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`Page 1 of 7
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`Cmputer
`Dfisktap
`Elncycmpedla
`
`Ninth Edition
`
`Alan Freedman
`
`*
`
`.;
`i
`l
`
`Osborne/McGuw-Hill
`
`New York Chicago San Francisco
`Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
`New Delhi SanJuan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
`
`VIRNETX EXHIBIT 2008
`New Bay Capital v. Virnetx
`Case |PR2013-00375
`
`
`
`VIRNETX EXHIBIT 2008
`New Bay Capital v. Virnetx
`Case IPR2013-00375
`
`

`

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`Page 2 of 7
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`Osborne / McGraw-Hill
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`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, Ninth Edition
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`N 3
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`3Cm
`OPY
`Unit
`
`ght © 2001 by The McGraw—Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Printed in the
`States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part
`ay be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or
`I,
`oft
`IS publication in
`\ 5
`red in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the
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`" publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and
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`
`1234567890 DOC DOC 90198765432]
`
`Book p/n 0-07-219307—7 and CD p /n 0-07-219308-5
`parts of
`ISBN 0—07-219306—9
`
`Publisher
`Brandon A. Nordin
`
`Computer Designers
`Lauren McCarthy, Tabitha Cagan
`
`Vice President & Associate Publisher
`Scott Rogers
`
`Illustrators
`Lyssa Wald, Michael Mueller
`
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`Editorial Director
`Roger Stewart
`Senior Project Editor
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`Proofreader-s
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`Series Design
`Peter F. Hancik
`Cover Design
`Greg Scott
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`Cover Illustration
`lohn Bleck
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`,.
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`This book was composed with Corel Vl-INTURA ‘M Publisher.
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`LC ConirOi Number
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`Ii
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`
`1
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`aw-Hill from sources believed to be reliable. However. because of the
`Information has been obtained by Oshnriw/MrGr
`/McGniw-Hill, or others, Osborne/McC raw-Hill does not
`possibility 0! human or illeclmnicni error by our sources, Osborne
`any errors or omissions or
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`
`CLIENT pLMFORMS (cpu 3 05)
`
`146
`
`client
`
`
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`
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`Page 3 of 7
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`(1) A workstation or personal computer in a client/server
`cllent
`environment. Sec client/server and jnt client.
`(2) One end of the spectrum in a request/supply relationship
`
`between programs. See X Window and OLE.
`;
`..
`An application running in a workstation or
`client application
`personal computer on a network. See also OLE.
`
`
`Refers to hardware or software that runs in the user’s
`cllent based
`machine (client). Contrast with server based.
`
`A user's workstation that is attached to a network.
`client machine
`The term can also refer to a portable computer that is plugged into the
`network. See client and client/server.
`
`
`client program Software that runs in the user‘s PC or workstation.
`Contrast with server program, which resides in a server in the network.
`
`client/sewer An architecture in which the user’s PC (the client) is
`the requesting machine and the server is the supplying machine, both of
`which are connected via a local area network (LAN) or wide area network
`(WAN). Throughout the late 19805 and early 19905, clicnt/server was
`the hot buzzword as applications were migrated from centralized
`minicomputers and mainframes to networks of personal computers.
`ln client/server, the client processes the user interface (Windows, Mac,
`etc.) and can perform some or all of the application processing. Servers range
`in capacity from high-end PCs to mainframes. A database server maintains
`the databases and processes requests from the client to extract data from or
`to update the database. An application server provides additional business
`processing for the clients. See climtl/smnrr development system.
`Client/server Versus the Web
`Because of the Internet, terms such
`as "Web based ” and "Web enabled" have replaced the clicnt/ server
`buzzword, yet the client/server architecture is conceptually the some.
`Usurs' PCs are still clients, and there are tens of thousands of Web servers
`throughout the lntemet delivering Web pages. Nevertheless, client/
`server is mostly used to refer to "legacy,” non-Wd) based systems.
`On the Web, the client runs the browser and just like legacy clicnt/
`server can perform little or a lot of processing: simple displaying of
`HTML pages, more processing with embedded scripts or considerable
`processrng With Java applets. A myriad of browser plug—ins provrdc all
`30"“ 0‘ client processrng.
