MICROSOFT PRESS”
`
`SECOND EDITION
`
`THE COMPREHENSIVE
`
`STANDARD FOR
`
`BUSINESS, SCHOOL,
`
`LIBRARY, AND HOME
`
`Microsoft
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`
`BOSCH 2004
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`
` MICROSOFT PRESS”
` MICROSOFT PRESS”
`COMPUTER
`I DICTIONARY
`COMPUTER
`I DICTIONARY
`
`
`
`
`THE COMPREHENSIVE
`SECOND
`EDITION
`
`STANDARD FOR
`THE COMPREHENSIVE
`BUSINESS, SCHOOL,
`STANDARD FOR
`LIBRARY, AND HOME
`BUSINESS, SCHOOL,
`
`LIBRARY, AND HOME
`
`_
`
`SECOND
`
`EDITION
`
`

`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 9BOS2~6399
`
`Copyright 0 1994 by Microsoft Press
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or
`transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Microsoft Press computer dictionary : the comprehensive standard for
`business, school. library, and home -' Microsoft Press. - - 2nd ed.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 1—55615-597-2
`2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`1. Computers--Dictionaries.
`1. Microsoft Press.
`I! Title. Computer dictionary.
`QA76.l5.M54
`1993
`004'. 03- -dc20
`
`93- 29868
`CIP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`123456789 MLML 987654
`
`
`
`
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division of Canada
`Publishing Corporation
` Distributed to the book trade outside the United States and Canada by
`Penguin Books Ltd.
`
`
`
`
`
`Penguin Books l.td.. Harmonclsworth, Middlesex, England
`Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
`Penguin Books NZ. Ltd., 182-190 Wairau Road. Auckland 10. New Zealand
`
`
`
`British Cataloging-in-Publication Data available.
`
`
`
`
`
`Project Editor: Casey D. Doyle
`Manuscript Editor: Alice Copp Smith
`Technical Editors: Mary De_long,jeff Carey, Dail Magee,jr.,Jim Fuchs, Seth McEvoy
`
`
`
`

`
`IEEE 802 standards
`
`allows the user to indicate the position of the in-
`sertion point for text editing.
`IBG lnterblock gap. See inter-record gap.
`IBM Advanced Keyboard See enhanced keyboard.
`IBM AT keyboard See AT keyboard.
`IBMBl0.COM See IO.SYS.
`IBMDOS.COM .S'eeMSDOS.COM.
`
`IBM PC/X1‘ keyboard See PC/XT keyboard.
`IC See integrated circuit.
`I-CASE Acronym for Integrated Computer-Aided
`Software Engineering, which is software that per-
`forms a wide variety of software engineering
`functions such as program design, coding (writ-
`ing the actual program lines), and testing parts or
`all of the completed program.
`icon In graphical environments, a small graphics
`image displayed on the screen to represent an
`object that can be manipulated by the user. See
`the illustration. icons are visual mnemonics; for
`example, a trash can represents a command for
`deleting unwanted text or files. Icons allow the
`user to control certain computer actions without
`having to remember commands or type them at
`the keyboard. Icons are a significant factor in the
`“user—friendliness“ of graphical user interfaces.
`See also graphical user interface.
`
`E
`I___,
`
`Print Manager
`
`Icon.
`
`iconic interface A user interface (method of en-
`
`abling a person to interact with a computer) that
`is based on icons rather than on typed com-
`mands. See also graphical user interface, icon.
`IDE Acronym for Integrated Device Electronics. A
`type of disk-drive interface in which the control-
`ler electronics reside on the drive itself, eliminat-
`ing the need for a separate adapter card. The IDE
`interface is compatible with the Western Digital
`ST—S06 controller used by IBM in their PC/AT
`computer but offers advantages such as look-
`ahead caching to increase overall perfonnance.
`identifier Generally, any text string used as a la-
`bel, such as the name of a procedure or a variable
`
`in a program, or the name attached to a hard
`drive or a floppy disk. Compare descriptor.
`idle A reference to the time (idle time) during
`which a device is operational but not in use; also,
`the state (idle state) of such a device while it is
`
`awaiting a command to begin working.
`idle character In communications, a control char-
`acter transmitted when no other information is
`
`available or ready to be sent. See also SYN.
`idle interrupt An interrupt (a signal to the micro-
`processor) that occurs when a device or process
`becomes idle.
`
`idle time The time during which a device, pro-
`cess, or system is not actually busy working-
`executing instructions, for example, or transmit-
`ting data.
`IEEE Pronounced “eye-triple-ee.” Abbreviation for
`Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
`an organization of engineering and electronics
`professionals; notable for developing the IEEE
`802 standards for the physical and data-linlt lay-
`ers of local area networks following the ISO
`Open Systems Interconnection model.
`IEEE 488 The electrical definition of the general-
`purpose interface bus (GPIB) as standardized by
`the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engi-
`neers. The IEEE 488 standard specifies the data
`and control lines for the bus and the voltage and
`current levels to be used with the bus. See also
`
`general-purpose interface bus.
`[EEE 696/S-100 The electrical definition of the S-
`100 bus used by early personal computer systems
`based on the Intel 8080, Zilog 2-80, and Motorola
`6800 microprocessors. S-100 computers were ex-
`tremely popular with early computer enthusiasts.
`They had :1 completely open architecture, permit-
`ting the configuration of systems with a wide
`range of add-on expansion boards. Several com-
`panies still offer systems based on the S-100 bus.
`IEEE 802 standards A set of standards devel-
`
`oped by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Elec-
`tronics Engineers) to define methods of access
`and control on local area networks (LANS). The
`IEEE 802 standards correspond to the physical
`and data-link layers of the widely accepted ISO
`Open Systems Interconnection model, but they
`
`205