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`Page 1 of7
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`Computer”
`1963thl)
`Encyclopedla
`
`
`
`Ninth Edition
`
`1
`
`Alan Freedman
`m\
`
`‘
`
`Osborne/ McGraw-Hill
`New York Chicago San Francisco
`Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
`New Delhi SanIuan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Ninth Edition
`0 m[3,.
`3::
`“Ll-Copy ight© 2001 by The McGraw-I—lill Companies. All rights reserved. Printed in the
`it
`Unit- States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part
`//° of t
`is publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or
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`red in a database or retrieval system. without the prior written permission of the
`M publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and
`executed in a computer systen'i, but they may not be reproduced for publication.
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`1234567890 DOC DOC 901987654321
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`ISBN 0—07—219306-9
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`Publisher
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`Vice President 8: Associate Publisher
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`Senior Project Editor
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`Lauren McCarthy, Tabitha Cagan
`Illustrators
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`Series Design
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`Proofreaders
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`possibility of human or mechanical error by om- sources, Osbm‘nc/McGraw-l-Iill, or others, Osborne/McGraw-Hill does not
`guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or C(Jrl‘iplt’luni‘ffifi ol any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or
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`278111
`2001
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`CLIENT PLATFORMS (CPU & 05)
`
`Windows 3.1. 95/98, NT
`and 2000
`DOS
`oslz
`Selene (UNIX)
`Interacllve UNIX
`$00 Open Desktop (UNIX)
`sco UnleaIe (UNIX)
`AIX ( UNIX)
`NoXTStep (UNIX)
`_. _.
`
`Mac OS
`NUX (UNIX)
`.
`,.
`‘
`
`Mac OS
`AIX (UNIX)
`
`
`
`Motorola
`saoxo
`
`PowarPc
`
`cHer
`deve
`An a;
`systei
`applil
`envirl
`systel
`build
`the m
`and l\
`langt
`busin
`and/
`tools.
`man)
`mane
`
`Syba:
`may
`Fl
`
`parts
`NT, 4
`softVI
`A
`Basic
`
`appli
`no ”t
`deve
`
`
`
`146
`
`client
`
`
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`Page 3 of 7
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`(1) A workstation or personal computer in a client/ server
`client
`environment. See client/server and fat client.
`(2) One end of the spectrum in a request/ supply relationship
`1'
`
`between programs. See X Window and OLE.
`
`
`
`An application running in a workstation or
`client application
`personal computer on a network. See also OLE.
`
`Refers to hardware or software that runs in the user’s
`cllent based
`machine (client). Contrast with server based.
`
`A user’s worksta tion that is attached to a network.
`client machine
`The term can also refer to a portable computer that is plugged into the
`network. See client and client/server.
`
`client program Software that runs in the user's PC or workstation.
`Contrast with server program, which resides in a server in the network.
`
`
`client/server An architecture in which the user’s PC (the client) is
`the requesting machine and the server is the supplying machine, both of
`which are connected via a local area network (LAN) or wide area network
`(WAN). Throughout the late 19805 and early 19905, client/server was
`the hot buzzword as applications were migrated from centralized
`Ininicomputers and mainframes to networks of personal computers.
`in client/server. the client processes the user interface Windows, Mac,
`etc.) and can perform some or all of the application processing. Servers range
`in capacity from high-end PCs to mainframes. A database server maintains
`the databases and processes requests from the client to extract data from or
`to update the database. An application server provides additional business
`processing for the clients. See t’ltcillxiicm’r development system.
`
`Because of the Internet, terms such
`Client/server Versus the Web
`as ”Web based” and ”Web enabled” have replaced the client/ server
`buzzword, yet the client/server architecture is conceptually the same.
`Users’ PCs are still clients, and there are tens of thousands of Web servers
`throughout the internet delivering Web pages. Nevertheless, client/
`server is mostly used In refer to “legacy," non-Web based systems.
`On the Wei), the client runs the browser and just like legacy client}
`server can perform little or it lot ofprecessing: simple displaying of
`HTML pages, more processing with embedded scripts or considerable
`processing with lava applets. A myriad of browser plug—ins provide all
`sorts of client processing.
