`
`CYANOTECH EXHIBIT 1032
`
`Xanthophyll Structures and Polarities; Retinal Sections
`
`Xanthophyll Structures and Polarities
`
`(Differences highlighted in color. Polarities calculated in ChemDraw)
`
`OH
`
`OH
`
`\\\\\\\\\
`
`Astaxanthin
`
`Log P: 6.57
`
`\\\\\\\\\
`
`Canthaxanthin
`
`Log P: 8.16
`
`\\\\\\\\\
`
`Zeaxanthin
`
`
`
`Log P: 8.22
`
`
`
`Lutien
`
`Log P: 8.22
`
`For comparison:
`
`\\\\\\\\\
`
`B-carotene
`
`Log P: 10.68
`
`H30 CH3
`
`CH3
`
`CH3
`
`\ \ \ \
`
`OH
`
`CH3
`
`VitaminA
`
`Log P: 4.69
`
`
`
`RETINAL SECTIONS AND LEGENDS
`
`Retinal blood vessels
`
`
`
`http_://en.wikip_edia.org/wiki/Retina, sourced from National Inst. Of Health,
`
`National Eye Insitute
`
`
`
`I
`
`Imam nuc-l'mr flay-fl-
`
`;.",= aura ptmyum Jaw
`
`filth-r hudmr layer
`Mfllbmm Earn-litan-
`
`run-nu
`
`H.‘
`
`‘ Lily-n" a! mid! and
`mm.-
`
`Pl'ammd'm' rapt-r
`
`http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina, sourced from the 20th US. edition of Gray’s
`
`Anatomy (1918)
`
`
`
`Section of vertebrate retina
`
`The vertebrate retina has ten distinct layers. From closest to farthest from the
`
`vitreous body - that is, from closest to the front exterior of the head towards the
`
`interior and back of the head:
`
`Inner limiting membrane — basement membrane elaborated by Muller cells
`
`Nerve fibre layer — axons of the ganglion cell nuclei (note that a thin layer of
`
`Muller cell footplates exists between this layer and the inner limiting membrane)
`
`Ganglion cell layer — contains nuclei of ganglion cells, the axons of which
`
`become the optic nerve fibres for messages and some displaced amacrine cells
`
`Inner plexiform layer — contains the synapse between the bipolar cell axons and
`
`the dendrites of the ganglion and amacrine cells.
`
`Inner nuclear layer — contains the nuclei and surrounding cell bodies (perikarya)
`
`of the bipolar cells.
`
`Outer plexiform layer — projections of rods and cones ending in the rod spherule
`
`and cone pedicle, respectively. These make synapses with dendrites of bipolar cells.
`
`In the macular region, this is known as the Fiber layer of Henle.
`
`Outer nuclear layer — cell bodies of rods and cones
`
`External limiting membrane — layer that separates the inner segment portions of
`
`the photoreceptors from their cell nucleus
`
`Photoreceptor layer — rods/cones
`
`Retinal pigment epithelium - single layer of cuboidal cells (with extrusions not
`
`shown in diagram)
`
`These can be simplified into 4 main processing stages: photoreception,
`
`transmission to bipolar cells, transmission to ganglion cells which also contain
`
`photoreceptors, the photosensitive ganglion cells, and transmission along the optic
`
`nerve. At each synaptic stage there are also laterally connecting horizontal and
`
`amacrine cells.
`
`
`
`The optic nerve is a central tract of many axons of ganglion cells connecting
`
`primarily to the lateral geniculate body, a visual relay station in the diencephalon
`
`(the rear of the forebrain). It also projects to the superior colliculus, the
`
`suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the nucleus of the optic tract. It passes through the
`
`other layers creating the Optic disc in primates.
`
`Additional structures, not directly associated with vision, are found as outgrowths
`
`of the retina in some vertebrate groups. In birds, the pecten is a vascular structure
`
`of complex shape that projects from the retina into the vitreous humour; it supplies
`
`oxygen and nutrients to the eye, and may also aid in vision. Reptiles have a similar,
`
`but much simpler, structure.
`
`http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina
`
`
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