Tim Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau, Ari Luotonen, Henrik l<~rystyk Nielsen, and Arthur Secret
`
`The wo•ld-Wide Web
`
`Th e World -Wide Web (W3 ) was
`developed to be a pool of human
`knowle dge, whic h wou ld a llow col(cid:173)
`laborators in re mote sites to sh are
`their ideas an d all aspects of a com(cid:173)
`m on project. Physicis ts and engi(cid:173)
`neers at CERN, the E ur opean
`Pa rt ic le Ph ysic s La borator y in
`Geneva , Switzerla n d, co llabora te
`with many oth er institute s to build
`th e software and hardware for high(cid:173)
`e ne rgy physics research. The idea of
`the Web was prompte d by positive
`expe ri ence of a small "home-brew"
`personal h ypertext system used for
`kee ping trac k of pe rsonal informa(cid:173)
`tion on a distributed project. The
`Web was designed so th a t if it was
`u sed independently for two proj(cid:173)
`e c ts , and later relationships were
`found between t h e pr~jects, th e n
`no major or centralized changes
`wou ld have to be made , but th e
`i nformation c ou ld smoo thl y re(cid:173)
`sha pe to re p resen t the new state of
`kn owledge. This property o f scaling
`ha s a ll owed the Web to expand
`rapidly from its origins a t CERN
`across the Inte rnet irre spective of
`boundaries o f natio ns o r disciplines.
`If you haven't yet experienced the
`Web, the best way to find out about it
`is to try it. An Appe nd ix to this article
`gives some recipes fo r getting hold of
`W3 clients. Give n one of these, you
`will quickly find out all you need to
`know, and much more . For h ard
`cop y to read on the plane, or if you
`don 't have Internet access ft·om your
`desktop machine, refer to o ur paper
`in Elertronic NP!working (see " Glossary
`and Furthe r Reading") for an ove r (cid:173)
`view of th e project, material which we
`will no t repeat but will summarize
`he re .
`A VV3 "clie nt" program nms on
`your computer. When it starts, it d is(cid:173)
`plays an object, nonn a ll y a d ocument
`with text and possibly images. So me
`of the phrases and images are high(cid:173)
`lighted: in blue , or boxed, o r pe rhaps
`numbered , de pending on what. sort
`of a display you ha ve and how your
`preferences ha ve been set. Clickin g
`the mouse on the highlighted <ll"ea
`
`("anchor" ) causes th e client progt·am
`to re trieve another object from some
`othe r computer, a "server." The re(cid:173)
`trieved object is normally also in a
`h ype rtext fo rmat, so th e process of
`navigation continues (see Figure I ).
`Whe n viewing some documents,
`the reade r can request a search, by
`typing in plain text (or complex com(cid:173)
`mands) to send to th e ser ver, rather
`than following a link. In e ither case ,
`the client sends a request off to the
`ser ve r, often a completely dillerent
`machine in some othe t· part of th e
`world , and within (typically) a sec(cid:173)
`ond, the rela te d inf(>rmation, in ei(cid:173)
`ther h ypertext, plain te xt o1· multime(cid:173)
`dia form at, is presented . This is done
`repeatedl y, and by a sequence of se(cid:173)
`lections and searches one can find
`anything that is "out there. " Some
`impo rtant things to note are :
`
`• '"' ha tever type of ser ve r, the u'er
`interface is the same, so users do not
`need to und erstand the diflc rences
`between the man y protocols in com(cid:173)
`mon use. Befo re W3, access to net(cid:173)
`worked
`inform ation
`typically
`in(cid:173)
`volved knowledge of many diflerent
`access " recipes" f(>r d ifle rent systems,
`an d a difle re nt command lan guage
`for each . T he model of h ype rtext
`wit h text input has proved suflicie ntl y
`powerli.d to express all the use r inter(cid:173)
`faces, whi le being sufficientl y simple
`to retjuire no training f(Jr a compu te r
`user.
`• Links can point to an ythin g that
`can be d isp layed, including search
`res ult lists. (When a query is appl ied
`to an object, the resultin g object has
`an address, defined to be the address
`of the queried o bject co ncatenated
`with the text of the quer y. As the re(cid:173)
`sult object has an address, one can
`make lin ks to it. Following th e link
`later leads to a t·eevaluation of th e
`query.)
`• While menus and directories are
`avai lable , the extl·a option of h yper(cid:173)
`text provides a more powerful com(cid:173)
`mun ications tool. In simple cases, th e
`se rver progra m can generate a h y(cid:173)
`pertext view representing (fi:Jr exam-
`
`pie) the directory stru cture o f an ex(cid:173)
`isting file sto re . This allows existing
`data to be put "on the Web" withou t
`further human effo rt.
`• There is a very extendable system
`fo r introducing ne w formats fo r mul(cid:173)
`timedia data.
