The international Journal of Computer
`anH Telecommunications Networking
`
`Volume 28
`1995
`
`ISDN SYSTEMS
`
`
`
`EXHIBIT
`Petitioner - Motorola
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`PX1011
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`Motorola PX 1o11_1
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`Motorola PX 1011_1
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`

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`HISE‘I-IER
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`Computer Networks and lSDN Systemsll‘i (I995) 53—59
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`'.
`
`PDAS as mobile WWW brdwsers
`“Stefan Gessler ,Andreas Kotulla
`Itleampemtion Office Unitersi'01 of Knrlsmhe Vmcenz--Pn'efln_itz-5/7. I 761311 Karls‘rulu'. Germany 11
`
`e
`
`Abstract
`
`.
`
`ital Assistant);'User interfacei Wireless: WWW;
`Keywords: Ubiquity;_ Mobile computing 'PDA (Personal Di
`Information service; Netservice; Bandwidth; Client server; Mu] imedia;‘Apple Newton; HTML: HTTP; Browser
`-'!
`
`1. Introduction
`
`This article focusses on the usability of a com-
`bination of existing PDAs, the PDA from Apple
`withthe World ‘Wide Web (W) as an online
`global multimedia information network [4].
`At the moment there is a wide range of differ-
`' ent pen based computer systems like notebooks,
`
`' Corresponding author. E-mail: stefan@teco.uni—karlsru— .
`hede.
`‘
`1
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`'
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`penboards, palmtops and PDAs. in, 1992 Apple’s.
`'vice president John Scu ey used the term PDA.
`the first‘tir‘ne to announ‘ e the‘PDA. His PDA’~
`combined functions of an- rganizer (notepad, ad'— -
`dressbook, calendar) with communication abili-V'
`ties'(fax,,'mo:dem e--,mail b am) and an integrated
`intelligent assistant for less than $300. Because of
`the low price, sooner or later everyone will own a
`PDA. Sculley’s PD'A Was as small as a pocket
`book, so that. every user could operate it comfort—
`able in One hand while standing, sitting ‘or walk-
`ing'around. Its *user interface is simple and easy
`
`"
`
`In this paper we present a WWWfrontend for Apples'Personal Digital Assistant (FDA) Newton. At the
`Telecooperation Office (TecO) we carry out a project researchinginformation retrieval by mobile handheld devices.
`In this context we are investigating impacts of FDAarchitecture (1:g limited storage capabilities, small display) on -
`the usability of these devices to act asW browsers. As a result of these activities, wedevelOped a WWW browser
`for the Apple Newton PDA. Currently WWW access is reStricteted to stationary hosts. It would be a very promising
`approach to have, access to this global infbrmat-idn system via mobile devices. PDAs are the pinnacle of modern
`computer and communication technology and supposed to be in everybodys possesion in a few years. These"
`hand-held systems offer wireless communicatidn and adVanced integration: You can carry computer and'communica—
`tion services in your pocket.‘ They can be used as mobile informatioh browsers not only in hospitals or libraries but
`also in future offices and'everyday life where all kind'of information accessare to be combined in one device. We
`demonstrate the feasibility of providing access to W via mobile hand-held devices. Based on our experiences we .
`will report the special requirements for PDAs as W client's. Those requirements are, e.g., pre-processing of '
`graphical data and reflection of small bandwidth wireless communication. We will present the architecture of our-
`PDA WWW browser based on the- concept of distributed clients and discuss desirable PDA specific features of the, '
`WWW service. Finally we want to present first experiences inusingthe browser and give an outlook on future-'
`developments
`1
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`'
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`‘1
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`01697552/95/509.50 © 1995 Published by Elseviér Science B.V. All rights reserved
`$50! (“69- 7552(95)00093 3
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`Motorola PX 1011_2
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`Motorola PX 1011_2
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`

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`Q4
`y'
`S.Gesslei'. A Katulla /CompulcrlNetworksand _ISDN Systems 28 (1.995) 53—‘59
`; archive and tries to -find the articles in.the
`1d understand for everyone. PDAs lack a key—
`' magazines. If he doesn’t -find one, ‘_-he has to
`biard, th' ’ pen is used to write notes Or to oper—'
`. order it which will take several weeks. With a: -
`programs Users just Write on. the screen and
`:1
`the integrated OCR software decbdes the input.
