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`SELECTED HSRN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY, 2003-2013
`(Updated May 2013).
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`The IMS Health Services Research Network is comprised of academic researchers who are conducting
`empirically rigorous, policy-relevant studies to improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of health care
`in the United States. The network includes members from a variety of complementary disciplines
`including pharmacy, medicine, law, economics, business, and public policy. This annotated bibliography
`reflects more than 100 publications by HSRN members in the peer-reviewed literature during recent years
`using IMS Health's data assets.
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`1. Moore TJ . Monitoring FDA MedWatch Perspectives in this issue: Finasteride (PROPECIA) and
`sexual side effects Methylphenidate (DAYTRANA) patches and product problems, Update on
`anticoagulants 1/10/2013 Data from 2012 Quarter 2.
`http://www.ismp.org/quarterwatch/pdfs/2012Q2.pdf
`The authors analyzed FDA reports of adverse events associated with methylphenidate patch. The authors
`used the IMS National Prescription Audit™ (NPA) to calculate total dispensed outpatient prescriptions,
`noting that it accounted for 3% of the ADHD market in 2012. The report highlights the heightened
`frequency of adverse events such as decreased appetite and mood swings associated with methylphenidate
`patches in contrast to other ADHD medications.
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`2. Hoffman JM, Li E, Doloresco F, Matusiak L, Hunkler RJ, Shah ND, Vermeulen LC, Schumock
`GT. Projecting future drug expenditures in U.S. nonfederal hospitals and clinics—2013.
`American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2013; 70: e1-e15
`www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23456407
`The authors used IMS Health National Sales Perspectives™ database to analyze prescription drug
`expenditures from September 2011 through 2012. Total prescription sales in the US increased 0.8% from
`the previous 12 months at $326.0 billion. The rate of growth was low due to increases in new product
`expenditures (3.3%) and the prices of existing products (5.9%), in addition to an overall decline in volume
`and mix (-8.4%). Total prescription expenditures grew 2.7%, with oncology products accounting for 32.3%
`of drug expenditures in the clinic setting the first 9 months, and antineoplastic agents being the top
`expenditure in nonfederal hospitals.
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`3. Conti RM, Bernstein AC, Villaflor VM, Schilsky RL, Rosenthal MB. Prevalence of Off-Label
`Use and Spending in 2010 Among Patent-Protected Chemotherapies in a Population-Based
`Cohort of Medical Oncologists. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2013; 31(9) 1134-1139
`http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/31/9/1134.full.pdf+html
`The authors used IMS Health National Sales Perspectives™ to examine the prevalence of off-label
`anticancer drug utilization, basing criteria for off-label use on the National Comprehensive Care Network
`(NCCN) Compendium recommendations. Seventy percent of use was on-label, while 30% was off-label and
`14% of use fitted an NCCN-supported off-label indication. Ten percent of off-label use was associated with
`an FDA-approved cancer site but an NCCN unsupported cancer stage. Spending for chemotherapies was
`$12 billion. They concluded that commonly used, novel chemotherapies are more often used on-label than
`off-label in contemporary practice. Off-label use is composed of a roughly equal mix of chemotherapy
`applied in clinical settings supported by the NCCN and those that are not.
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`4. Kornfield R, Donohue J, Berndt ER, Alexander GC. Promotion of Prescription Drugs to
`Consumers and Providers, 2001–2010. PLOS One. 2013;8:1-7
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`http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0055504
`The authors used IMS Health Integrated Promotional Services™ to examine whether pharmaceutical firms
`have changed promotional expenditures due to a variety of changing market forces including reductions in
`new product approvals, restrictions on some forms of promotion, and the expanding role of biologic
`therapies. Pharmaceutical promotion peaked in 2004 and had declined substantially by 2010. Direct-to-
`consumer advertising (DTCA) promotion similarly declined, and remains highly concentrated. Top
`biologics were promoted less than top-selling small molecule therapies. Little change occurred in the
`composition of promotion between primary care physicians and specialists from 2001–2010.
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`5. Kozman D, Graziul C, Gibbons R, Alexander GC. Association between unemployment rates and
`prescription drug utilization in the United States, 2007–2010. BMC Health Services Research.
