Computer
`: Dictiona
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`IPR2013-00439
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`:'-'I.JI.’y updated with {he fairest
`recirnomgies, terms, and acronyms “33;.
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`* Fasy to read, expertfy fr'."ustrated
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`- Demn'tive coverage of HE rdwara
`software, the Inter-'79:, a.r:d'more."
`
`BOSCH 2005
`
`.OVER
`10,000
`ENTRIES
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`L4
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`.~-:*E
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`-=
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`ii: Microsoft
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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond. Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.-5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`
`I. Computers-Dictionaries.
`
`2. Microcomputers-Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267
`004'.03--dc21
`
`2002
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`23456789 QWT 765432
`
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further infonna-
`tion about international editions. contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.comfmspress.
`Send comments to mpinpur®micrasoftcam
`
`Active Desktop. Active Directory. ActiveMovie. ActiveStore. ActiveSync. Activex. Authenticode.
`BackOffice. BizTnlk, ClearType. DirectBD. DirectAnimation. DirectDraw. Directlnput. DirectMusic.
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound. Directx. Entourage. FoxPro, FrontPage. Hotmail. IntelliEye.
`[ntelliMouse, lnteliiSense. .lScript, MapPoint. Microsoft. Microsoft Press. Mobile Explorer. MS-DOS.
`MSN. Music Central. thMeeting. Outlook. PhotoDraw. PowerPoint. SharePoint. UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visuai Basic. Visual C++, Visual FoxPro. Visual [nterDev. Visual 1-H. Visual SourceSafe. Visual Studio,
`Win32. Win32s. Windows. Windows Media, Windows NT. Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations. products. domain names. e-mail addresses. logos, people. places.
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company. organization. product.
`domain name. e-mail address. logo. person. place. or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X0341929
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`

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`‘.
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`“mitigate—i-
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`
`icon
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`l-beall'l polnter rt. See I-beam.
`
`IBG n. Acronym for inter block gap. Sec inter—record gap.
`
`|BM AT n. A class of personal computers introduced in
`1984 and conforming to IBM’s PCIAT (Advanced Tech-
`nology) specification. The first AT was based on the Intel
`80286 processor and dramatically outperformed its prede-
`cessor. the XT. in speed. See also 80286.
`
`IBM PC n. Short for IBM Personal Computer. A class of
`
`personal computers introduced in 1981 and conforming to
`IBM's PC specification. The first PC was based on the
`Intel 8088 processor. For a number of years. the IBM PC
`was the de facto standard in the computing industry for
`PCs, and clones. or PCs that confortned to the IBM speci-
`fication. have been called PC-comporlble. See also PC-
`compatible. Wintel.
`
`IBM PC/XT n. A class of personal computers released by
`[BM in 1983. XT. short for eXtended Technology.
`enabled users to add a wider range of peripherals to their
`machines than was possible with the original IBM PC.
`Equipped with a Ill-megabyte hard disk drive and one or
`two 51l4-inch floppy drives, the PCIXT was expandable to
`256K of RAM on the motherboard and was loaded with
`
`MS-DOS v2.1. which supported directories and subdirec-
`tories. The popularity of this machine contributed to the
`production of what came to be known in the industry as
`
`“clones." copies of its design by many manufacturers. See
`also [BM AT, IBM PC. XT.
`
`IBM Pc-compa‘tlbla adj. See PC~compatible
`
`IBook n. A notebook computer introduced by Apple in
`July 1999. The iBook was intended as a portable version
`of the iMac and is easily distinguished by its rounded
`Shape and the bright colors of its case. Initial iBook mod-
`:15 were powered by a 300-Mi-lz GS (PowerPC 750) pro-
`cessor and had the capability for wireless networking. See
`also iMac. PowerPC 750.
`
`"31 adj. Acronym for In Character. Used to refer to events
`gl'fing on within a role-playing game. such as MUD. as
`Opposed to events in real life. It is also used in the context
`01' online chat. e-mail. and newsgroup postings. See also
`MUD. role-playing game.
`
`m: n. See integrated circuit.
`
`“MI“ 11. Acronym for Internet Corporation for Assigned
`Nantes and Numbers. The private. nonprofit corporation
`t0 Which the us. government in [998 delegated authority
`for administering IP (Internet Protocol) addresses. domain
`
`names. root servers. and lntemet-related technical matters,
`such as management of protocol parameters (pon num-
`bers. protocol numbers. and so on). The successor to
`IANA (IP address administration) and N81 (domain name
`registration). ICANN was created to intemationalize and
`privatize Internet management and administration. See
`also IANA. NSI.
`
`l-OASE n. Acronym for Integrated Computer-Aided Soft-
`ware Engineering. Software that performs a wide variety
`of software engineering functions. such as program
`design. coding. and testing pans or all of the completed
`program.
`
`ICE :1. 1. Acronym for lnfonnation and Content
`Exchange. A protocol based on XML (Extensible Markup
`Language) designed to automate the distribution of syndi-
`cated content over the World Wide Web. Based on the
`
`concept of content syndicators (distributors) and subscrib-
`ers (receivers), ICE defines the responsibilities of the par-
`ties involved, as well as the format and means of
`exchanging content so that data can easily be transferred
`and reused. The protocol has been submitted to the World
`Wide Web Consortium by Adobe Systems. Inc.. CNET.
