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`CYANOTECH EXHIBIT 1032
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`Xanthophyll Structures and Polarities; Retinal Sections
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`Xanthophyll Structures and Polarities
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`(Differences highlighted in color. Polarities calculated in ChemDraw)
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`OH
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`OH
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`\\\\\\\\\
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`Astaxanthin
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`Log P: 6.57
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`\\\\\\\\\
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`Canthaxanthin
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`Log P: 8.16
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`\\\\\\\\\
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`Zeaxanthin
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`Log P: 8.22
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`Lutien
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`Log P: 8.22
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`For comparison:
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`\\\\\\\\\
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`B-carotene
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`Log P: 10.68
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`H30 CH3
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`CH3
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`CH3
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`\ \ \ \
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`OH
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`CH3
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`VitaminA
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`Log P: 4.69
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`RETINAL SECTIONS AND LEGENDS
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`Retinal blood vessels
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`http_://en.wikip_edia.org/wiki/Retina, sourced from National Inst. Of Health,
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`National Eye Insitute
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`
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`I
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`Imam nuc-l'mr flay-fl-
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`;.",= aura ptmyum Jaw
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`filth-r hudmr layer
`Mfllbmm Earn-litan-
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`run-nu
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`H.‘
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`‘ Lily-n" a! mid! and
`mm.-
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`Pl'ammd'm' rapt-r
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`http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina, sourced from the 20th US. edition of Gray’s
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`Anatomy (1918)
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`Section of vertebrate retina
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`The vertebrate retina has ten distinct layers. From closest to farthest from the
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`vitreous body - that is, from closest to the front exterior of the head towards the
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`interior and back of the head:
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`Inner limiting membrane — basement membrane elaborated by Muller cells
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`Nerve fibre layer — axons of the ganglion cell nuclei (note that a thin layer of
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`Muller cell footplates exists between this layer and the inner limiting membrane)
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`Ganglion cell layer — contains nuclei of ganglion cells, the axons of which
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`become the optic nerve fibres for messages and some displaced amacrine cells
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`Inner plexiform layer — contains the synapse between the bipolar cell axons and
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`the dendrites of the ganglion and amacrine cells.
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`Inner nuclear layer — contains the nuclei and surrounding cell bodies (perikarya)
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`of the bipolar cells.
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`Outer plexiform layer — projections of rods and cones ending in the rod spherule
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`and cone pedicle, respectively. These make synapses with dendrites of bipolar cells.
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`In the macular region, this is known as the Fiber layer of Henle.
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`Outer nuclear layer — cell bodies of rods and cones
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`External limiting membrane — layer that separates the inner segment portions of
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`the photoreceptors from their cell nucleus
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`Photoreceptor layer — rods/cones
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`Retinal pigment epithelium - single layer of cuboidal cells (with extrusions not
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`shown in diagram)
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`These can be simplified into 4 main processing stages: photoreception,
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`transmission to bipolar cells, transmission to ganglion cells which also contain
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`photoreceptors, the photosensitive ganglion cells, and transmission along the optic
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`nerve. At each synaptic stage there are also laterally connecting horizontal and
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`amacrine cells.
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`The optic nerve is a central tract of many axons of ganglion cells connecting
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`primarily to the lateral geniculate body, a visual relay station in the diencephalon
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`(the rear of the forebrain). It also projects to the superior colliculus, the
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`suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the nucleus of the optic tract. It passes through the
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`other layers creating the Optic disc in primates.
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`Additional structures, not directly associated with vision, are found as outgrowths
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`of the retina in some vertebrate groups. In birds, the pecten is a vascular structure
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`of complex shape that projects from the retina into the vitreous humour; it supplies
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`oxygen and nutrients to the eye, and may also aid in vision. Reptiles have a similar,
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`but much simpler, structure.
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`http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina
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