Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical
`Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid
`Transit
`
`http://pif.sagepub.com/
`
`
`Diesel Locomotive Reliability Improvement by System Monitoring
`K N Fry
`Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit
`DOI: 10.1243/PIME_PROC_1995_209_248_02
`
` 1995 209: 1
`
`The online version of this article can be found at:
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`

`Proceedings of the
`Proceedings of the
`Institution of
`Institution of
`Mechanical Engineers
`Mechanical Engineers
`
`-
`
`I MECH E
`I MECH E
`
`Part F
`Part F
`Journal of
`Journal of
`Rail and Rapid Transit
`Rail and Rapid Transit
`
`1995 Vol209 No F1
`1995 Vol 209 No Fl
`Contents
`Contents
`
`ISSN 0954-4097
`ISSN 0954-4097
`
`Editorial
`Editorial
`Diesel locomotive reliability improvement by system monitoring
`Diesel locomotive reliability improvement by system monitoring
`K N Fry
`KNFry
`Experimentation and modelling of climbing phenomena of guided transport
`Experimentation and modelling of climbing phenomena of guided transport
`vehicles
`vehicles
`P Drazetic, R Tassin, Y Ravalard, B Marguet and H Lagneau
`P Drazetic, R Tassin, Y Ravalard, B Marguet and H Lagneau
`Phenolic composites-novel developments in products and processing
`Phenolic composites---novel developments in products and processing
`M R Orpin
`M R Orpin
`Design for the alleviation of transportation fatality risk by the implementation
`Design for the alleviation of transportation fatality risk by the implementation
`of new light rail transit
`of new light rail transit
`R Huston, P Cardimen and K Halperin
`R Huston, P Cardimen and K Halperin
`Fail-safe on-board databus for automatic train protection
`Fail-safe on-board databus for automatic train protection
`H Kirrmann, B Eschermann and D Forsgran
`i-I Kirrmann, B Eschermann and D Forsgran
`Vertical interaction between train and track with soft and stiff railpads-full-scale
`Vertical interaction between train and track with soft and stiff railpads---full-scale
`experiments and theory
`experiments and theory
`M Fermer and J C 0 Nielsen
`M Fermer and J C 0 Nielsen
`Analysis of modified railway passenger truck designs to improve lateral
`Analysis of modified railway passenger truck designs to improve lateral
`stabilitylcurving behaviour compatibility
`stability /curving behaviour compatibility
`S Narayana Swamy, R V Dukkipati and M 0 M Osman
`S Narayana Swamy, R V Dukkipati and MOM Osman
`
`1
`
`1
`
`11
`11
`
`19
`19
`
`25
`25
`
`33
`33
`
`39
`39
`
`49
`49
`
`Communications are invited on these papers (see inside back cover)
`Communications are invited on these papers (see inside back cover)
`
`Published for the Institution of Mechanical Engineers by Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited,
`Published for the Institution of Mechanical Engineers by Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited,
`London and Birmingham, Alabama
`London and Birmingham, Alabama
`The Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers IS a ten-part journal. Part F is published twice a year The two
`The Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers is a ten-part journal. Part F is published twice a year. The two
`issues are numbered separately within the volume, I e F1, F2
`issues are numbered separately within the volume, i.e. Fl, F2.
`Downloaded from
`pif.sagepub.com
` by guest on June 3, 2013
`
`2
`
`

`

`1
`
`a
`
`reliability improvement by system
`Diesel a . locomotive
`
`Diesel locomotive reliability improvement by system
`monitoring
`monitoring
`K N Fry, BSc
`KN Fry, BSc
`British Rail Research, Railway Technical Centre, Derby
`British Rail Research. Railway Technical Centre, Derby
`
`System monitoring for reliability (SMR) involves monitoring critical parts of a vehicle and ir&orming the owning business of an
`System monitoring for reliability (SMR) involves monitoring critical parts of a vehicle and informing the owning business of an
`impending fault. Diesel locomotives offer the largest opportunity for such systems and British Rail Research has developed a system
`impending fault. Diesel locomotives offer the largest opportunity for such systems and British Rail Research has developed a system
`designed to improve Class 47 locomotive reliability.
`designed to improve Class 47 locomotive reliability.