`• There a re man y W3 client pro (cid:173)
`grams. As h ypertext inf(wmation i,
`transmitted on the netwo rk in logical
`(mark-up ) form , each client can inte r(cid:173)
`pret this in a way natura l for th e
`give n platform, rnaking optimal use
`o f fonts, colors, and other human in(cid:173)
`terface resources a vailable on that
`platform.
`
`What Does W3 Define?
`W3 has come to stand fo r a nutnber
`of thi ngs, which shoul d be distin(cid:173)
`guished. These include
`
`• The idea of a bo undless inf(>rma(cid:173)
`tion world in which a ll item s have
`t·efet·ence by which they can be
`a
`reu·ieved;
`• T he address system (UR I) wh ich
`the project implemented to make this
`world possible, despite many difler(cid:173)
`e nt protoco ls;
`• A network protocol (HT J"P) used
`by nati ve W3 ser·vers giving pe rfo r (cid:173)
`mance and feat.ures not oth erwise
`available ;
`• A mat·kup lan g uage (HTML) which
`ever y W3 clie nt is required to under(cid:173)
`stand , and is used f()r· th e t ransmi' (cid:173)
`sion of basic things such as text,
`menus and sim ple on-line help infor(cid:173)
`mation across the net;
`• T he body of data available on the
`Inte rne t using all or some of the p re(cid:173)
`ced ing listed ite ms.
`
`The clie nt-se rvet· architecture of the
`Web is ill ustra ted in Fig u re ~ -
`
`Universal Resource Identifiers
`Identifiers 1
`Uni versal
`Resource
`(U Rl s) are the strings used as ad -
`
`'T he Internet En!lillt:t:ring Task Fo rce (I ETF) ;,
`t:urre:::ntly delining a similar and dcri\'cd syntax
`kno\\'11 as a L nifor m Resource Locator (U RI.)
`As this \,·o rk is not romplctc. and there is no
`g uaran ree rhat L' RI.s \,·ill have t he same sywax
`0 1· properlit:s as lJ Ris. we usc 1hc lt:nn U RI hen:
`l o a\'o id confusion.
`
`7& All!-{li~t 19~4/ Vul.:!7, Nu.8 COMMUNICATION. O.TM. ACM
`
`001
`
`Facebook Ex. 1004
`
`

`

`
`
`002
`
`Facebook EX. 1004
`
`002
`
`Facebook Ex. 1004
`
`

`

`dresses of objects (e.g ., menus, docu(cid:173)
`ments, images) on the Web. For ex(cid:173)
`am ple, the URI ofthe m ain page for
`the WWW proj ect ha ppens to be
`
`http: I /in fo.cern.ch/hypertext/
`WWW / TheProject.html
`
`URis are " Unive rsal" in that they
`encode members of the universal set
`of network addresses. For a new net(cid:173)
`work pro tocol that has some concep t
`of o bject , o ne can form a n ad dress for
`an y obj ect as the set of protocol pa(cid:173)
`rameters necessar y to access the ob(cid:173)
`ject. If these parameters are e ncod ed
`into a concise string, with a prefix to
`identify the protocol and encoding,
`o ne has a new URI sche me . There
`are URis for Inte rne t news articles
`and newsgro ups (the NNT P pmto(cid:173)
`col), and fo r FTP a rchi ves, for telnet
`d estinatio ns, e mail add resses, and so
`o n. The same can be do ne fo r names
`of objects in a given name space.
`T he prefix " http" in the precedin g
`example indica tes the address space,
`and d efin es the inte rpretation of the
`rest of the string. The HTTP p rotocol
`is to be used , so the string contains
`the add ress of the server to be con(cid:173)
`tacted, and a substring to be passed to
`the ser ver. Diffe rent protocols use
`d ifferent syntaxes, but there is a sma ll
`am ount of common syn tax. Fo r ex(cid:173)
`ample, the common URI syntax re(cid:173)
`serves the"/" as a way of representing
`a hierarchical space, a nd "?" as a sep(cid:173)
`arator between the add1·ess of an ob(cid:173)
`j ect a nd a query o pera tion applied to
`it. As these forms recu1· in several in(cid:173)
`fo rm ation systems, to allow ex pres(cid:173)
`sio n of the m in the commo n syntax
`allows the features to be retained in
`the common model, where a p propri(cid:173)
`ate. Hie rarch ical fo rms a re useful fo r
`hypertext, where one "work" may be
`spli t up into many interli nked docu(cid:173)
`ments. Relative na mes exploit the
`hie rarchical structu re and allow links
`to be made within the work indepe n(cid:173)
`d ent of the highe r parts of the URI
`such as the server nam e.
`URI syntax allows objects to be
`addressed not onl y using HTfP, but
`also using the o ther common net(cid:173)
`worked informatio n protocols in use
`tod ay (FTP, NNTP, Gophe r, and
`WA IS), and will allow extensio n whe n
`new protocols are d evelo ped.