`The server side of the Web is a multi—tier server architecture with
`interlinked Web servers, application servers, database servers and
`
`caching sewers. See application server.
`
`
`
`
`
`"“°' "‘“l
`HPIUX (UNIX)
`
`Digital UNIX
`OpanVMS
`Windows NT
`
`VMS
`Ullrix (UNIX)
`
` NP 9000
`
`
`Compaq
`Alpha
`
`DEG VAX
`
`(PA-Rlsc)
`
`Solaris (UNIX)
`
`AIX (UNIX)
`
`IRIX (UNIX)
`
`
`
`IBM RSISEDD
`
`SPARE-laiion
`
` Silicon Graphics
`
`(MIPS)
`
`
`
`
`Non ClientISorver
`
`
`
`Database
`1‘ [03.000
`.
`1" “£459qu
`Non-Client/Server
`Although there are clients and sewers in this
`scenario, this is not "true" client/server.
`because the server is nothing more than a
`remote disk drive. and the client does all the
`processing. Lengthy searches can bog down the
`network. because each client has to read the
`entire database. At 1,000 bytes per record,
`a database with 100,000 records sends
`100MB over the LAN.
`
`A person responsible for performing
`client/server analyst
`analysis and design of a client/server system. A knowledge of two—tier and
`three-tier ciient/ server architectures is required. See systems analyst and client/server.
`
`client/server architecture An environment in which the application processing is divided between client
`workstations and servers. It implies the use of desktop computers interacting with servers in a network, in contrast to
`processing everything in a large centralized mainframe. See client/server.
`
`
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
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`

`
`626 Modula-3
`1
`.
`
`
`
`VAR FahrtREAL;
`BEGIN
`WriteString(“Enter Fahrenheit ");
`ReadRea1(Fahr)y
`WriteLn;
`Writestring(“Calaiua is ”)7
`WriteRea1((Fahr - 32)
`*
`5 / 9);
`END FahrToCent
`
`
`(MODUlar LAnguage-3) The successor to the Module-2 language. Developed by Digital and Olivetti, it
`ModuIa-3
`adds object-oriented extensions, automatic garbage collection and improved exception handling. It is considered an
`excellent teaching language.
`
`A hardware device that is designed for expansion and accepts a variety of plug—in modules of
`modular chassis
`different types. Network switches and routers are typically built with a modular chassis. See line card.
`
`A network hub that is configured by adding different modules, each supporting
`modular hub
`
`a topology, such as Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, etc. See hub.
`
`flmain
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` M
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`: l
`5}
`_
`i
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`'
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`The characteristic of a system that has been divided into smaller subsystems which
`modularity
`interact with each other.
`
`Breaking down the design of a program into individual components
`I modular programming
`[modules] that can be programmed and tested independently. It is a requirement for effective
`development and maintenance of large programs and projects.
`Modular programming has evolved into object-oriented programming, which provides formal
`rules for developing self-contained software modules. See object—oriented programming.
`
`To vary a carrier wave. Modulation blends a data signal (text, vole-e, etc.) into a
`modulate
`carrier for transmission over a network. The most common methods are (1) amplitude modulation
`(AM), which modulates the height of the carrier wave, {2) frequency modulation (FM), which
`modulates the frequency of the wave, and (3) phase modulation (PM), which modulates the
`polarity of the wave. Contrast with rirmodulate. See carrier.
`
`A self—contained hardware or software component that interacts with a larger system.
`module
`Hardware modules are often made to plug into a main system. Program modules are designed to
`handle a specific task within a larger program. See memory ntodule, ROM crtrri, MGM and modular
`programming.
`
`modulo
`A mathematical operation (modulus arithmetic) in which the result is the remainder of
`
`the division. For example, 20 MOD 3 results in 2 (20/3 = 6 with a remainder of 2).
`
`(1) (Managed Object Format) An ASCII file that contains the formal definition of a CIM
`MOF
`schema. See CIM.