`The vehicle-mounted equipment comprises a computer that continuously monitors the condition of the vehicle through sensors at key
`The vehicle-mounted equipment comprises a computer that continuously monitors the condition of the vehicle through sensors at key
`points. The computer is connected to a radio telephone and modem and a GPS satellite navigator. The key elements in the success of
`points. The computer is connected to a radio telephone and modem and a GPS satellite navigator. The key elements in the success of
`the system are the automated analysis of data on-board the vehicle and its ability to call for help ahead of the occurrence of service
`the system are the automated analysis of data on-board the vehicle and its ability to call for help ahead of the occurrence of service
`failures. The business i n t e j i e is through a Windows based information display which runs on a personal computer connected to the
`failures. The business interface is through a Windows based information display which runs on a personal computer connected to the
`public telephone network. This controls the display of messages from monitored vehicles and allows vehicles to be interrogated to check
`public telephone network. This controls the display of messages from monitored vehicles and allows vehicles to be interrogated to check
`on current condition.
`on current condition.
`When fully implemented, a reduction in technical casualties of 40 per cent is anticipated. There are additionalfinancial benejits from
`When fully implemented, a reduction in technical casualties of 40 per cent is anticipated. There are additional financial benefits from
`eflciency improvements and vehicle maintenance cost savings.
`efficiency improvements and vehicle maintenance cost savings.
`Key words: system monitoring for reliability, diesel locomotives
`Key words: system monitoring for reliability, diesel locomotives
`
`1 INTRODUCTION
`1 INTRODUCI'lON
`The Vehicle Systems Unit of British Rail Research has
`The Vehicle Systems Unit of British Rail Research has
`undertaken a series of projects over many years con-
`undertaken a series of projects over many years con(cid:173)
`cerned with the development of condition monitoring
`cerned with the development of condition monitoring
`for railway rolling stock and diesel locomotives in par-
`for railway rolling stock and diesel locomotives in par(cid:173)
`ticular. This work has recently concentrated on the
`ticular. This work has recently concentrated on the
`development of systems to improve the reliability of
`development of systems to improve the reliability of
`vehicles. System monitoring for reliability (SMR) is the
`vehicles. System monitoring for reliability (SMR) is the
`name given to monitoring critical parts of a vehicle in
`name given to monitoring critical parts of a vehicle in
`order to improve its reliability by informing the owing
`order to improve its reliability by informing the owing
`business of an impending fault.
`business of an impending fault.
`This paper describes the development of a system for
`This paper describes the development of a system for
`monitoring Class 47 locomotives. It begins with the
`monitoring Class 47 locomotives. It begins with the
`guiding philosophy for SMR. It then goes on to
`guiding philosophy for SMR. It then goes on to
`describe the component parts; the on-board equipment
`describe the component parts; the on-board equipment
`and analysis of data; the communication of information
`and analysis of data; the communication of information
`to and from the vehicle; and the information display
`to and from the vehicle; and the information display
`system. Finally, there is a review of the current position.
`system. Finally, there is a review of the current position.
`The MS was received on 25 November 1993 and was accepted for publication on
`The MS was reCillived 011 25 November 1993 and was accepted/or publication 011
`22 December 1994.
`22 December /994.
`
`2 PHILOSOPHY OF SYSTEM MONITORING FOR
`1 PHILOSOPHY OF SYSTEM MONITORING FOR
`RELIABILITY
`RELIABILITY
`2.1 The ecooomic backgrouod
`1.1 The economic backgrouDd
`Studies into maintenance and maintenance-related costs
`Studies into maintenance and maintenance-related costs
`of typical types of rolling stock have been undertaken to
`of typical types of rolling stock have been undertaken to
`determine the most cost-effective areas for the applica-
`determine the most cost-effective areas for the applica(cid:173)
`tion of condition monitoring and diagnostic systems.
`tion of condition monitoring and diagnostic systems.
`The four main vehicle types used by British Rail have
`The four main vehicle types used by British Rail have
`been examined; diesel locomotives, electric locomotives,
`been examined; diesel locomotives, electric locomotives,
`diesel and electric multiple units.
`diesel and electric multiple units.