`URis are central to the W3 archi-
`
`tecture . The fact that it is easy to ad (cid:173)
`d ress a n object a nyw here o n
`the
`Intern et is essential fo r the system to
`scale, and fo1· the info rma tion space
`to be ind ependen t of the network
`and ser ver topo logy.
`
`Hypertext Transfer Protocol
`r.h an
`Perhaps misnam ed ,
`rather
`being a pmtocol fo r transfe rring hy(cid:173)
`pertext, HTTP is a protocol for trans(cid:173)
`fe rring
`info r matio n with
`the effi(cid:173)
`cie ncy
`necessary
`fo r makin g
`h ype rtext jum ps. The d ata trans(cid:173)
`fe rred may be plain text, h ypertext,
`images, or an ythin g else.
`When a use1· browses the Web, ob(cid:173)
`jects are 1·etrieved in ra pid s uccessio n
`fro m often wid ely dispersed ser vers.
`Fo r sm all documen ts, the lim ita tions
`to the 1·esponse time stern ma inly
`fro m the number of ro und trip de lays
`ao ·oss the network necessary be fo re
`the renditio n o f the o bject can be
`started . HTT P is therefore a simple
`requ est/response protocol.
`transfe r
`HTTP does not o nly
`HTML documents. Although HT ML
`compre he nsion is requi red of W3 cli(cid:173)
`e nts, HT fP is used fo r retrieving
`d ocume nts in a n un bounded a nd ex(cid:173)
`te nsible set of fo rm ats. T o achieve
`th is, the client sends a (weig hted ) list
`of the formats it can handle, a nd the
`se1·ver re plies with d ata in any o f
`th ose formats that it can produce.
`T his allows p roprietary formats to be
`used betwee n consen ting progra ms
`in pri vate, witho ut the need fo r stan(cid:173)
`d ard ization of those for mats. This is
`important both fo r hig h-end users
`who sha re d ata 1n sophisticated
`fo rms, and also as a hook for fo rma ts
`that have yet to be inve nted . The
`same negotiatio n syste m is used for
`natural lang uage (English, Fre nch,
`fo r example) where available, as well
`as fo r compressio n fo nns.
`HTTP is an Internet protocol. It is
`similar in its read able, text-based style
`to the File T ransfer (FT P) and Net(cid:173)
`work News (NNTP) Protocols that
`have been used to transfe r files and
`news on the Internet fo r man y years.
`Unlike
`these protocols, however,
`HT rP, is stateless. (That is, it runs
`over a T C P connectio n that is held
`o nly fo r the du ratio n of one ope1·a(cid:173)
`tio n. ) The stateless model is efficie n t
`when a lin k from one object may lead
`equally well to an o bject sto red on the
`
`same ser ver , or to another distan t
`server. T he purpose of a reference
`such as a URI is that it should always
`refer to the "same" (in some sense)
`object. This a lso ma kes a stateless
`protocol appro priate, as it returns
`results based on the URI but irrele(cid:173)
`vant of any previo us ope rations per(cid:173)
`for med by the client.
`The HT .. T P request from the clien t
`starts with an operation cod e (known
`as the method, in confo rmance with
`object-oriented terminology) and the
`URI of
`the object. The "GET"
`method used by all browsers is d e(cid:173)
`fin ed
`to be idempote nt in that it
`should prese1·ve the state of the Web
`(apart fi·om billing for the info rm a(cid:173)
`tion transfe1·, an d statistics). A " PUT "
`m ethod is d efin ed for fron t-end up(cid:173)
`da te, and a " POST " method for the
`attachme nt of a new docume n t to the
`Web, or submissio n of a filled-in fo rm
`or other object to some processor.
`Use of PUT ~md POST is curre ntly
`limited, partly due to scarcity of h y(cid:173)
`pertext editors. T he extension
`to
`o ther methods is a subject of study.
`Whe n obj ects a re transfe n ed over
`the networ k, info rmatio n abo ut them
`(" meta info rm atio n") is transferred in
`HTTP headers. The set of headers is
`an extensio n of the Multi purpose
`I ntem et Mail Extensio ns (M IME) set.
`This design decisio n was taken to
`ope n the d oo r to in tegration of hy(cid:173)
`pe rmed ia m ail, news, and info rma(cid:173)
`tion access. Unlike in e mail, transfer
`in bina ry, and transfer in no nstan(cid:173)
`dard but mutua lly agreed d ocume nt
`fo rmats is possible. T his allows, fo r
`exam ple , ser vers to
`indicate links
`fro m , and titles of, docume nts (such
`as bit-ma p images) whose data fo r mat
`does no t othe rwise include such in(cid:173)
`formation .