`2012; 12: 1-8.
`www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23193954
`The authors combined IMS Health XponentTM from September 2007 through July 2010 with data from the
`Bureau of Labor Statistics to examine the association between unemployment and utilization of
`prescriptions of seven therapeutic classes (statins, antidepressants, antipsychotics, angiotensin-converting
`enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, opiates, phosphodiesterase [PDE] inhibitors and oral contraceptives) in the
`United States. There were no statistically significant associations between use of ACE inhibitors or
`SSRIs/SNRIs and average unemployment in analyses across states, while for opioids and PDE inhibitors
`there were small statistically significant direct associations, and for the remaining classes inverse
`associations. They conclude that any effects of the recent economic recession on prescription drug
`utilization have been mitigated by other market forces.
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`6. Kornfield R, Watson S, Higashi AS, Conti RM, Dusetzina SB, Garfield CF, Dorsey ER,
`Huskamp HA, Alexander GC. Effects of FDA Advisories On the pharmacologic Treatment of
`ADHD, 2004-2008. Psychiatric Services. 2013; 64(4): 339-46
`www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23318985
`The authors used the IMS Health National Disease and Therapeutic Index™ to assess the effect of public
`health advisories issued between 2005 and 2007 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on
`treatments of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and physician prescribing practices. The
`authors did not find any evidence that FDA advisories regarding potential cardiovascular and other risks
`of ADHD medications affected the use of these medicines.
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`7. Huskamp HA, O'Malley AJ, Horvitz-Lennon M, Taub AL, Berndt ER, Donohue JM. How
`quickly do physicians adopt new drugs? The case of second-generation antipsychotics.
`Psychiatric Services. 2013; 64(4): 324-30
`www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23280376
`The authors used IMS Xponent™ and Cox proportional-hazards models to examine physician adoption of
`second-generation antipsychotic medications and to detect physician-level factors associated with early
`adoption. Doctors waited an average of two years to before prescribing new second-generation
`antipsychotics. General practitioners were much slower than psychiatrists to adopt second-generation
`antipsychotics, while solo practitioners were slower than group practitioners to adopt most products.
`Psychiatrists prescribed a broader set of antipsychotics than other provider types. Understanding the
`numerous factors that influence physicians’ adoption of new medications is vital to improving value and
`safety.
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`8. Long MD, Martin C, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. Increased risk of pneumonia among patients
`with inflammatory bowel disease. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2013;108: 240-8.
`www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23295276
`The authors used the IMS LifeLink™ Health Plan Claims in a retrospective cohort and a nested case–
`control study to determine the pneumonia risk in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and how specific
`medications affect this risk. The IBD cohort had an increased pneumonia risk when compared to non-IBD.
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`In the nested case–control analysis, the use of biologic medications, corticosteroids, thiopurines, proton-
`pump inhibitor, or narcotics was independently associated with pneumonia. They concluded the patients
`with IBD are at increased risk for pneumonia, particularly associated with the use of corticosteroids and
`narcotics. Primary prevention of pneumonia through vaccination and reduction of risk factors is
`warranted.
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`9. Long MD, Farraye FA, Okafor PN, Martin C, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. Increased risk of
`pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia among patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
`Inflammatory Bowel Disease. 2013; 19(5): 1018-24.
`www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23478805
`The authors used the IMS LifeLink™ Health Plan Claims to determine the incidence and relative risk of
`pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to describe medication
`exposures in patients with IBD with PCP. The crude incidence of PCP was higher in the IBD cohort
`(10.6/100,000) than in the non-IBD cohort (3.0/100,000). In the adjusted analyses, PCP risk was higher in
`the IBD versus non-IBD cohort with the most risk in Crohn's disease when compared with non-IBD.
`Although the overall incidence of PCP is low, patients with IBD are at increased risk. Patients with IBD
`with PCP are predominantly on corticosteroids alone or in combination before PCP diagnosis. Although
`the overall incidence of PCP is low, patients with IBD are at increased risk.