`The costs have been broken down by vehicle system
`The costs have been broken down by vehicle system
`and subsystem into five areas, three directly associated
`and subsystem into five areas, three directly associated
`with maintenance; exams, repairs and overhauls and
`with maintenance; exams, repairs and overhauls and
`two indirectly related; the cost of unreliability and
`two indirectly related; the cost of unreliability and
`unavailability. The results, given in Fig. 1, show that the
`unavailability. The results, given in Fig. 1, show that the
`largest total cost is for diesel locomotives, and the
`largest total cost is for diesel locomotives, and the
`largest element of this total is the cost of unreliability.
`largest element of this total is the cost of unreliability.
`Examination of the reasons for unreliability showed
`Examination of the reasons for unreliability showed
`that the total is made up of a small number of causes
`that the total is made up of a small number of causes
`(see Fig. 2), many of which are easily monitored and
`(see Fig. 2), many of which are easily monitored and
`
`.!!
`.!:!
`.<::
`~
`"-8.
`~ g
`1: .'"
`2
`u:
`
`> .- - -
`
`~
`
`0 Unavailability
`o Unavailability
`Reliability
`~
`Reliability
`0 Overhauls
`0
`Overhauls
`Repairs
`Repairs
`Exams
`Exams
`
`fl1 •
`
`Diesel locomotive Electric locomotive
`Diesellocomotive Electric locomotive
`
`Diesel
`Diesel
`multiple unit
`multiple unit
`Vehicle type
`Vehicle type
`Fig. 1 Rolling stock maintenance and maintenance-affected costs
`Fig. 1 Rolling stock maintenance and maintenance-affected costs
`
`Electric
`Electric
`multiple unit
`multiple unit
`
`F01693 Q IMcchE 1995
`FOI693 Col IMccbE 1995
`
`Roc Instn Mech Engrs Vol 209
`Pro<: lnsln Medl Enges Vol 209
`
`Downloaded from
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`pif.sagepub.com
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` by guest on June 3, 2013
`
`3
`
`

`

`2
`2
`
`K N F R Y
`K N FRY
`
`. . . . . . . . . .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`
`
`Not preventable
`D Not preventable
`Preventable
`Preventable
`•
`
`. . . . . . .
`
`Battery
`Battery
`condition
`condition
`
`E
`I
`I2 P
`ii
`8-.. > .,
`
`~
`~ .a
`Traction control -
`~
`Traction control
`interlocks
`interlocks
`
`8
`
`6
`
`4
`
`2
`
`”
`
`Loss of coolant
`I
`and low oil
`and low oil
`Brake condition
`pressure
`pressure
`Brake condition
`Fig. 2 Causes of Class 47 failures in service
`Fig. 2 Causes of Class 47 failures in service
`amount of data requiring transmission, which is partic-
`amount of data requiring transmission, which is partic(cid:173)
`ularly advantageous where communication is by radio.
`ularly advantageous where communication is by radio.
`Secondly, it opens up the possibility of providing infor-
`Secondly, it opens up the possibility of providing infor(cid:173)
`mation to the driver or train crew in those situations
`mation to the driver or train crew in those situations
`where it can be usefully acted upon.
`where it can be usefully acted upon.
`The provision of a continuous communications link
`The provision of a continuous communications link
`between the owning business and an ‘intelligent vehicle’
`between the owning business and an 'intelligent vehicle'
`allows information on condition to be provided on
`allows information on condition to be provided on
`demand. Such vehicle interrogation may be useful as a
`demand. Such vehicle interrogation may be useful as a
`check on condition just prior to assignment or for mon-
`check on condition just prior to assignment or for mon(cid:173)
`itoring the development of a fault already reported.
`itoring the development of a fault already reported.
`
`allow warning to be given. About 40 per cent are con-
`allow warning to be given. About 40 per cent are con(cid:173)
`sidered preventable through appropriate monitoring
`sidered preventable through appropriate monitoring
`and notification of impending failure.
`and notification of impending failure.