`The server side of the Web is a multi-tier server architecture with
`interlinked Web servers, application servers, database servers and
`caching servers. See application server.
`
`_
`
`iln
`
`ii
`
`ll
`
`.
`
`
`
`
`
`lnlfi (3100)
`HPIUX (UNIX)
`
`0mm" UNIX
`Opnnvms
`Windows Hl’
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`W8
`Ullm (UNIX)
`
`(PA-Fuse)
`5”““”“"Xl
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`aim?
`"'“°"""'
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`((1.233)?
`miticocdi
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`Non-CIIent/Server
`Alrczungaflihhih‘isai: nggifuzgiiigijéiiseims
`because the sewer is nothing more than 'a
`remote disk drive. and the client does all the
`processing. Lengthy searches can bog down the
`network, because 950“ client has 10 read the
`entire database. At 1,000 bytes per record,
`a database with 100,000 records sends
`100MB over the LAN.
`
`A person responsible for performing
`client/server analyst
`analysis and design of a client/server system. A knowledge of two-tier and
`
`
`three-tier client / server architectures is required. See systems analyst and client/server.
`
`An environment in which the application processing is divided between client
`client/server architecture
`workstations and servers. it implies the use of desktop computers interacting with sewers in a network, in contrast to
`processing everything in a large centralized mainframe. See client/server.
`
`
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`
`3‘ng 1.°5mn.NY
`DOS
`osrz
`SolnnutuNtX)
`‘gggggumfimwx,
`[53" mm“ (Wxi
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`
`
`
`
`
`626 Modula-3
`
`Page 4 of 7
`
`. F______________________________________—_____________________________________________________________‘
`
`
`
`VAR FahrtREAL)
`BEGIN
`Writesuring(“Enter Fahrenheit ")1
`ReadReallPahr);
`Writobn;
`Writestring(“Caln1ua in ”)1
`W:1teReal((Pahz — 32)
`' 5 / 9)]
`END FahrToCent
`
`(MODUlar LAnguage-S) The successor to the Modula-2 language. Developed by Digital and Olivetti, it
`Modula-3
`adds object-oriented extensions, automatic garbage collection and improved exception handling. It is considered an
`excellent teaching language.
`
`A hardware device that is designed for expansion and accepts a variety of plug-in modules of
`modular chassis
`different types. Network switches and routers are typically built with a modular chassis. See line card.
`
`A network hub that is configured by adding different modules, each supporting
`modular hub
`
`a topology, such as Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, etc. See hub.
`
`The characteristic of a system that has been divided into smaller subsystems which
`modularity
`interact with each other.
`
`Breaking down the design of a program into individual components
`I modular programmlng
`(modules) that can be programmed and tested independently. it is a requirement for effective
`development and maintenance of large programs and projects.
`Modular programming has evolved into object-oriented progrnmming, which provides formal
`rules for developing self-contained software modules. See object-oriented progrtmtrrling.
`
`
`To vary a carrier wave. Modulation blends a data signal (text, voice, etc.) into a
`modulate
`carrier for transmission over a network. The most common methods are (1) amplitude modulation
`(AM), which modulates the height of the carrier wave, (2) frequency modulation (FM), which
`modulates the frequency of the wave, and (3) phase modulation (PM), which modulates the
`polarity of the wave. Contrast with demodulate See carrier.
`
`A self-contained hardware or software component that interacts with a larger system.
`module
`Hardware modules are often made to plug into a main system. Program modules are designed to
`handle a specific task within a larger program. See memory module, ROM card, MCM and modular
`programming.
`
`A mathematical operation (modulus arithmetic) in which the result is the remainder of
`modulo
`
`the division. For example, 20 MOD 3 results in 2 (70/3 = 6 with a remainder of 2).
`
`(1) (Managed Object Format) An ASCII file that contains the formal definition of a CIM
`MOF
`schema. Sec CIM.