`
`10. Long MD, Martin C, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. Increased risk of herpes zoster among 108 604
`patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2013;
`37(4): 420-9
`www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23240738
`The authors used the IMS LifeLink™ Health Plan Claims Database to determine the risk of herpes zoster
`(HZ) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and how antitumour necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF) agents
`affect this risk. The IBD cohort had increased HZ risk compared with non-IBD. Risk of HZ was highest
`with combination anti-TNF and thiopurine therapy. Anti-TNF, corticosteroids, and thiopurines were
`independently associated with HZ. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at increased risk for
`herpes zoster. Use of thiopurines, anti-TNF agents, combination therapy and corticosteroids increases
`herpes zoster risk.
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`11. Herfarth HH, Long MD, Isaacs KL. Methotrexate: underused and ignored? Digestive Diseases
`and Sciences. 2012; 30(3): 112-8
`www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23295701
`The authors used the IMS LifeLink™ Health Plan Claims Database to examine the potential reasons for the
`underuse of methotrexate in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Methotrexate is underused
`due to reasons such as the need to be injected or that it cannot be used during pregnancy. They conclude
`that even though methotrexate is not often used for IBD treatment, it should be considered since it is an
`affordable and effective alternative for Crohn’s disease therapy. The authors conclude that methorexate
`remains an affordable and effective treatment for Crohn’s disease, especially considering its relatively low
`costs.
`
`12. King M, Essick C, Bearman P, Ross JS. Medical school gift restriction policies and physician
`prescribing of newly marketed psychotropic medications: difference-in-differences analysis.
`BMJ. 2013; 346: 1-9
`www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f264
`The authors used the IMS Health’s Lifelink™ LRX longitudinal prescription database to examine the effect
`of attending a medical school that has a policy restricting giving gifts to representatives of pharmaceutical
`and device industries on subsequent prescribing behavior. Newly marketed drugs and drugs in general
`were not prescribed as much when there was an active gift restriction policy. They concluded that exposure
`to a gift restriction policy during medication school was associated with reduced prescribing of two out of
`three newly introduced psychotropic medications.
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`13. King M, Essick C. The geography of antidepressant, antipsychotic, and stimulant utilization in the
`United States. Helth & Place. 2013; 20: 32-8
`www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357544
`The authors used IMS LifeLink™ Longitudinal Prescription database to analyze the use of antidepressant,
`antipsychotic and stimulant medications in the United States. The use of antidepressants in three digit
`postal codes ranged from less than 1% of residents to more than 40% residents. Clusters of elevated use of
`antidepressants, antipsychotics, and stimulants were also found in the postal codes. This geographic
`variation was found to be due to access to health care, insurance coverage and pharmaceutical marketing
`efforts. They concluded that access to health care, insurance coverage and pharmaceutical marketing
`efforts explain much of the geographic variation in use.
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`14. McClellan SR, Casalino LP, Shortell SM, Rittenhouse DR. When does adoption of health
`information technology by physician practices lead to use by physicians within the practice?
`Journal of The American Medical Informatics Association. 2013
`www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23396512
`The authors used the IMS Healthcare Organization Services™ database to determine the extent to which
`adoption of health information technology (HIT) by physician practices may differ from the extent of use by
`individual physicians. There was a 34.1% rate adopting any of the five HIT functionalities of the physician
`practices. When the HIT functionalities were adopted, one in seven physicians did not use the
`functionalities and one in five physicians did not use prompts and reminders following adoption by their
`practice They concluded that larger practices were most likely to have adopted HIT, but other factors,
`including specialty mix and self-reported patient-centered management, had a stronger influence on the use
`of HIT once adopted; however, adoption of HIT by practices does not mean that physicians will use the
`HIT.
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`15. Scheffler RM, Bowers LG. A new vision for California’s healthcare system: Integrated care with
`aligned financial incentives. Berkeley Forum. 2013.
`http://berkeleyhealthcareforum.berkeley.edu/wp‐content/uploads/A‐New‐Vision‐for‐
`California%E2%80%99s‐Healthcare‐System.pdf
`The authors used the IMS Health National Healthcare Organization Services™ to characterize the size of
`medical groups in California. More than 40% of physicians practice in medical groups of more than 25
`physicians, and 80% of these physicians are in groups of more than 100. Conversely, 35% of physicians in
`California practice in group of less than 4. Urban areas such as San Francisco and Los Angeles have a
`greater percentage of large practices than suburban and rural areas. This was part of a comprehensive
`report on the health care system in California
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`16. Hicks LA, Taylor TH Jr, Hunkler RJ. U.S. outpatient antibiotic prescribing, 2010. N Engl J Med.