`Microsoft. Sun Microsystems. and Vignette Corporation.
`It is intended to help in both publishing and inter-business
`exchanges of content. 2. Acronym for in circuit emulator.
`A chip used as a stand-in for a microprocessor or a micro-
`controller. An in~circuit emulator is used to test and debug
`logic circuits. 3. Acronym for Intrusion Counter-measure
`Electronics. A fictional type of security software. popular-
`ized by science fiction novelist William Gibson, that
`responds to intruders by attempting to kill them. The ori-
`gin of the term is attributed to a USENET subscriber. Tom
`Maddox. 4. See Intelligent Concept Extraction.
`
`IGM a. See image color matching.
`
`[OMP n. Acronym for Internet Control Message Proto-
`col. A network-layer (ISO/081 level 3) lntemet protocol
`that provides error correction and other information rele-
`vant to IP packet processing. For example, it can let the IP
`software on one machine inform another machine about
`an unreachable destination. See also communications pro-
`tocol. IP. ISO/OS! reference model, packet (definition 1).
`
`Icon :1. 1. A small image displayed on the screen to repre-
`sent an object that can be manipulated by the user. By
`serving as visual mnemonics and allowing the user to con-
`trol certain computer actions without having to remember
`commands or type them at the keyboard. icons conuibute
`
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`iconic interface
`
`”
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`'
`
`iDSL
`
`IDE n. 1. Acronym for Integrated Device Electronics. A
`type of disk~drive interface in which the controller elec-
`tronics reside on the drive itself, eliminating the need for a
`separate adapter card. The IDE interface is compatible
`with the controller used by IBM in the PC/AT computer
`but offers advantages such as look-ahead caching. 2. See
`integrated development environment.
`
`identifier 11. Any text string used as a label, such as the
`name of a procedure or a variable in a program or the
`name attached to a hard disk or floppy disk. Compare
`descriptor.
`
`IDL n. Acronym for Interface Definition Language. In
`object-oriented programming, a language that lets a pro
`gram or object written in one language communicate with
`another program written in an unknown language. An
`IDL is used to define interfaces between client and server
`programs. For example, an IDL can provide interfaces to
`remote CORBA objects. See also CORBA, MIDL, object-
`oriented programming.
`
`idle adj. 1. Operational but not in use. 2. Waiting for a
`command.
`
`idle character 11. In communications, a control character
`transmitted when no other information is available or
`ready to be sent. See also SYN.
`
`idle interrupt n. An interrupt that occurs when a device
`or process becomes idle.
`
`idle state a. The condition in which a device is operating
`but is not being used.
`
`IDS n. Acronym for intrusion—detection system. A type of
`security management system for computers and networks
`that gathers and analyzes information from various areas
`within a computer or a network to identify possible secu-
`rity breaches, both inside and outside the organization. An
`IDS can detect a wide range of hostile attack signatures,
`generate alarms, and, in some cases, cause routers to termi-
`nate communications from hostile sources. Also called:
`
`intrusion detection. Compare firewall.
`
`IDSL n. Acronym for Internet digital subscriber line. A
`high-speed digital communications service that provides
`Internet access as fast as 1.1 Mbps (megabits per second)
`over standard telephone lines. IDSL uses a hybrid of
`ISDN and digital subscriber line technology. See also dig-
`
`significantly to the user-friendliness of graphical user
`interfaces and to PCS in general. See also graphical user
`interface. 2. A high—level programming language designed
`to process non-numerical data structures and character
`strings using a Pascal-like syntax.
`iconic interface It. A user interface that is based on icons
`
`rather than on typed commands. See also graphical user
`interface, icon.
`
`icon parade n. The sequence of icons that appears during
`the boot-up of a Macintosh computer.
`
`ICP n. Acronym for Internet Cache Protocol. A network-
`ing protocol used by cache servers to locate specific Web
`objects in neighboring caches. Typically implemented
`over UDP, ICP also can be used for cache selection. ICP
`was developed for the Harvest research project at the Uni—
`versity of Southern California. It has been implemented in
`SQUID and other Web proxy caches.
`
`ICQ n. A downloadable software program developed by
`Mirabilis, and now owned by AOL Time—Wamer Inc., that
`notifies Internet users when friends, family, or other
`selected users are also on line and allows them to commu-
`
`nicate with one another in real time. Through ICQ, users
`can chat, send e-mail, exchange messages on message
`boards, and transfer URLs and files, as well as launch
`third—party programs, such as games, in which multiple
`people can participate. Users compile a list of other users
`with whom they want to communicate. All users must reg-
`ister with the ICQ server and have ICQ software on their
`computer. The name is a reference to the phrase “I seek
`you.” See also instant messaging.
`
`ICSA n. Acronym for International Computer Security
`Association. An education and information organization
`concerned with Internet security issues. Known as the
`NCSA (National Computer Security Association) until
`1997, the ICSA provides security assurance systems and
`product certification; disseminates computer security
`information in white papers, books, pamphlets, videos,
`and other publications; organizes consortiums devoted to
`various security issues; and maintains a Web site that pro-
`vides updated information on viruses and other computer
`security topics. Founded in 1987, the ICSA is currently
`located in Reston, VA.
`
`lD n. Acronym for intrusion detection. See IDS.
`
`ital subscriber line, ISDN.
`
`