`
`2.2 Reliability emphasis
`2.2 Reliability emphasis
`The factors described in Subsection 2.1 led to the
`The factors described in Subsection 2.1
`led to the
`concept of system monitoring for reliability which is
`concept of system monitoring for reliability which is
`specifically aimed at reducing in-service failure of
`specifically aimed at reducing
`in-service failure of
`equipment rather than reducing maintenance costs or
`equipment rather than reducing maintenance costs or
`increasing availability. This very specific approach gives
`increasing availability. This very specific approach gives
`a number of advantages:
`a number of advantages:
`(a) the number of measurands is significantly reduced;
`(a) the number of measurands is significantly reduced;
`(b) the maintenance philosophy of the vehicles does not
`(b) the maintenance philosophy of the vehicles does not
`change, so it is quicker and easier to implement;
`change, so it is quicker and easier to implement;
`(c) data analysis is generally easier since faults severe
`(c) data analysis is generally easier since faults severe
`enough to cause a vehicle to fail are more easily
`enough to cause a vehicle to fail are more easily
`identified than the comparatively smaller changes
`identified than the comparatively smaller changes
`associated with a need for maintenance.
`associated with a need for maintenance.
`
`2.3 Importance of on-board analysis
`2.3 Importance of on-board analysis
`Most approaches to vehicle monitoring have involved
`Most approaches to vehicle monitoring have involved
`fitting data logging equipment and analysing the data
`fitting data logging equipment and analysing the data
`after they have been downloaded. This requires the
`after they have been downloaded. This requires the
`routine download of a large amount of data, the major-
`routine download of a large amount of data, the major(cid:173)
`ity of which will indicate that the vehicle is healthy. It
`ity of which will indicate that the vehicle is healthy. It
`also introduces a delay in fault identification and will
`also introduces a delay in fault identification and will
`miss the majority of faults likely to affect service reli-
`miss the majority of faults likely to affect service reli(cid:173)
`ability on a daily basis.
`ability on a daily basis.
`An emphasis on reliability improvement requires that
`An emphasis on reliability improvement requires that
`in order to achieve a fast response to developing faults,
`in order to achieve a fast response to developing faults,
`the analysis of data must be automated and done on-
`the analysis of data must be automated and done on(cid:173)
`board the vehicle; the vehicle must also be able to call
`board the vehicle; the vehicle must also be able to call
`for help. It is this requirement for a high degree of
`for help. It is this requirement for a high degree of
`vehicle system ‘intelligence’, in conjunction with a com-
`vehicle system 'intelligence', in conjunction with a com(cid:173)
`munications system where the vehicle can call for help
`munications system where the vehicle can call for help
`or be called at any time that is the key to successful
`or be called at any time that is the key to successful
`SMR.
`SMR.
`The move towards an ‘intelligent vehicle’ gives two
`The move towards an 'intelligent vehicle' gives two
`other major benefits. Firstly, it considerably reduces the
`other major benefits. Firstly, it considerably reduces the
`Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit
`Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit
`
`2.4 Information required
`2.4 Information required
`System monitoring is really only half the story. In order
`System monitoring is really only half the story. In order
`for the service reliability to be improved not only must
`for the service reliability to be improved not only must
`information about a fault be provided, but the informa-
`information about a fault be provided, but the informa(cid:173)
`tion must be suitably acted upon in order to remedy the
`tion must be suitably acted upon in order to remedy the
`situation. If appropriate action is not carried out, the
`situation. If appropriate action is not carried out, the
`vehicle will fail just as it would without monitoring. In
`vehicle will fail just as it would without monitoring. In
`this respect the presentation of information to the end
`this respect the presentation of information to the end
`user is of paramount importance.
`user is of paramount importance.
`An important part is the information content. The
`An important part is the information content. The
`majority of rolling stock is maintained by means of
`majority of rolling stock is maintained by means of
`component replacement to facilitate rapid return to
`component replacement to facilitate rapid return to
`service and so the information provided should support
`service and so the information provided should support
`this philosophy. In other words, faults in equipmerit
`this philosophy. In other words, faults in equipment
`need only be diagnosed down to the level of ‘replaceable
`need only be diagnosed down to the level of 'replaceable
`unit’ or the level of action required to allow the vehicle
`unit' or the level of action required to allow the vehicle
`to continue running, such as ‘top up with coolant’.
`to continue running, such as 'top up with coolant'.