`2013;368:1461-2.
`http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23574140
`Data on oral antibiotic prescriptions dispensed during 2010 in the United States were extracted from the
`IMS Health Xponent™ database. Prescriptions were totaled for 17 provider specialty groups on the basis
`of the self-designated specialty of the prescriber (as defined by the American Medical Association)
`associated with each prescription. Health care providers prescribed 258.0 million courses of antibiotics in
`2010, or 833 prescriptions per 1000 persons. Penicillins and macrolides were the most common categories
`prescribed. The most frequently prescribed antibiotic agent was azithromycin. Prescribing rates were
`higher among children and the elderly. Prescribing rates varied considerably according to provider
`specialty.
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`17. Moore TJ, Cohen MR, Furberg CD. Perspectives On GLP-1 Agents for Diabetes.
`www.ismp.org/QuarterWatch/pdfs/2012Q3.pdf
`The authors used the Prescription Audit™ (NPA) to describe the utilization of GLP-1 agents in treating
`diabetes in the face of serious safety concerns. Between June 2011 and June 2012, 1,723 serious adverse
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`drug events were reported for GLP-1 drugs, including pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and thyroid cancer.
`During this same period, almost 17 million prescriptions had been dispensed for these products, led by
`sitagliptin, which accounted for 66% of all GLP-1 drugs.
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`18. Ryan AM, Bishop TF, Shih S, Casalino LP. Small Physician Practices In New York Needed
`Sustained Help To Realize Gains In Quality From Use Of Electronic Health Records. Health
`Affairs. 2013; 32: 53-62
`http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/32/1/53.full.pdf+html
`The authors used IMS Health Healthcare Organization Services™ 2011 data set to evaluate the early
`effects on quality of the Primary Information Project that provides subsidized EHRs (electronic health
`records) and technical assistance to primary care practices in underserved New York City neighborhoods.
`Quality of care was not improved if there was only a general participation in the program. Quality of care
`was only improved if there was a sustained level of exposure (nine or more months) to the program
`because of better access to EHRs.
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`19. Gallini A, Donohue JM, Huskamp HA. Diffusion of antipsychotics in the US and French markets,
`1998-2008.
`http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23584568 
`The authors used the IMS Health Xponent™ database and the French GERS database to examine trends in
`the adoption of second-generation antipsychotics in the US and France. Between 1998 and 2008, total
`antipsychotic use in the United States increased by 78%. Total use in France was consistently higher
`despite a 9% decrease during the period. By 2008, second-generation antipsychotics represented 86% of
`the antipsychotics sold in the U.S. market, versus only 40% of the French market. They concluded that
`there are markedly divergent trends in the diffusion of new antipsychotics in France and the United States.
`Some differences may be explained by differences in health systems; others may reflect physicians’
`preferences and norms of practice.
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`20. Chressanthis GA, Khedkar P, Jain N, Poddar P, Seiders MG. Generic-to-branded drug switch-
`back patterns: exploratory analysis and insights from the statin class. J of Pharm Health Serv
`Rsrch. 2011; 2:217-226
`http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1759-8893.2011.00064.x/pdf
`The authors used IMS Health LifeLink™ Anonymized Patient Level Data (APLD) to analyze generic-to-
`branded drug switch-back patterns among statin users. They found that rates of switch-backs increased
`with greater patient health risk such as increasing age and co-morbidities. Higher patient doses of
`simvastatin increased switch-back rates, from about 10% at the 5 and 10 mg doses to 16% at the 80 mg
`dose. Among switch-back patients, 37% had high cardiovascular risk based on the number of co-
`morbidities.