`(2) (Meta Object Facility) An object model from the Object Management Group (OMG) lor
`defining metadata in a distributed CORBA environment. Its four levels define the meta-meta
`model, meta model, model and instance data. See CORE/i and OMG.
`
`
`Pronounced ”titer-ray" and spelled ”moiré." in computer graphics, a visible distortion.
`moire
`it results from a variety of conditions; for example, when scanning halltones at a resolution not
`consistent with the printed resolution or when superimposing curved patterns on one another.
`Internal monitor misalignment can also be a cause.
`
`
`MOLE?)
`
`See our.
`
`main
`
`
`
`
`
`IIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIluflllllllllllg
`
`Modular
`Programming
`Building a program
`in modules. or
`independent
`routlnes, is
`common practice.
`The module
`performs a
`function and then
`returns control
`back to the
`program or
`Instruction that
`called it. Nodular
`programming has
`evolved Into
`object-oriented
`programming.
`which provides
`stricter rules tor
`developing
`self-contained
`routines.
`
`
`
`_——_—__—__—_—__—__—————————_—-_’\_———
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`Page 5 of 7
`
`personal computer
`
`(Practical Extraction Report Language) A programming language written by Larry Wall that combines syntax
`Perl
`from several UNIX utilities and languages. Introduced in 1987, Perl is designed to handle a variety of system
`administrator functions and provides comprehensive string handling functions. It is widely used to write Web server
`programs for such tasks as automatically updating user accounts and newsgroup postings, processing removal requests,
`
`synchronizing databases and generating reports. l’erl has also been adapted to non-UNlX platforms. See also FURL.
`
`[1) A soft font that is kept in the printer‘s memory until the printer is turned off.
`permanent font
`
`(2) Same as internnlfonl.
`
`permanent memory
`
`Same as non-volatile memory.
`
`One possible combination of items out of a larger set of items. For example, with the set of numbers
`permutation
`1, 2 and 3, there are six possible permutations: 12, 21, 13, 31, 23 and 32.
`
`perpendicular recording
`
`See vertical recording.
`
`per seat
`
`
`By workstation. See per seat licensing.
`
`Software licensing based on a per user basis. For example, a 1007uscr license means that up
`per seat licensing
`to 100 specifically-named users have access to the program. Per seat licensing is administered by providing user-level
`
`security to the directory containing the program. Contrast with concurrent licensing.
`
`(1) In a CRT, the time a phosphor dot remains illuminated after being energized. [mtg-persistence
`persistence
`phosphors reduce flicker, but generate ghost—like images that linger on screen for a fraction of a second.
`(2) In object technology, the storage of an object on a disk or other permanent storage device.
`
`Data that exists from session to session. Persistent data is stored in a database on disk or tape.
`persistent data
`Contrast with transient data.
`
`
`
`persistent link See hat link.
`
`An object that continues to exist after the program that created it has been unloaded. An
`persistent object
`object's class and current state must be saved for use in subsequent sessions. In object technology, persistence means
`storing the object for later use.
`
`
`
`personal agent See age/it.
`
`
`
`personal communicator Seel’I)/t.
`
`Synonymous with ”microcomputer,” ”desktop computer," and ”laptop computer," it is a
`personal computer
`computer that serves one user in the office or home. A complete personal computer system with printer can cost as
`liltle as $1,000 or as much as $8,000 or more. Size is based on memory and disk capacity. Speed is based on the CPU
`that runs it, and output quality is based on the type and resolution of its monitor and printer.
`
`
`
`
`751
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The personal computer world is dominated by Windows—basal l’Cs.
`Major Suppliers of Personal Computers
`There are thousands of vendors that make them, from mom and pop shops to huge companies such as Compaq, Hi’
`and IBM. The alternate personal computer standard is Apple’s Macintosh, which is only made by Apple. Atari and
`Commodore price carved out their respective niches, but Atari returned to its gaming roots and Commodore has since
`closed its doors.
`
`The industry began in 1977, when Apple, Radio Shack and Commodore
`The History of Personal Computers
`introduced the first off—the-shelf computers as consumer products. The first machines used an 8-bit microprocessor
`with a maximum of 64K of memory and floppy disks for storage. The Apple ll, Atari 5500, and Commodore 64 became
`popular home computers, and Apple was successful in companies after the ViaiCalc spreadsheet was introduced.