`.WWWc-lient on aPDA this process.istotally
`iPDAs are ideally suited forMark Weiser’s [_1]
`different. The user can perform a search with
`his PDA anytime from everywhere: .On _his Way. 1'
`to work,in 'a bering ($121.95 or during lunch. He
`_I-irnmediately gets the hits and can decide which'
`Llarticl'eshe would like. Witha simple tap of the I
`- pen on the screen of his FDA he can download
`V
`'all_ desired decuments. Thisall-f'takes1hirr'i‘less
`' than10minutes for thesame amount of 1nfor—'~
`"amation, but this time he was much more effi-
`cient.
`(URL: http:-//glimpse.csarizona.
`a
`_ 'edu1994/b1b/)
`Travel g'uide:--No matter where the user is,he .
`just switches on his.PDA and gets online, erni _>
`rot-free information about the place where he
`s, gets recommendation to restaurants, moviei
`theaters and other entertainmentand evengets. '-
`‘.- translations from senteHCes or Words into- any '
`language with his fingertipsand Withoutcarry-_‘
`fing tons of books with him. The user would »
`, F'also' be able to-'take alook at hisflight schedw‘
`.-"--ule, change or book flights or get the latest
`news
`from ' at home:.'(d1ct10nary
`http://www. leo org/cgib1n/d1ctsearch,
`travel guide: http:/_/www.Willamette.-edu/
`’1'
`Lp‘gg/D;
`.
`_
`,_
`,
`-'.
`i
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`, realized 111
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`2.1., General Disioii'
`
`'
`
`:ubiquito s-r
`‘ra'meter'
`lil
`j termina .‘vs.
`In this ecti
`: turedejsigns
`
`.V 3.1. Possible
`.
`’1
`l
`.
`Urif rtur
`direct cenn
`‘i_"cause WW‘
`‘by no .'
`'
`An ther
`: into
`o pa
`a Wot stati
`case n Cc
`(only '5 a1
`works atipr
`_.__able
`‘ges
`.
`lower art
`fastesj, but
`the.
`'alway,
`I. from Jour.
`exp'lole
`_Onl the 1
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`9'Likewe saw eyerybody ‘who needs Some kind
`of information When he,is not sitting in front of
`histerminalW111 highly enjoythe possibilities he
`has with a combination from aPDA and online
`infoiihation services"
`" -
`-
`..
`'
`-
`-
`-
`1
`With acombination of. a PDA and a multime- .
`our information service like the .WWW this v'i-
`.
`sio’nscan be realized today. It would ‘be’. possible‘
`for users to carry “their” W with them whet-i .
`‘- ever they go—likethey wear their watch When-
`ever they 'go. _And accessing the Web would al-i -
`most be as easy as checking the time Due to the-i.
`high dissemination PDAs willhave reached soon, ,
`j 1 the number of usersaccessing the net Will highly
`;
`increase.
`-
`-
`
`
`
`au -
`
`I
`
`.
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`I‘DN networks and wirleless. modems will be
`
`svgion of ubiquous computing._ When high speed
`aaailable by the endof the year, ev'eryt'me can
`cess mformation services like. the W from '”
`verywhere at- any time”.
`In his book “Hitchhiker’s Guide to Galaxy-’3
`Douglas Adams provides Ford Perfect one of his
`main characters, with a special electronic travel ..
`1g ide produced by the Ursa _minor publishing
`c mpany. Whenever Ford Perfect needs some
`i formation he just types in a keyword and gets
`:‘
`‘ a
`the desired data Sometimes even more. The
`c mbi'nation of a PDA and global multimedia
`i formation services is almost the same.Actually I
`it is more!