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`21. Chatterjee S, Chen H, Johnson ML, Aparasu RR. Comparative risk of cerebrovascular adverse
`events in community-dwelling older adults using risperidone, olanzapine and quetiapine. Drug
`Aging. 2012;29:807-817
`http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23018582
`The authors used the IMS LifeLink™ Health Plan Claims Database to compare the comparative risk of
`cerebrovascular events among community-dwelling older adults using atypical antipsychotics. After using
`propensity scores and adjusting for other covariates, quetiapine [hazard ratio (HR) 0.88; 95% CI 0.78,
`0.99] but not risperidone (HR 1.05; 95% CI 0.95, 1.16) was associated with a decrease in the risk of
`cerebrovascular adverse events compared with olanzapine.
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`22. Kirley K, Qato DM, Kornfield R, Stafford RS, Alexander GC. National trends in oral
`anticoagulant use in the United States, 2007 to 2011. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes.
`2012;5:615-621
`http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22949490
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`The authors used the IMS Health National Disease and Therapeutic Index™ (NDTI) to quantify patterns of
`oral anticoagulant use among all subjects and stratified by clinical indication. They found that dabigatran
`has been rapidly adopted into ambulatory practice in the United States, primarily for treatment of atrial
`fibrillation, but increasingly for off-label indications. They did not find evidence that dabigatran use has
`increased overall atrial fibrillation treatment rates.
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`23. Suda KJ, Hicks LA, Roberts RM, Hunkler RJ, Danziger LH. A national evaluation of antibiotic
`expeditures by healthcare setting in the United States, 2009. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012; Nov
`11 [Epub ahead of print]
`http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23148204
`The authors used the IMS Health National Sales Perspectives™ (NSP) to examine systemic antibiotic
`expenditures in 2009. The majority (61.5%) of expenditures, totaling $10.7 billion, were associated with
`the outpatient setting, especially from community pharmacies. Inpatient and long-term care settings
`accounted for 33.6% and 4.9% of expenditures, respectively. Quinolones accounted for the greatest
`expenditures, followed by penicillins.
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`24. Epstein AJ, Busch SH, Busch AB, Asch DA, Barry CL. Does exposure to conflict of interest
`policies in psychiatry residency affect antidepressant prescribing? Medical Care. 2013;51(2):199-
`203
`http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23142772
`The authors used 2009 physician-level national administrative prescribing data from IMS Health
`Xponent™ to determine whether exposure to Conflict of Interest (COI) policies during psychiatry residency
`training affects psychiatrists' antidepressant prescribing patterns after graduation. Rates of prescribing
`heavily promoted, brand reformulated, and brand antidepressants in 2009 were lower among post-COI
`graduates than pre-COI graduates at all levels of COI restrictiveness. They call for further research to
`assess whether these policies affect other drug classes and physician specialties similarly.
`
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`25. Graziul C, Gibbons R, Alexander GC. Association between the commercial characteristics of
`psychotropic drugs and their off-label use. Medical Care. 2012;50(11):940-947
`http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23047783
`The authors linked data from the IMS Health National Disease and Therapeutic Index™ (NDTI) with data
`from FDA@gov and the drug compendium DrugDex, to quantify the association between 4 commercial
`characteristics of prescription medicines and off-label use of antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood
`stabilizers from 1998 through 2009. They find that drug prescription volume, rather than product age or
`therapeutic class age, was most strongly associated with a medicine’s likelihood of off-label use. These
`associations were similar when examining scientifically unsupported rather than all off-label use.
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`26. Moore TJ, Furberg CD, Cohen MR. Finasteride (propecia, proscar) and possibly persistent sexual
`side effects; methylphenidate patch (daytrana) and product problems; update on anticoagualnts
`dabigatran (pradaxa) and rivaroxaban (xarelto). Institute for Safe Medication Practices, Horsham,
`PA. Published January 9, 2013. Accessed January 21, 2013.
`http://www.ismp.org/quarterwatch/pdfs/2012Q2.pdf
`The authors analyzed FDA reports of serious, disabling, and fatal adverse drug events in the United States
`in 2012, specifically analyzing signals for persistent sexual side effects reported by men who have taken
`finasteride for male pattern baldness or for an enlarged prostate, reviewing product problems with the
`methylphenidate patch used in young children to treat ADHD, and updating coverage of anticoagulant
`drugs with new perspectives on adverse events reported for dabigatran and rivaroxaban.