`However, the business world was soon dominated by the 2.80 processor and CP/M operating system, used by
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`

`

`
`A voxel represents a quantity of 3—D data just as :1 pixel represents
`voxel
`(volume piXEL) A three-dimensional pixel.
`a. it is used in scientific and medical applications that proccss 3-D images.
`a point or cluster of points in 2-D dal
`of sound cards and music
`Voyetra
`(Voyetra Turtle Beach, lnc., Yonkers, NY, www.tbeach.corn) A manufacturer
`merger of Voyetra Technologies and ’I'ttrtle Beach Systems. Voyelra was founded
`lt ofn late—1096
`and repair facility in southern New York state. it introduced the Voyetrn
`software that is a resu
`itware for MlDl sequencer and music-related applications. Voyetra utilities are
`in 1975 as Octave Electronics, a synthesizer
`synthesizer and later moved into so
`known for its award-winning Multisound line of
`bundled with numerous sound cards.
`d after benches from around the world
`Turtle Beach was founded in 1985 in York, PA, and became
`high-end sound cards. its consumer brands are also popular and are name
`such as Malibu. Montego and Daytona.
`usesseveral computersunder tight
`VPC
`(Virtual Processor Complex)
`An lBM mainframe multiprocessing that
`central control.
`VPN (Virtual Private Network) Aprivate network that isconfigured withina public network.For years, common
`ernatioual networks to the customer, but physically share
`carriers have built VPNs that appear as private national or int
`backbone trunkswithothercustomers.VPNsenjoy thesecurityofaprivatenetworkvia accesscontrol and encryption,
`while takingadvantageof theeconomies ofscale andbuilt-in management facilitiesoflargepublicnetworks. VPNshave
`beenbuiltoverX25, Switched 56, frame relay andA'lM technologies.Today, thereis tremendous interest inVPNS over
`theInternet, especially due to theconstantthreat ofhackerattacks.TheVPN adds thatextra layerofsecurity,and ahuge
`growth inVPN use is expected.See PPTP,LZF, LZTP, ll’sec, PVC,seatrity and transparent LAN service.
`
`VP ratio
`(Virtual Processor ratio) The number of virtual processors that a physical pr
`asurement of the speed of a vector or array processor.
`
`VPS
`
`(Vectors Per Second) The me
`
`See virtual reality.
`VR
`”—
`
`occssor is simulating.
`
`VRAM See video RAM.
`
`VRC
`
`(Vertical Redundancy Check) An error checkingmethod that generates and tests a parity bit foreachbyte of
`data that is moved or transmitted.
`
`nguage used on the Web. After downloading a
`VRML
`(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) A 3-D graphics laSimulated rooms can be “walked into.” The VRML
`VRML page, its contents can be viewed, rotated and manipulated.
`Thefirst VRML viewer was WebSpace fromSCI, whose OpenInventor graphics library was thebasis fordeveloping
`viewer is launched from within the Web browser.
`VRML.Webl‘X, Worlthew andFountain are otherWindowsviewers, andWhurlwind and VoyagerareMac viewers.
`(2) (Virtual Storage) A far
`read in 1977, which use virtual memory techniques
`VS
`(1) (Virtual Storage) Same as virtual memory.
`11in of minicomputers from Wang introdt
`
`VSAM (Virtual Storage Access Method) An lBM access method for storing data, widely it
`It uses the Betree method for organizmg data.
`ation for satellite transmission that handles up to 56
`VSAT
`(Very Small Aperture satellite Terminal) A small earth st
`p to 1.544 Wits/sec) are called "'l‘SATs."
`Kbits/sec of digital transmission. VSA’l‘s that handle the T1 data rate (u
`V53
`(1) (VME Subsystem Bus) An auxiliary”brickdoor" protocol on the VMILbus that allows high-speed transfer
`between devices. it was taster than the main busbefore the 64-bit implementation arrived.