`(2} {Meta Object Facility) An object model from the Object Management Group (OMG) for
`defining metadata in a distributed CDRBA environment. Its four levels define the meta-meta
`modelr meta model. model and instance data. See CORBA and OMG.
`
`
`Pronounced ”mar—ray” and spelled ”moire." in computer graphics, a visible distortion.
`moire
`It results from a variety of conditions; for example, when scanning halftones at a resolution not
`consistent with the printed resolution or when superimposing curved patterns on one another.
`Internal monitor misalignment can also be a cause.
`
`MOLAP
`
`See OLAP.
`
`Illlllllllllllllg
`
`linillgl
`lllllllllli
`
` i‘Illlllllllllli
`
`Modular
`Programmlng
`Building a program
`in modules, or
`independent
`routines, is
`common practice.
`The module
`performs a
`function and then
`returns control
`back to the
`program or
`instruction that
`called It. Modular
`programming has
`evolved Into
`object-oriented
`programming.
`whlch provides
`stricter rules for
`developing
`self—contained
`routines.
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
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`

`personal computer
`—\r——_———_—__——_——ukt
`
`751
`
`Page50f7
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`
`(Practical Extraction Report Language) A programming language written by Larry Wall that combines syntax
`Perl
`from several UNIX utilities and languages. Introduced in 1987, Perl is designed to handle a variety of system
`administrator functions and provides comprehensive string handling functions. It is widely used to write Web server
`programs for such tasks as automatically updating user accounts and newsgroup postings, processing removal requests,
`
`synchronizing databases and generating reports. Perl has also been adapted to non-UNIX platforms. See also FURL.
`
`(1) A soft font that is kept in the printer’s memory until the printer is turned off.
`permanent font
`(2) Same as internal/but.
`
`permanent memory
`
`Same as non—volatile memory.
`
`One possible combination of items out of a larger set of items. For example, with the set of numbers
`permutation
`1, 2 and 3, there are six possible permutations: 12, 21, 13, 31, 23 and 32.
`
`perpendicular recording
`
`See vertical recording.
`
`per seat
`
`By workstation. See per seat licensing.
`
`Software licensing based on a per user basis. For example, a loo—user license means that up
`per seat licensing
`to 100 specifically-named users have access to the program. Per seat licensing is administered by providing user-level
`
`security to the directory containing the program. Contrast with concurrent licensing.
`
`(1) In a CRT, the time a phosphor dot remains illuminated after being energized. Long-persistence
`persistence
`phosphors reduce flicker, but generate ghost—like images that linger on screen for a fraction of a second.
`(2) In object technology, the storage of an object on a disk or other permanent storage device.
`
`Data that exists from session to session. Persistent data is stored in a database on disk or tape.
`persistent data
`Contrast with transient data.
`
`persistent link
`
`See hot link.
`
`persistent object An object that continues to exist after the program that created it has been unloaded. An
`object’s class and current state must be saved for use in subsequent sessions. In object technology, persistence means
`storing the object for later use.
`
`personal agent
`
`See agent.
`
`personal communicator
`
`See FDA.
`
`Synonymous with ”microcomputer,” ”desktop computer," and "laptop computer,” it is a
`personal computer
`computer that serves one user in the office or home. A complete personal computer system with printer can cost as
`little as $1,000 or as much as $8,000 or more. Size is based on memory and disk capacity. Speed is based on the CPU
`that runs it, and output quality is based on the type and resolution of its monitor and printer.
`
`The personal computer world is dominated by Windows—based PCs.
`Major Suppliers of Personal Computers
`There are thousands of vendors that make them, from mom and pop shops to huge companies such as Compaq, HP
`and IBM. The alternate personal computer standard is Apple’s Macintosh, which is only made by Apple. Atari and
`Commodore price carved out their respective niches, but Atari returned to its gaming roots and Commodore has since
`closed its doors.
`
`The industry began in 1977, when Apple, Radio Shack and Commodore
`The History of Personal Computers
`introduced the first off-the-shelf computers as consumer products. The first machines used an 8-bit microprocessor
`with a maximum of 64K of memory and floppy disks for storage. The Apple II, Atari 500, and Commodore 64 became
`popular home computers, and Apple was successful in companies after the VisiCalc spreadsheet was introduced.