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`27. Moore TJ, Furberg CD, Why reports of serious adverse drug events continue to grow. Institute for
`Safe Medication Practices, Horsham, PA. Published October 3, 2012. Accessed January 21, 2013.
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`http://www.ismp.org/quarterwatch/pdfs/2012Q1.pdf
`The authors analyzed FDA reports of serious, disabling, and fatal adverse drug events in the United States
`in 2012, specifically analyzing signals for duloxetine and serious withdrawal symptoms; pioglitazone and
`reported bladder cancer; aliskiren and angioedema, and rivaroxaban and thromboembolic events. The
`authors used the IMS National Prescription Audit™ (NPA) to calculate total dispensed outpatient
`prescriptions in the same time frame.
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`28. Laxminarayan R. Outpatient antibiotic use in the united states, 1999-2010; communicating
`antibiotic resistance to two common infections using a drug resistance index.
`http://www.cddep.org/tools/antibiotic_use_and_resistance_us_glance_1999_2010
`The authors used data from IMS Health Xponent™ to examine trends in drug resistance and regional use
`of antibiotics between 1999 and 2010. They found that since 1999, the percentage of antibiotic
`prescriptions filled nationwide has dropped by 17%. However, high-consumption states are lagging in this
`positive trend and are seeing the smallest decrease in prescriptions, resulting in a widening use gap.
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`29. Hoffman JM, Li E, Doloresco, Matusiak L, Hunkler RJ, Shah ND, Vermeulen LC, Schumock
`GT. Projecting future drug expenditures—2012. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2012;69:e5-e21.
`http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22345420
`The authors used data from the IMS National Sales Perspectives™ (NSP) to examine trends in total
`U.S. drug expenditures as well as expenditures in hospital and clinic sectors. They found that total
`drug expenditures increased by 2.7%, from 2009-2010, with total spending rising from $299.2 billion to
`$307.5 billion. Drug expenditures in clinics grew by 6.0% while hospital drug expenditures increased at
`the moderate rate of 1.5%. For 2012, the authors project a 3-5% increase in total drug expenditures across
`all settings, a 5-7% increase in expenditures for clinic-administered drugs, and a 0-2% increase in
`hospital drug expenditures.
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`30. Schumock GT, Stayner LT, Valuck RJ, Joo MJ, Gibbons RD, Lee TA. Risk of suicide attempt in
`asthmatic children and young adults prescribed leukotriene-modifying agents: A nested case-
`control study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130:368-75.
`http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698520
`The authors used the IMS LifeLink™ Health Plan Claims Database to examine the association between use
`of leukotriene-modifying agents (LTMAs) and attempted suicide among asthmatic children and young
`adults. They found that current use of any LTMA was not associated with increased risk of a suicide
`attempt; in fact, the direction of effect was the opposite (adjusted odd ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.36-1.39).
`Further research needs to be conducted to more fully understand the association between LTMAs and
`suicide, particularly in subpopulations.
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`31. Long MD, Martin CF, Pipkin CA, Herfarth HH, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. Risk of Melanoma
`and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
`Gastroenterology. 2012;143:390-9.
`http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22584081
`The authors used the IMS LifeLink™ Health Plan Claims Database to examine the risk of melanoma and
`nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) among 108,579 patients with IBD from 1997 to 2009. Compared to
`matched controls, IBD was associated with an increased incidence of melanoma (IRR, 1.29; 95%
`confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.53) and NMSC (IRR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.40-1.53). Therapy with biologics
`increased the risk of melanoma (odds ratio [OR], 1.88; 95% CI, 1.08-3.29) while thiopurines increased the
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`risk of NMSC (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.66-2.05). Patients with IBD should be counseled and monitored for
`skin cancer.
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`32. Sun L, Klein EY, Laxminarayan R. Seasonality and Temporal Correlation between Community
`Antibiotic Use and Resistance in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:687-94.
`http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22752512
`The authors used the IMS Xponent™ database to study the effects of US antibiotic usage from 1999-2007
`on antibiotic resistance, which was measured using data from the Surveillance Network. They found that
`large-scale usage of antibiotics can generate seasonal patterns of resistance that fluctuate on a short time
`scale with changes in antibiotic retail sales, suggesting that use of antibiotics in the winter could have a
`significant effect on resistance. The strong correlation between community use of antibiotics and resistance
`isolated in the hospital indicates that restrictions imposed at the hospital level are unlikely to be effective
`unless coordinated with campaigns at the community level.
