-'stan(t)-sh(a-)lé\ adv ~—
`sub-stan-tiai-ness \-’stan(t)-shol-nas\ n
`sub-stan-tla nl-gra \sab-.stan(t)-shé~a-'ni-gra, -'ni-\ n, pl sub-stan-li-
`ae ni-grae \-ché-,é-'ni-(.)gré, -'ni-\ [NL,
`lit., black substance] (ca.
`1882) : a layer of deeply pigmented gray matter situated in the mid-
`brain and containing the cell bodies of a tract of dopamine-producing
`nerve cells whose secretion tends to be deficient in Parkinson’s disease
`sub-stan-ti-ate \sab-'stan(t)-shé—.at\ vt -at-ed; -at-ing (1657)
`1
`: to
`give substance or form to : EMBODY 2 : to establish by proof or com-
`petent evidence : VERIFY (~ a charge)
`syn see CONFIRM -— sub-
`stan-ti-a-lion \-.stan(t)-shé-'5-shon\ n — sub-slan-ti-a-live \-'stan(t)-
`shé-.5-tiv\ad1'
`-
`V
`sub-Stan-ti-val \,sab—st9n-‘ti-val\ adj (ca. 1832) : of, relating to, or serv-
`ing as a substantive -— sub-Stan-ti-val-ly \-Va-lé\ adv
`lsub-Stan-tive \'s9b-st9n~tiv\ n [ME substantif, fr. AF sustentzjf, fr. su-
`stentif, adj., having or expressing substance, fr. LL substantivus, fr. L
`substdntia] (14c) : NOUN; broadly : a word or word group functioning
`2
`syntactically as a noun -—— sub-Stan-llv-ize \-ti-.viz\ vt
`sub-stan-tive \'sab-stan-tiv; 2c & 3 also sob-'stan~tiv\ any [Mj3, fr. AF
`sustentif] (14c)
`1 : being a totally independent entity 2 a : real rather
`than apparent : FIRM (need ~ evidence to prove her guilt); also : PER-
`MANENT, ENDURING b : belonging to the substance of a thing : Es-
`SENTIAL c : expressing existence (the ~ verb is the verb to be)
`d
`: requiring or involving no mordant (a 5v dyeing process) 3 a : hav-
`ing the nature or function of a grammatical substantive (a ~ phrase)
`b : relating to or having the character of a noun or pronominal term in
`logic 4 : considerable in amount or numbers : SUBSTANTIAL (made
`~ progress) 5 : creating and defining rights and duties (~ law) -
`compare PROCEDURAL 6 : having substance : involving matters of
`major or practical importance to all concerned (~ discussions among
`world leaders) — sub-stan-tlve-Iy adv —- sub-slan-tive-ness n
`substantive due process 71 (1954) : DUE PROCESS 2
`substantive right it (1939) : a right (as of life, liberty, property, or rep-
`utation) held to exist for its own sake and to constitute part of the nor-
`mal legal order of society
`sub-sta-tion \'sab-.sta-shcn\ n (1881) : a subordinate or subsidiary sta-
`tion: as a : a branch post office b : a subsidiary station in which
`._.._._.___..__........._.__._...__.....__._._.....j....
`\a\ abut \°\ kitten, F table \or\ further \a\ ash \a\ ace \a\ mop, mar
`\au\ out
`\ch\ chin \e\ bet
`\é\ easy \g\ go \i\ hit
`\i\ ice
`\i\ job
`\IJ\ sing \6\ go \o\1aw \(':i\ boy \th\ thin \tl1\ the \ii\ loot \u\ foot
`\y\ yet
`\zh\ vision, beige \k, ", re, Le, V\ see Guide to Pronunciation
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