`T he conventio n that un recognized
`HTTP headers and para me te rs a re
`ig nored has mad e it easy to try new
`id eas o n workin g p rodu ction servers.
`This has allowed the protocol de fini(cid:173)
`tio n to evolve in a contro lled way by
`the incor poratio n of tested ideas.
`
`Hypertext Markup Language (HTMU
`Despite the ability of HTTP to negoti(cid:173)
`ate formats, W3 need ed a common
`basic language of interchange for
`h ype n exL HTML is that language,
`and much of the fabric of the Web is
`constructed o ut of it. It was d esig ned
`
`78 Au gust 1994/ Vol.37, No.8 COMMUNICAYIONS 0 .. TN• ACM
`
`003
`
`Facebook Ex. 1004
`
`

`

`Qurt
`
`l'.olhropoloqy
`
`Experiments
`
`www Sypppn lor Ex!leuments
`
`to be sufliciently simple so as to be
`easily produced by both people a nd
`programs, but also to adhe re to the
`SGML standard
`in
`that a valid
`HTM L docu ment,
`if atlached
`to
`SGM L decla rations
`including
`the
`HTM L " DTD," may be parsed by an
`SGM I. parser. HTML is a ma1·kup
`lan guage that does not have to be
`used with HTTP. It can be used in
`hypertext em ail (it is proposed as a
`format lor MIME), news, a nd any(cid:173)
`where basic h ypertext is needed. It
`includes simple structure elements,
`such as several levels of headings, bul(cid:173)
`leted lists, me nus and compact lists,
`all of which are useli.II when prese m (cid:173)
`ing choices, and in on-lin e docu(cid:173)
`men ts.
`Under develop me n t is a much en(cid:173)
`r ich ed versio n of HTML known has
`HTML + . This includes features lor
`m ore sophisticated o n-line documen(cid:173)
`tation , ((Jrm templa tes (()r the entr y of
`data by users, tables and mathe mati(cid:173)
`cal formulae. Currently many brows-
`
`Figure 1. Using the world·Wide Web. Shown here is the authors· pro·
`totype world-Wide Web application for Nextstep machines. The appli·
`cation initially displays the user's " home" page (topl of personal
`notes and links (to pl. Clicking on underlined text takes the reader to
`new documents. In this case. the user visited the Virtual Library, and.
`in the high energy physics department. found a link to CERN. Linked
`to CERN was the " Atlas" collaboration's web including an engineer(cid:173)
`ing drawing (backgroundl. To save having to follow the sanie path
`again, the link menu (Shownl allows a new link to be made. for exam pie
`from text typed into the home page, directly to the Atlas information.
`
`ers support a subset. of the HTML +
`leatUI·es
`in ad d ition
`the core
`to
`HTML set.
`HTML is d e fined to be a la ng uage
`of communication , which actuall y
`flows over th e net woi·k. T here is no
`require ment th at files are storecl in
`HT!VIl .. Servers may store Iiles in
`oth er fo rma ts, or in variations on
`HTMI. that include extra info nna(cid:173)
`tion of local in terest only, and th en
`generate HTl'viL on the fl y with each
`request.
`
`W3 and Other Systems
`(fi·om
`Two othe r systems,
`vVA IS
`T h in ki ng Machines Corporation and
`now \VAIS, Inc. ) and Gopher (fi·o m
`the C niversity of Minnesota ), sha re
`W3's clie nt-server architecture and a
`certain amount o f its functionality.
`Table I indicates some of the d ifle r(cid:173)
`ences.
`The WAJS p rotocol is influenced
`largely by the z:39.50 protocol de(cid:173)
`signed ((Jr networking libra1·y cata(cid:173)
`logs. It a llows a text-based search,
`
`COMMUNICA'I'IONS OP: TH. ACM Au~usl i99<l /V(>I.:~ i . ,\Ju.H 79
`
`004
`
`Facebook Ex. 1004
`
`

`

`Table 1. A comparison of three popular network information projects.
`Reg istered server figures taken April27, 1993 and April15, 1994. WAIS: from Thinking Machines Corporation
`directory, number of distinct hosts. Gopher: from "All the Gophers in the world" register at the University
`of Minnesota. W3: from Geographical registry at CERN. In all cases many more servers exist which are not
`directly registered, so these are a very rou gh guide with no indication of quantity or quality of
`information at each host.