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`33. Lichtenberg FR. The impact of pharmaceutical innovation on longevity and medical expenditure
`in France, 2000-2008: Evidence from longitudinal, disease-level data. NBER Working Paper.
`The author used the IMS MIDAS™ database to examine the impact of pharmaceutical innovation on
`longevity and medical expenditures in France from 2000-2008. Using longitudinal, disease-level data, he
`found that the introduction of new drugs to treat a disease generally results in an increase in longevity (age
`at death) several years later. New drugs introduced from 1997-2005 are estimated to have reduced the
`number of hospital days in 2008 by about 9% over the study period and to have increased pharmaceutical
`expenditures in 2008 by up to 23.5%.
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`34. Lichtenberg FR. Pharmaceutical innovation and longevity growth in 30 developing and high-
`income countries, 2000-2009. NBER Working Paper No. 18235. Issued in July 2012
`http://www.nber.org/papers/w18235
`The author used the IMS MIDAS™ database to examine the impact of pharmaceutical innovation, as
`measured by the vintage of prescription drugs used, on longevity from 2000-2009. Using longitudinal,
`country-level data on 30 developing and high-income countries, he found that life expectancy at all ages
`and survival rates above age 25 increased faster in countries with larger increases in drug vintage and that
`the increase in drug vintage was the only variable significantly related to all measures of longevity growth.
`Pharmaceutical innovation is estimated to have accounted for almost three-fourths of the 1.74-year
`increase in life expectancy at birth in the 30 countries and for about one third of the 9.1-year difference in
`life expectancy at birth in 2009 between the top 5 countries and the bottom 5 countries (ranked by drug
`vintage in 2009).
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`35. Chressanthis GA, Khedkar P, Jain N, Poddar P, Seiders MG. Can Access Limits on Sales
`Representatives to Physicians Affect Clinical Prescription Decisions? A Study of Recent Events
`With Diabetes and Lipid Drugs. J Clin Hypertens. 2012;17:435-46.
`http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22747616
`The authors used the IMS Healthcare Organization Services™ (HCOS) database and the IMS Xponent™
`database to analyze prescribing decisions for diabetes and lipid drugs among 58,647 to 72,114 physicians.
`Physicians' medical practices were categorized according to the ease of access for pharmaceutical sales
`representatives. The authors found that physicians with lower access to representatives had slower
`adoption rates for a new diabetes therapy and were also slower to reduce their use of rosiglitazone
`following a black box warning or to switch to lipid therapy. Restricted access to
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`pharmaceutical representatives can both limit positive information about innovative drugs and also reduce
`appropriate responses to negative information about drugs.
`
`36. Moore TJ, Furberg CD, Cohen MR. QuarterWatch: Monitoring FDA MedWatch reports:
`Anticoagulants the leading reported drug risk in 2011. Institute for Safe Medication Practices,
`Horsham, PA. Published May 31, 2012. Accessed Aug 23, 2012.
`http://www.ismp.org/quarterwatch/pdfs/2011Q4.pdf
`The authors analyzed FDA reports of serious, disabling, and fatal adverse drug events in the United States
`in 2011 and identified anticoagulants the most frequently reported suspect drugs. The authors used the IMS
`National Prescription Audit™ (NPA) to calculate total dispensed outpatient prescriptions in the same time
`frame, noting that 48% of the population was taking a prescription drug in any given month, and an
`estimated 3.6 billion outpatient prescriptions were dispensed.
`
`37. Yin HS, Parker RM, Wolf MS, Mendelsohn AL, Sanders LM, Vivar KL, Carney K, Cerra ME,
`Dreyer BP. Health literacy assessment of labeling of pediatric nonprescription medications:
`Examination of characteristics that may impair parent understanding. Acad Pediatr. 2012 May 10.
`[Epub ahead of print].
`http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22579032
`The authors used the IMS Heath National Medicine Cabinet™ Database to identify top-selling pediatric
`nonprescription analgesic, cough/cold, a