`However, the business world was soon dominated by the 280 processor and CP/M operating system, used by
`
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`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
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`
`lrepresents a quantity of 3-D data just as a pixel represents
`
`voxel
`(VOlume piXEL) A three—dimensional pixel. A voxe
`d medical applications that process 3-D images.
`ta. it is used in scientific an
`a point or cluster of points in 2-D da
`._____.—-
`tbeachcom) A manufacturer of sounrl cards and music
`Turtle Beach Systems. Voyetra was Founded
`each, inc ., Yonkers, NY, www.
`Technologies and
`(Voyetra Turtle 8
`Voyetra
`New York state. it introduced the Voyetra
`software that is a result of a late-1996 merger of Voyotra
`d repair facility in southern
`and music—related applications. Voyetra utilities are
`in 1975 as Octave Electronics. a synthesizer an
`0 software for MIDI sequencer
`synthesizer and later moved int
`-winning Multisound line of
`bundled with numerous smmd cards.
`in 1985 in York, PA, and became known for its award
`and are named after beaches from around the world
`Turtle beach was founded
`higlvenrt sound cards. its consumer brands are also popular
`such as. Malibu, Montego and Daytona.
`ex) An IBM mainframe multiprocessin
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`g that uses several computers under tight
`
`(Virtual Processor Compl
`VPC
`central control.
`coniigtu'ed within a public network. For years, common
`lnetworks to the customer. but physically share
`VPN (Virtual Private Network) A private network that is
`ational or internationa
`ity of a private network via access control and encryption,
`carriers have built VPNS that appear as private n
`3 public networks. VPNs have
`backbone trunks with other customers. Vt‘Ns enjoy the secur
`lt—in management facilities of lore
`5 tremendous interest in VPNs over
`while taking advantage of the economies of scale and but
`hnologies. Today, therei
`at extra layer of security, and a huge
`been built over X25, Switched 56, frame relay and ATM tec
`hreat oI hacker attacks. The VPN adds th
`the internet, especially due to the constant t
`cc, PVC, security and transparent LAN service.
`growth in VPN use is expected. See lJP’l‘P, LZF, 1.2TP, 1P5
`,_.__—-———
`a1 processors that a physical processor is simulating.
`VP ratio
`(Virtual Processor ratio) The number of virtu
`VPS
`(Vectors Per Second) The measurement of the spe
`
`ed of a vector or array processor.
`
`VR
`
`See virtual reality.
`
`method that generates and tests a parity bit for each byte of
`
`VRAM See video RAM.
`VRC
`(Vertical Redundancy Check) An error checking
`data that is moved or transmitted.
`
`aphics language used on the Web. After downloading a
`be "walked into.” The VRML
`VRML
`(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) A 3-D gr
`and manipulated. Simulated rooms can
`VltMl. page, its contents can be viewed, rotated
`hics library was the basis for developing
`viewer is launched from within the Web browser.
`1, whose Open Inventor grap
`The first VRML viewer was WebSpace from 5G
`ws viewers, and Whurlwind and Voyager are Mac viewers.
`VRMI... WebFX, WorldView and Fountain are other Windo
`Wang introduced in 1977, which use virtual memory techniques.
`widely used in IBM mainframes.
`
`(1) (Virtual Storage) Same as virtual memory.
`VS
`(2) (Virtual Storage) A family of minicomputers from
`
`Access Method) An IBM access method for storing data,
`VSAM (Virtual Storage
`It uses the B+tree method for organizing data.
`mission that handles up to 56
`6 Terminal) A small earth station for satellite trans
`te (up to 1.544 Mbits/sec) are called ”TSATs.”
`(Very Small Aperture satellit
`VSAT
`s that handle the T1 data ra
`Kbits/sec of digital transmission. VSAT
`otoroi on the VME bus that allows high~speed transfer
`oor“ pr
`V53
`(1) (VME Subsystem Bus) An auxiliary “backd
`he 64-bit implementation arrived.