`
`Original target
`application
`
`Typical objects
`Text
`Menus. Graphics
`H ype rtext
`
`Search functions
`T ext search
`Relevance feedback
`Refe re nce to othe r
`se rve rs
`
`Registered servers
`April 1993
`April 1994
`
`WA IS
`
`Gop her
`
`Text-based
`information
`r etrieval
`
`Campus-wide
`information
`(C \V IS)
`
`Wor ld-Wide
`We b
`
`Collaborat ive
`work
`
`YES
`NO
`NO
`
`YES
`YES
`"10
`
`11 3
`137
`
`YES
`YES
`NO
`
`YES
`"10
`YES
`
`455
`1410
`
`YES
`YES
`YES
`
`YES
`NO
`YES
`
`62
`829
`
`an d retri eval fo llowing a search. In(cid:173)
`d exes to be sea rched are fo und by
`sean:hin g in a master ind ex. This
`two-stage search has bee n de mo n(cid:173)
`src·a tcd to be sufficiently power fu l to
`co ver
`the cur rent wo rl d of WALS
`d ata. There arc no navigatio nal tools
`to allow the reade r to be shown th e
`a vailab le
`resou rces,
`howeve1·, or
`guided th rough the d ata: th e read er
`is " parachuted in " to a hopefully re le(cid:173)
`va nt. spot in the in formation world,
`but lefi without context.
`Go phe r p ro vide s a fi·cc text search
`mech anism , but principall y uses
`me nus. A men u is a list o f titles, fro m
`which th e use1· ma y pick o ne. While
`gopher space is in fact a web co ntain(cid:173)
`ing man y loops, the me nu syste m
`g ives the user the imp ressio n of a
`tree. The Vero ni ca se rve r provides a
`maste r index for gophc1· space.
`The W3 data mod el is similar to
`the gophe r mod el, except that me nus
`are ge net·alized to h ypen ext docu(cid:173)
`me n ts. In both cases, simple file se n ·(cid:173)
`e rs ge nerate the menus or hyperte xt
`d irectly from th e file structure of a
`server. The W3 h ype rtext model
`gives th e prog ram mo re power to
`comm un icate the options ava ilable to
`the read er, as it can incl ud e headings
`and vario us fo rms of list structure, for
`example, within the hypert ext.
`
`All th ree systems a llow for the pro(cid:173)
`visio n o f g ra phics, so und and vid eo,
`alt hough beca use the WA IS syste m
`only has access by text sea rch, text has
`to be associated with g raphics files to
`a llow the m to be f(JLt nd .
`W3 clients p rovide access to servet·s
`of all types, as a single simple inter(cid:173)
`face to th e who le Web is conside red
`very
`impo rta n t. Cnknown
`the
`to
`user, seve ral p rotocols are in use be(cid:173)
`hind the scenes. A coJnnto n code li(cid:173)
`b rary "libw ww'' put into the pu blic
`d o main b y C I::R'-J has p ro moted th is
`unifo r mit y. Whereas o ne wo uld not
`wish to see g reate r p rolife rati on of
`protocols, th e e xiste nce o f more than
`o ne p rotocol p robably allows for the
`this
`rapid progr ess du ring
`most
`p hase in the d evelopment of th e fie ld.
`It also allows a ce rtain limited con fi(cid:173)
`de nce that , if a n a rchitecture can en(cid:173)
`com pass old er syste ms an d allow
`u·ansition to cune n t syste ms, it will,
`by indu ction , be able to provide a
`tra nsition to newer a nd beu e r ideas
`as they are in vented .
`
`Recent W3 Developments
`This article, like othe rs in this issue,
`was d e ri ved from ma terial wriue n in
`April 1993 for the IN I::T'93 co nfe r(cid:173)
`e nce . Crowt h o f the Web since that
`time has bee n so g reat that this sec-
`
`tio n has been completel y rewri uen.
`T he re a rc now 829 (Ma y: 1,248)
`rather than 62 registered HTIP ser v(cid:173)
`ers, a nd man )' more clien t p t·ogra rns
`avai la ble as the n.
`The in itia l p rototype W3 client was
`a "wysiwyg'' h ype rtext browser/ed ito r
`using NeXT Step. \Ve d evelo ped a
`line mod e b ro wse r, and were encou r(cid:173)
`aging the developm ents of a good
`browser fo r X workstatio ns. O ne yea r
`ago, :"JCSA's Mosaic W3 browser was
`in wide use on X wo rkstations. Its
`easy installatio n and use was a majo r
`reason fo t· th e sp read of th e Web.
`T od ay th ere arc many bmwset·s a vail(cid:173)
`able fo r workstatio ns, Macin tosh and
`IB M/ PC compatible machines, and
`fo1· use rs with characte r-based tcnni(cid:173)
`na ls. Of the Iau er catego r y, " Lynx"
`fro m the University o f Ka nsas pro(cid:173)
`vides full-scree n access to th e Web for
`use rs with character te rmi nals or
`emulato rs runni ng o n personal com (cid:173)
`p uters. Since new so ftware is ap pear (cid:173)
`ing freq uentl y, reade rs are ad vised to
`check th e lists o n the Web for th ose
`most su ited to the ir need s.