`(2) (Vestigial Sichand) A digital modulation method developed by Zenith for cable modems and terrestrial
`
`sed in IBM mainframes.
`
`
`
`transmission for Div. See B-VSB.
`
`VSé
`
`Sec DOS/VSE.
`
`computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`”M
`(by,
`
`,
`'r
`
`3 ‘
`
`b
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`work function
`1080
`
`
`Page 7 of 7
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`.
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`‘
`
`World Wide Walt What many have called the Web while waiting patiently for the next page to download, The
`World Wide Wait is caused by any combination of a slow modem, overloaded Web server at the site you are accessing
`or any clog in one of the routers or switches at a national, regional or local 131’. See Internet service provider.
`
`
`World Wide Web An Internet facility that links documents locally and remotely. The Web document, or Web
`page, contains text, graphics, animations and videos as well as hypertext links. The links in the page let users jump
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`
`
`
`
`
`bottom of the in basket. Automating workflow sets timers that ensure that docwnents move along at a prescribed pace and
`that the appropriate person processes them in the correct order.
`Integrating workflow into existing software applications may require extensive reprogramming, because although
`independent workflow software can launch a whole application, a workflow system must be able to invoke individual
`routines within the application. As a result, vendors of application software have teamed up with workflow vendors to
`provide the appropriate interfaces and / or they have developed their own worktlow capability. Workflow standards
`developed by the Workflow Mamagemeni Coalition (WFMC) are expected to provide interoperability between wprkilow
`software and the applications as well as between different workflow systems.
`Workflow software is not the some as workgroup software, otherwise known as groupware. Workflow deals with
`the step-by-step processes, whereas workgroup systems are concerned with information sharing and threaded
`discussions among users.
`For an excellent book on the subject of workflow written by the guru in this field, read The Work/low Imperative by
`Thomas M. Koulopoulos, published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN 0-442-01975-0.
`
`
`WOI‘k functlon
`
`
`The amount of photon energy required to cause an electron to be emitted from a material.
`
`Two or more individuals that share files and databases. LANs designed around workgroups provide
`workgroup
`electronic sharing of required data. In general, products designed for workgruups support up to 50 people, whereas
`departmental devices support several hundred, and enterprise devices serve several thousand. See groupware and work/low.
`
`
`workgroup swltch
`
`
`A network switch designed for LAN traffic within an enterprise Contrast with carrier-class switch.
`
`
`
`working directory See current directory.
`
`The user interface in OS/2 introduced with Version 2.0. The Workplace Shell is extensible and
`Workplace Shell
`application developers can use Workplace Shell library functions when developing programs.
`
`Same as spreadsheet.
`worksheet
`
`
`(‘1) A high—performance, single-user computer used for graphics, CAD, CAB, simulation and scientific
`workstation
`applications. It is typically a RISC-based computer that runs under some variation of UNIX. The major vendors of
`workstations are Sun, HP, IBM, Compaq and SCI. High-end Pentium PCs increasingly provide workstation performance.
`(2) A terminal or desktop computer in a network. In this context, workstation is just a generic term for a user's
`machine (client machine). Contrast with server and host.
`(3) In the telecom industry, a combined telephone and computer.
`
`
`worksheetcompiler
`
`Sameasspreadsheetcompiler.
`
`WorldCom (WorldCom, Inc., Jackson, MS, www.wcom.com) A major, international telecommunications carrier
`founded in 1983 as Long Distance Discount Service (LDDS), a reseller of AT&'I‘ WATS lines to small businesses. It grew
`by acquiring many small, and eventually, large long distance and networking organizations, including [DB WorldCom,
`a leading international carrier, WilTel, a major telecom carrier, and MFS Communications, an international phone
`company and recent parent of UUNET, a prominent lntcmct provider.
`In 1997, the netwurk operations of America Online and CompuServe became part of WorldCom. It also merged
`with Brooks Fiber and then acquired MC] in 1998 to become the MCI WorldCom powerhouse. While WorldCom may
`have been a pretentious name for rather modest beginnings, it was very prophetic, because the MCI name was later
`dropped, leaving WorIdCom as the name of the company.
`
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