`cl developed by Zenith for cable modems and terrestrial
`between devices. it was faster than the main bus beiuret
`(2] (Vestigial SideBand) A digital modulation metho
`transmission for DTV. See S—VSB.
`
`
`
`
`
`VSE
`
`See DOS/VSE.
`
`Computer DesktOp Encyclopedia
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`Page7of7
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`1080 workfunction
`
`bottom of the in basket. A ulomating workllow sets [intent that ensure that documents move along at a prescribed pace and
`that ll'te appropriate person processes them in the Correct order.
`integrating workflow into existing software applications may require extensive reprogramming, because although
`independent workflovv software can launch a whole application, a workilow system must be able to invoke individual
`routines within the application. As a result, vendors of application soflware have teamed up with workflow vendors to
`provide the appropriate interfaces antl/ or they have developed their own workflow capability. Workflow standards
`developed by the Workl'low Management Coalition {WPMC} are expected to provide interoperability between workflow
`software and the applicalions as well as between different workfiow systems.
`Workflow software is not the same as workgroup software, otherwise known as groupware. Workflow deals with
`the step-by-step processes, whereas workgroup systems are concerned with information sharing and threaded
`discussions among users.
`For an excellent book on the subject of workflow written by the guru in this field, read The Workflow Imperative by
`Thomas M. Koulopoulos, published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN 0-442—01975-0.
`
`
`work function
`
`
`The amount of photon energy required to cause an electron to be emitted from a material.
`
`Two or more hirlividuals that share files and databases. LANs designer! around workgroups provide
`W0 rkgroup
`electronic sharing of required data. In general, products designed for workgroups support up to St) people. whereas
`departmental devices support several hundred, and enterprise devices serve several thousand. See groupware and 'werigflow.
`
`
`W0rkgroup switch
`
`
`A network switch designed for LAN traffic within an enterprise. Contrast with carrier-class switch.
`
`
`
`working directory See current directory.
`
`The user interface in OS/2 introduced with Version 2.0. The Workplace Shell is extensible and
`Workplace Shell
`application developers can use Workplace Shell library functions when developing programs.
`
`
`Same as spreadsheet.
`worksheet
`
`
`worksheet compiler
`
`
`Same as spreadsheet compiler.
`
`('1) A high—performance, single-user computer used for grapl'ilcs. CAD, L'Ali, simulation and scientific
`workstation
`applications. it is typically a REC—based computer that runs under some variation of UNiX. The major vendors of
`workstations are Sun, HI", IBM, Compaq and SGI. High—end Pentium PCs increasmgly provide workstation performzmce.
`(2} A terminal or desktop computer in a network. in this context, workstation is just a generic term [or a user's
`machine (client machine). Contrast with server and host.
`(3) In the telecom industry, a combined telephone and computer.
`
`WorldCom (WorldCom. lnc., jacksen. MS, www.wcom.com) A major. international telecommunications carrier
`founded in 1983 as Long Distance Discount Service {LDDSL a reseller oi A'l‘&T WATS lines to small businesses. It grew
`by acquiring many small, and eventually, large long dislance and networking organizations, including {DI} WorldCom,
`a leading international carrier, WilTel, a major telecom carrier. and MFS Communications. an international phone
`company and recent parent of UUNET, a prominent Internet provider.
`in 1997, the network Operations of America Onlinc and CompuServe became part of WorldCom. It also merged
`with Brooks Fiber and then acquired MCI in 1993 to become the MCI WorldCom powerhouse. While WoririCom may
`have been a pretentious name for rather modest beginnings, it was very prophetic, because the MCI name was later
`
`dropped, leaving WorldCorn as the name of the company.
`
`.
`
`World Wide Walt What many have called the Web while waiting patiently for the next page to download. The
`World Wide Wait is caused by any combination of a slow modem, overloaded Web server at the site you are accessing
`or any clog in one of the routers or switches at a national, regional or local 151’. See Internet service provider.
`
`
`World Wide Web An Internet facility that links documents locally and remotely. The Web document, or Web
`age, contains text, graphics, animations and videos as well as hypertext links. The links in the page let users jump
`
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`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
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