`The availability of browse rs and
`the availability of qu ality info rm atio n
`have provoked each othe r. One avail(cid:173)
`able indicator of g rowth has bee n
`Meri t Inc. 's cou n t of the traffic o f va r(cid:173)
`io us d iflc t-cnt pro tocols acm ss th e
`
`80 t \ U\{USt 1994- / \'o l '17, ;..lli.H COMMUNICAYIONSO.TN.ACM
`
`005
`
`Facebook Ex. 1004
`
`

`

`NS F T ::l backbo ne in th e U.S. (see
`Fig ure :1).
`An indi ca tor of the up ta ke ra te of
`clie nts is th e load o n th e i11jiurm .clt.
`W::l se n ·er at C ER N, " ·hich JJro,·ides
`info rmation abo ut
`th e Web
`itself,
`which mo re than d o ubled e\-cry 4
`mon ths on~r th e three years betwee n
`April 199 1 a nd Ap ril 1994.
`ln f()r mat ion pn•,·ide rs ha,·e also
`blosso med . Some of these pt·ovide
`simpl e on·n ·ie\\·s of what is <l\·a ilable
`at particular insti tu tes ot· in particular
`lield s. Ot her, 11se th e power o f the
`W :l model to pnl\·ide a virtual world
`of g rea t richn ess. Examples of ser ve rs
`that u~e hype rtext in inte restin g- \\·ays
`a re th e RAL-Durham Part icle Data(cid:173)
`base. ami the Le~a l lnlimnatio n In (cid:173)
`stitute's h ype rt ex ts o f se\·eral g reat
`tomes o f
`:\nwrica n
`law.
`Ft·a n t
`1-loesel\ h nwrtext ,·e rsio n of the Va t(cid:173)
`ica n's Re naissance C ulture ex h ibit at
`the Library of Co ng ress set an exa m (cid:173)
`ple th a t was li•llowed by ma n) collec(cid:173)
`tio ns of art. hi~t ory and o th e r fields.
`The l'alo :\Ito town hall nuts a se rver
`,,·ith e\·e r~·tl tin~ fro m building regu (cid:173)
`lati ons to resta u ra nts. As a n e xa mple
`of th e increasin g use o f the Web fi1r
`co mme rce. a use r-frie ndl y vinual
`clo thin g store prompts fo r o ne's size.
`a nd poin ts to a virtual store con tai n(cid:173)
`ing o nl y those clothes that a re rhe
`ri g ht size a nd also in stoc k.
`
`The Future
`The \\'::1 initia ti ve occ upies th e meet(cid:173)
`ing point of ma n y lield s of techno l(cid:173)
`ogy. Users put pressure a nd ellim
`into brin ~i ng about the adoption o f
`\'V::I in ll c\\' a reas . :\pan from bein ~ a
`place of communicatio tt a nd lea rn(cid:173)
`ing , a nd a new ma rke t pla<.:e, th e We b
`is a show g round fur new d evelop(cid:173)
`in
`in lorma tio n
`technology.
`me nts
`Some o f the develop me n ts th at we
`look lonntrd to in the ne xt lew years
`include
`
`• T he i Ill ple llle llt;ll ion o f a na me ser(cid:173)
`vice that will allow docume nts to be
`referenced by na m e, independen t of
`th eir local ion :
`• H ype rt ext ed itors a ll owin ~ nonex(cid:173)
`pen users to ma ke h ype n ex t links to
`o•·gan it.e p ublished in fimnatio n. This
`the goal o f comp n ter(cid:173)
`will bring
`suppon ed collaboration close r . with
`fro n t-e nd upda te, a nd a nno tatio n ;
`• More soph isticated docum e nt type
`defi n itio ns p r01·id ing lill· the need s o f
`
`Terminal
`emulator
`
`PC or
`Macintosh
`
`Unix
`X11
`
`NextStep
`
`Figure 2. The World-Wide Web client-server architecture. For pub(cid:173)
`lished information to be universally available, W3 relies on a common
`addressing syntax . a set of common protocols. and negotiation of
`data formats.
`
`1 0 Terabytes
`
`1 Terabyte
`
`1 00 Gigabytes
`
`1 0 Gigabytes
`
`1 Gigabyte
`
`1 00 Megabytes
`
`1 0 Megabytes L.-.....__,____._..___...J....--L---'L--.....___,_---~._.___.___.___._....__.
`9211
`9301 9303 9305 9307 9309 9311 9401 9403
`
`Figure J . Traffic in bytes per month across the NSF T3 backbone in
`the u.s. File Transfer Protocol <FTPl was traditionally used to access
`archives of software. FTP uses separate connections for control and
`data flow. WAIS arose as an interface to text retrieval systems, Gopher
`protocol with menu-style interfaces, and W3' s HTTP with hypertext
`and multimedia. W3 clients handle many protocols to access all these
`worlds of data as a seamless continuum , but new W3 servers use HTTP
`by preference. Each vertical division represents a tenfold increase in
`traffic. The horizontal divisions are months. Data: Merit < ftp: / / ftp.