`Diagnosis to this depth is particularly important in the
`Diagnosis to this depth is particularly important in the
`case of a vehicle reporting a developing fault but a long
`case of a vehicle reporting a developing fault but a long
`way from a repair depot. Should the vehicle be brought
`way from a repair depot. Should the vehicle be brought
`back to the depot, repaired at an outstation, repaired by
`back to the depot, repaired at an outstation, repaired by
`a mobile maintenance team or left for a while? If the
`a mobile maintenance team or left for a while? If the
`vehicle does need to return to depot, diagnosis to
`vehicle does need to return to depot, diagnosis to
`replaceable unit level allows an indication beforehand
`replaceable unit level allows an indication beforehand
`of what spares and depot resources are required (for
`of what spares and depot resources are required (for
`example, under cover, crane, pit, manpower etc.) This
`example, under cover, crane, pit, manpower etc.) This
`speeds up repair time considerably. Similarly, if a
`speeds up repair time considerably. Similarly, if a
`mobile maintenance team needs to be sent to the vehicle
`mobile maintenance team needs to be sent to the vehicle
`they will know what equipment to take with them.
`they will know what equipment to take with them.
`Q IMechE 1995
`IClIMechE 1995
`
`Downloaded from
`
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`
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`
`4
`
`

`

`DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE RELIABILITY IMPROVEMENT BY SYSTEM MONITORING
`3
`DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE RELIABILITY IMPROVEMENT BY SYSTEM MONITORING
`3
`Information from the system must be sent to the
`puter knows the vehicle's position through connection
`Information from the system must be sent to the
`puter knows the vehicle's position through connection
`to a GPS satellite navigator.
`business maintenance controllers. They respond to calls
`business maintenance controllers. They respond to calls
`to a GPS satellite navigator.
`The equipment is housed in three rugged steel enclo-
`from outstations reporting problems with vehicles and
`The equipment is housed in three rugged steel enclo(cid:173)
`from outstations reporting problems with vehicles and
`arrange repair or a replacement vehicle.
`sures sealed to IP66 and protected against the electro-
`sures sealed to IP66 and protected against the electro(cid:173)
`arrange repair or a replacement vehicle.
`magnetic environment of the locomotive. Also fitted are
`For fault diagnosis, messages should be sent from the
`For fault diagnosis, messages should be sent from the
`magnetic environment of the locomotive. Also fitted are
`a number of transducers mounted directly on to existing
`vehicle immediately, but this is not necessarily the case
`vehicle immediately, but this is not necessarily the case
`a number of transducers mounted directly on to existing
`when prognosis is involved. There are situations where,
`components, some small enclosures containing trans-
`when prognosis is involved. There are situations where,
`components, some small enclosures containing trans(cid:173)
`ducers and appropriate interconnection via high specifi-
`if the existing set of circumstances were to continue, the
`if the existing set of circumstances were to continue, the
`ducers and appropriate interconnection via high specifi(cid:173)
`vehicle would fail, but the fault may be naturally reme-
`cation cable sealed into flexible conduit. Two aerials are
`vehicle would fail, but the fault may be naturally reme(cid:173)
`cation cable sealed into flexible conduit. Two aerials are
`also used, a short whip aerial mounted on the end of the
`died before it occurs. For example, a battery draining
`died before it occurs. For example, a battery draining
`also used, a short whip aerial mounted on the end of the
`with the engine stopped may be just about to be
`vehicle, and a small flat antenna mounted on the roof
`with the engine stopped may be just about to be
`vehicle, and a small flat antenna mounted on the roof
`charged following an engine start, or a vehicle with a
`for the GPS navigator. This equipment is designed to
`charged following an engine start, or a vehicle with a
`for the GPS navigator. This equipment is designed to
`coolant leak may be just running on to a depot to have
`retrofit into the vehicle without interfering with its
`coolant leak may be just running on to a depot to have
`retrofit into the vehicle without interfering with its
`its coolant topped up. In these circumstances the
`normal operation and maintenance. A general sche-
`its coolant topped up. In these circumstances the
`normal operation and maintenance. A general sche(cid:173)
`matic is shown in Fig. 3.
`approach has been to define a failure limit and make
`approach has been to define a failure limit and make
`matic is shown in Fig. 3.
`predictions of the remaining time to failure. Messages
`predictions of the remaining time to failure. Messages
`can then be generated a set time before failure is esti-
`can then be generated a set time before failure is esti(cid:173)
`mated. The maintenance controller can then decide on
`mated. The maintenance controller can then decide on
`whether the fault will require action based upon the
`whether the fault will require action based upon the
`duty of the vehicle.
