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`3
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`Author(s)
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`Reed, M.G. ; Center for High Assurance Comput. Syst., Naval Res. Lab., Washington, DC, USA ; Syverson, P.F. ; Goldschlag, D.M.
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`Abstract
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`Using traffic analysis, it is possible to infer who is talking to whom over a public network. This paper
`describes a flexible communications infrastructure, called onion routing, which is resistant to traffic
`analysis. Onion routing lies just beneath the application layer, and is designed to interface with a wide
`variety of unmodified Internet services by means of proxies. Onion routing has been implemented on
`a Sun Solaris 2.4; in addition, proxies for World Wide Web browsing (HTTP), remote logins
`(RLOGIN), e-mail (SMTP) and file transfers (FTP) have been implemented. Onion routing provides
`application-independent, real-time and bi-directional anonymous connections that are resistant to
`both eavesdropping and traffic analysis. Applications making use of onion routing's anonymous
`connections may (and usually should) identify their users over the anonymous connection. User
`anonymity may be layered on top of the anonymous connections by removing identifying information
`from the data stream. Our goal is anonymous connections, not anonymous communication. The use
`of a packet-switched public network should not automatically reveal who is talking to whom; this is the
`traffic analysis that onion routing complicates
`
`Published in:
`Computer Security Applications Conference, 1996., 12th Annual
`
`Date of Conference: 9-13 Dec 1996
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`Page(s):
`95 - 104
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`Meeting Date :
`09 Dec 1996-13 Dec 1996
`
`ISSN :
`1063-9527
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`Print ISBN:
`0-8186-7606-X
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`INSPEC Accession Number:
`5485478
`
`Conference Location :
`San Diego, CA
`
`Digital Object Identifier :
`10.1109/CSAC.1996.569678
`
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`Conference Publications
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`http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&tp=&arnumber=569678&query...
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`6/5/2013
`
`Petitioner Apple - Ex. 1042, p. 1
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`
`
`IEEE Xplore - Proxies for anonymous routing
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`Page 2 of 2
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`http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&tp=&arnumber=569678&query...
`
`6/5/2013
`
`Petitioner Apple - Ex. 1042, p. 2
`
`