`merit.edu/ stat istics/ n sfnet >
`
`006
`
`Facebook Ex. 1004
`
`

`

`GIOSSGI7 Gild Fu~er llealllllg
`FTP: File Transfer Protocol. Postel, J. and Reynolds, J. File Transfer Protocol.
`Internet RFC 959, October 1985. < tl.p://ds.lntemlc.net/ rfc/ rfc969 .txt>
`COpher: The Internet Copher. Anklesarla, F. et. al. The Internet Copher Protocol.
`Internet RFC 1456, March 1993. < tl.p://ds.lntemlc.net/ rfo/ rfcl436.txt>
`HTML: Hypertext Markup Language. Berners· Lee. T .. and Connolly, D. Hypertext
`Markup Language Protocol. <tl.p ://lnfo.oern.ch/ pub/ www/ doc/ html·spec.ps,
`.txt>
`HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Berners·Lee. T. Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
`< tl.p: //lnfo.oern.ch/ pub /www I doc/ http-spec. ps, . txt>
`MIME: Multipurpose Internet Mall Extensions. Borenstein . N .. and Freed, N.
`MIME «Multipurpose Internet Mall Extensions!: Mechanisms fOr SpecifYing and
`Describing the Format Of Internet Message Bodies. Internet RFC 1341, June
`1992.
`NNTP: Network News Transfer Protocol. Kantor. B. and Lapsley, P. A proposed
`standard fOr the transm ission Of news. Internet RFC 977, 1986.
`URI: Universal Resource Identifier. Berners·Lee. T. Universal Resource Identifiers
`fOr the wortd·Wide web. Submitted as an Internet RFC as yet unnumbered. see
`< http://lnfo.cern.ch/hypertext/ WWW I Addressing/ Addresstng.html> fOr point·
`ers to InfOrmation on t h is area.
`WAIS: Wide Area InfOrmation Servers. see Addyman, T. WAIS: Strengths. weak·
`nesses and Opportunities. In Proceedings Of InfOrmation Networking 93 «Lon·
`don. May 19931, Meckler. London.
`W3: Berners· Lee, TJ., Callllau, R., Croff. J· F. Pollermann, B. WOrld·Wide web: The
`InfOrmation universe. Electronic Networking: Research. Applications and Polley,
`CSprtng 19921, 52-58. See also documents In < tl.p://lnfo.cern.oh/ pub/ www/doc>
`and InfOrmation referenced by < h tt p://lnfo.oern.ch/ hypertext/ WWW 1
`ThePrQJect.html>
`
`comme rc ial pu blishe rs or o n -line
`ma te ria l;
`• T he d evelo pme m of a comm o n fo r(cid:173)
`mat fo r h ypertex t links fro m t11·o- a nd
`three-dim e nsiona l
`1mages
`g n·m g
`mo re exciting int e rface possibilities;
`• Int egra ti o n with concu nen t ed i(cid:173)
`tors a nd o the r 1·eal-time
`fea tures
`such as telecon fC::re ncing a nd virt ua l
`rea li ty;
`lo11·-end
`fo 1·
`·e r vers
`• Easy-to- use
`m achi ne
`to ease pu blicatio n of
`in fo rm atio n b y
`·mal l gro ups and
`indi viduals;
`• Evolutio n of objects from being
`principa lly huma n- re adable docu(cid:173)
`m e nts
`to contain m o re mac hine(cid:173)
`o ri e nted seman tic info nn a tion , a ll o w(cid:173)
`ing mo re ·o phisticated processing;
`• Con ve n tio ns o n th e I nte rn e t fo r
`c harg ing a nd co mme rcial use to allow
`d irect access to fo r-p rofit se n ·ices.
`
`Conclusion
`It is inte nde d that a fi.e1· 1·eading t his
`article you will have a n idea o f wha t
`\\'3 is, whe re it fi ts in with othe r sys(cid:173)
`te m s in t he field . a nd whe re it is
`going. T he re is much mo re to be
`esp ec iall y
`a bo ut
`p rovidi ng
`said,
`in fo rmatio n, but
`thi s
`is desc ribed
`
`o n til e We b itself. Also in the " We b
`abo ut the '..Veb" a re lists o f co ntrib(cid:173)
`ut ed research a nd d evelop ment work
`a nd ideas, a nd pointers to work in
`progress. so tha t t ho e inte rested ca n
`w01·k togeth er.
`T he Web dues no t yet m eet its d e (cid:173)
`sig n goa l as be ing a pool o f knu ll·).