`duty of the vehicle.
`
`3 ON-BOARD SYSTEM
`3 ON-BOARD SYSTEM
`3.1 Equipment fitted
`3.1 Equipment fitted
`The vehicle-mounted equipment comprises a computer
`The vehicle-mounted equipment comprises a computer
`that continuously monitors the condition of the vehicle
`that continuously monitors the condition of the vehicle
`through sensors at key points. The computer is con-
`through sensors at key points. The computer is con(cid:173)
`nected to a radio telephone and modem allowing the
`nected to a radio telephone and modem allowing the
`system to ring out with fault messages or be inter-
`system to ring out with fault messages or be inter(cid:173)
`rogated by the owning business at any time. The com-
`rogated by the owning business at any time. The com-
`
`3.1.1 Computer
`3.1.1 Computer
`Hardware. The on-board computer is an industry stan-
`Hardware. The on-board computer is an industry stan(cid:173)
`dard VME bus-based system made up of single height
`dard VME bus-based system made up of single height
`eurocards. The use of the VME bus standard allows a
`eurocards. The use of the VME bus standard allows a
`system to be made up in a very modular and flexible
`system to be made up in a very modular and flexible
`way using equipment from one or a number of s u p
`way using equipment from one or a number of sup(cid:173)
`pliers. The system can be easily expanded to include
`pliers. The system can be easily expanded to include
`additional processing power, memory, communications
`additional processing power, memory, communications
`or monitoring channels.
`or monitoring channels.
`Software. Most computers use an operating system as
`Software. Most computers use an operating system as
`the master supervisor of their resources; memory, pro-
`the master supervisor of their resources; memory, pro(cid:173)
`cessing time and input/output devices such as sensors,
`cessing time and input/output devices such as sensors,
`modems and disk drives. The operating system also
`modems and disk drives. The operating system also
`provides an interface between the computer and the
`provides an interface between the computer and the
`Fuel
`Fuel
`level
`level
`
`Cubicle end
`Cubicle end
`Tube to bis i
`........... ;- Battery1
`Battery I
`~ .....
`Battery V
`Battery V
`Turbine temperature
`Turbine temperature
`Boost pressure
`Ambient pressure
`(inside box)
`
`6 TC
`
`!
`
`~
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`j
`
`..
`
`Cubicle end
`Terminal box
`+325 (loop) I
`-327
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`1
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`j
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`:
`
`'POS Q T=
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`L
`
`:
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`6PRS
`6PRS
`
`Computer
`Computer
`
`FI
`
`From governor end - - - +(=
`
`From governor end - - - . (
`
`4121208
`
`PC logic
`6PRS
`Main alternator V ~'
`r!!!1-;;';';';;;;'--+ PC logic
`Main alternator I .~L ___ ,
`~ __________ ~~-1~~~~~~~~~" I
`74
`i 1 ioi-vl
`- - - - - - - - -
`\07
`\08-V
`Tubing o-------i
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`i
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`: I
`/ I
`i I M
`i l E
`
`3 PRS
`6PRS
`c 6 PRS
`~
`3
`3
`P E Ambient temperature (internal)
`P~ Ambient temperature (internal)
`
`PRS
`3 PRS
`
`Navigator aerial
`Navigator aerial
`".__..\
`(roof cL)
`(roof cL)
`-----........ --.--.. ~
`
`---"^
`
`[ Navigator @
`Navigator -a-J
`
`._.......................-._..........._I
`i-M/C rooni~Rd' ... --.. --._- -... -.--.... ~
`: MIC mom end
`1 Hydraulic oil level (6W PLY FXD SKT)
`i FXD SKT 0- Engine speed
`i Oil temperature (6W PLY FXD SKT)
`' 6w
`; Hydraulic oil level (6W PLY FXD SKT):
`6WPLY
`: Oil temperature (6 W PLY FXD SKT)
`i Water level (6W PLY FXD SKT)
`I FXDSKT
`1 Oil pressure in (manifold)
`:
`. 0- Engine speed
`; Water level (6W PLY FXD SKT)
`! Oil pressure in (manifold)
`8 Oil pressure out (manifold)
`: Oil pressure out (manifold)
`j Governor air (manifold)
`: Governor air (manifold)
`i Crankcase pressure
`I
`~=================~:!J
`!
`: (6W PLY FXD SKT)
`b
`i 5~ Y'. .~~ ': ~.~.'?_ ~~T? ." .. _ ..... _ ...... F
` .......................
`: Crankcase pressure
`I .
`.
`.
`.
`1 Fig. 3 Monitoring equipment general arrangement
`Fig. 3 Monitoring equipment general arrangement
`
`.......
`; Cubicle
`
`1
`
`I
`1
`
`8 IMechE 1995
`e IMechE 1995
`
`Proc lnstn Mech Engs Vol209
`Proc Ins!n Mech Engrs Vol 209
`
`Downloaded from
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`pif.sagepub.com
`
` by guest on June 3, 2013
`
`5
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`

`

`K N FRY
`4
`K N FRY
`4
`able amount of software has been necessary to ensure
`user, managing the basic operations of the system,
`able amount of software has been necessary to ensure
`user, managing the basic operations of the system,
`reliable phone management across the two-way link.
`loading and executing programs, managing input/
`reliable phone management across the two-way link.
`loading and executing programs, managing input/
`output, managing a directory of files and allocating
`output, managing a directory of files and allocating
`memory. Application programs performing data
`3.1.3 GPS satellite navigator
`memory. Application programs performing data
`3.1.3 GPS satellite navigator
`analysis, data storage and communications all sit on
`The vehicle is equipped with a ‘Navstar’ XR5 GPS
`analysis, data storage and communications all sit on
`top of the operating system and call on it to perform
`The vehicle is equipped with a 'Navstar' XR5 GPS
`top of the operating system and call on it to perform
`receiver which gives satellite-based positioning. Position
`low-level tasks.
`receiver which gives satellite-based positioning. Position
`low-level tasks.
`information from the receiver, accurate to a mean error
`The operating system used in the on-board computer
`information from the receiver, accurate to a mean error
`The operating system used in the on-board computer
`of 28 metres, is available to the on-board computer
`is 0s-9. This is a multi-tasking operating system similar
`of 28 metres, is available to the on-board computer
`is OS-9. This is a multi-tasking operating system similar
`through a serial data link. The latitude and longitude is
`to UNIX but specifically developed for use in real time
`through a serial data link. The latitude and longitude is
`to UNIX but specifically developed for use in real time
`converted to eastings and northings by the computer.
`embedded systems.
`converted to eastings and northings by the computer.
`embedded systems.
`Multi-tasking means that several programs may run
`Multi-tasking means that several programs may run
`3.2 Data analysis
`apparently simultaneously, by rapidly switching from
`3.2 Data analysis
`apparently simultaneously, by rapidly switching from
`one program to the next many times per second. This
`The general structure of the data analysis performed is
`one program to the next many times per second. This
`The general structure of the data analysis performed is
`capability is used extensively for the on-board software.
`shown in Fig. 4. This structure separates the data
`capability is used extensively for the on-board software.
`shown in Fig. 4. This structure separates the data
`It considerably simplifies the task of managing data
`analysis from the hardware allowing more generalized
`It considerably simplifies the task of managing data
`analysis from the hardware allowing more generalized
`analysis, allowing for example, communications over
`program modules to be produced.
`analysis, allowing for example, communications over
`program modules to be produced.
`the radio telephone to occur while analysing data from
`The program ‘logger’ reads all the sensors and the
`the radio telephone to occur while analysing data from
`The program 'logger' reads all the sensors and the
`the oil system, while reading the position from the navi-
`vehicle location from the satellite navigator and writes
`the oil system, while reading the position from the navi(cid:173)
`vehicle location from the satellite navigator and writes
`gator, while storing vehicle operating data to file, etc.
`the data to a global buffer. The buffer holds all the mea-
`gator, while storing vehicle operating data to file, etc.
`the data to a global buffer. The buffer holds all the mea(cid:173)
`Each task can be written as a separate program sim-
`surements made over the last minute.
`Each task can be written as a separate program sim(cid:173)
`surements made over the last minute.
`plifying development and testing, and removing any risk
`The program ‘validate’ takes information from the
`plifying development and testing, and removing any risk
`The program 'validate' takes information from the
`of programs interfering with each other.
`measurement bu