`edgc tha t is as cas)' to upda te as to
`1·ead. Tha t JcycJ or immed iac\' of
`kn owledge s ha ring wa its f()J' eas;·-to(cid:173)
`use h ypertext editors to be ge ne ra ll y
`a n 1ilable o n most plat fo rms . Most in(cid:173)
`f<mna tion has in f~1ct passed thro ugh
`publishe rs o r syste m manage rs uf o ne
`sorr o r a not he r. H o weve r, th e incred(cid:173)
`ible d ive rsit y o f' info rmatio n avai lable
`g ives g rea t credi t to tile o·eati vity a nd
`in ge nuit y of in fo rm at io n provide1·s,
`a nd po in ts to a ve ry excitin g future.
`13
`
`Appendix.
`Ge~;,g Started
`If you have a vt 100 terminal, you can try
`out a full·screen Interface by t elnet to
`ukanalx.cc.ukans.edu and logging in as
`w ww. With any terminal, you can tel net to
`info.cern.ch for the simplest Interface.
`These browsers are also available In source
`and In some cases binary form. Details of
`status and coordinates of about 20 differ-
`
`82 All~tl~l 19C) l / Vc1I.'Ji . N11.8 COMMUNICA'YIONS o• YH• ACM
`
`ent brow sers are available on the Web(cid:173)
`j ust follow a link to world·Wide Web, and
`select " software available."
`The kernel W3 code Ia common cod e li·
`brarv. and basic server and cllentsl fro m
`CERN is In the public domain. I All protocols
`and specificat ions are public domaln .l It is
`available by anonymous FTP
`from in·
`fo.cern.ch
`NCSA's " Mosaic" browser for W3 Is avail·
`able for X, Mac or PC!Windows by anonv·
`mous FTP f rom ftp.ncsa.uluc.edu. cur(cid:173)
`r ently wit hout charge for academic users.
`
`About the Authors:
`the
`T IM BERNERS-LEE o rigi n~t ecl
`Worlcl-\\'ide \Veb in 1990 to enable the
`shat·ing of knowled).(e by complex d islrib(cid:173)
`uted 1eams. AI CERN he coordinates \\'3
`developmetll b)' collahor;u ing wit h inst i(cid:173)
`lutes around the world. CuJTent •·esearch
`interests include 1ext processing. graphics.
`co mmu nications sofiware. and S)'Stem de(cid:173)
`sign. email: timbl@ info.cent.ch
`ROBERT CAILLIAU coordinates 1he use
`of \\'3 b)' CE Re\ experiments and o1her
`p hysics institutes. He is a long-time user of
`Hy-perCa rd . and has been working o n \\':1
`since 1991 , contributing man)' ideas. and
`some software fo r the M;Kintosh. email:
`caill iau@, www .cern.rh
`ARI LUOTONEN is a member ofC ER:\'s
`tech nical st uden t p rogram in con junctio n
`with his studies at Ta mpere Uni versity of
`Technology, Finland. CuJTent research
`imerests
`include developi ng C ER N's
`"h11 pd'' H l~fP server for Unix and V~1 S
`sptems. email: lu ot o nen ~l ww\\•.cern.ch
`HENRIK FRYSTYK NIELSEN, of Aal(cid:173)
`horg L' nivnsil)', Denmat·k. is also a CE Rt
`technical studenJ. He is working on the
`kernel code. wit h 1·e ·e;u·ch interesh in
`en hanced networking protocols. email:
`frystyk@ info.ce rn.ch
`ART H UR SECRET wrote the first gate·
`way g il'ing W3 access to a relatio nal data(cid:173)
`base in 1992. "'hile stud ying Compu ter
`Science at Ecole ln ternationale des Sci(cid:173)
`ences du Trailement de l'lnlonna lion in
`Paris, France, as a CERN technical stu(cid:173)
`dent. Among o1her tasks in 1he C ER N W3
`team, he CII!Tenl ly organizes the catalog(cid:173)
`ing o f new W3 malerial in the ""irtual li (cid:173)
`brar)' ... email: secret@ info.<.:ern.ch
`
`Au thor s' Present Address: CE RJ , 1211
`Geneva 2:3, Switzerland.
`
`Pcrmi s~ion to copr \\itlwut fcc.: all or pan of thi~
`material i"i granu·d pru\'iclc:d that 1hc lO pic.:·~ an~
`11 0 1 made o r d i,u·ihutt:cl fur dil't:Cl l'ommc rcial
`ach-antage. !he AC~ t w pHig ht notitt: and the
`tille:: of the publication and ito; date a ppear. and
`n01ice i:'-1 ~i\C:ll that cop>ing i~ h> pcrmi~sion of
`the As,ociation for Computing ~ l achi ne !') . . , o
`co p} otherwise. or to rl')JltbJ i, h. requires a fc c
`and/or sp ecific pcrm i:,sion.
`
`© AOt 000\!-07H2/9·t/Oi'100
`
`:1.50
`
`007
`
`Facebook Ex. 1004
`
`