`.
`The W supports the user with- a wide
`. v riety of databases, allows computer aided learn-
`,
`i g=and publishing with text, pictures, sound and
`short movie sequences and includes online docu—
`mentation Its services are directed- _to students
`(campus wide information systems),-scientists
`(literature searéh', access to newest information)
`and all kind- of people who need online‘ informa— .
`_tion. Other abilities are virti1al malls,_weather
`.
`' forecast;medical databases, virtuallibraries,vir-
`tual exhibitions, online dictionaries and so on.
`But till these services are only accessa'ble with
`a host connected _to the internet. With -a PDA
`and a wireless modem you dould use these facili—
`ties no matter where you are at any time!
`
`2. Global information service combined with PDA
`
`To get an impression of the usability of PDAs
`as commonsWWW_ browser some situations are.
`presented:
`-
`.7.
`- Virtual library: imagine. someone wants to (per-
`form an,article research in a conventional li-’
`brary. He has :th go to’the library, brewse
`several databases and in a first step get. some
`hits. 111 a second 'step hetakes that list-to the.
`
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`Motorola PX 1011_3
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`SuGt’sr/m'. .4. Rom/Ia )f C(mtpult'r Networks and ISDN Systems 28 (1995) 53—59 '
`
`3. The W browser
`
`Our primary goal was to develop a tool for
`ubiquitous computing. There are a variety of pa-
`rameters like direct vs.
`indirect connection ‘-or
`
`terminal vs. workstation functionality of the PDA.
`In this section we will discuss different architec-
`ture designs and presentbur solution.
`
`3.]. Possible architectures
`
`\ Q\\~{Q\\\<\\
`
`.-s
`
`. Our approach was to offer a ubiquitous system
`for information acCess. So our architecture is
`designed to perform all client-functionality by the
`FDA.
`.
`'
`.
`'
`Because of some lacks in current hardware
`.,....capabjlit'ie's....(.e.’g.,lsmall..,storage)...arid ,because...;of.:
`some missing-features in the HTTP-protocol (next
`section) therearestill some preprocessings to be
`dOne by the host.
`.
`Our current implementation represents a mix-
`" ture of the last' two architecture versions 'de:
`scribed in'Section 3.1. But this design of a dis-
`'ributed client (see Fig. 2) can easily be extended
`to a stand alone WWW client .as soon as some .
`planned H'I'I‘Pffeatures are aVilable‘ and as soon '
`as hardware capabilities‘of the PDA improve,
`The Workstation part of the client actually,
`performs
`the communication with the Web,
`'_ caches received idocuments,
`transforms images
`into a PDA Usable form and manages-the break-7
`d0wn of large [text documents into-small (parts,
`i which are sent‘to the PDA' piece by piece.
`»
`The BDA'Iipar-t of the‘clie'nt isfthe’dominant
`part.
`It, already has to. perform most Of the- re-
`quired featureszlt manages the whole interaction
`
`establish a
`is not possible t
`Unfortunately it
`theweb be‘-'
`direct connection from a PDA.t
`cause WWW-servers aren’t acccgable by phone
`by now.
`'
`.
`Another possibility is to split the WWW client
`into two parts, one is the PDA, the second part 'is
`a workstation connected to the internet. In this
`case you can either use the PDA as'dumb client
`(only as a terminal), just seiiding requests to the
`workstation and receiving preprocessed PDA, us-
`able pages and images from the: workstation (see
`lower part of Fig. 1). This version isidefinitely the
`fastest, but the PDA client would depend on one,
`always the same, workstation. If you are far away
`from your dedicated host,
`the phonebill would
`explode.
`.
`.
`‘
`On the othe.~ a moreubiquitous version can be
`‘realized"“‘usingirtherworkstati’on immoral? 'perform’”
`connectivity and let the PDA do the rest (see top
`of Fig. 1). All WWW hosts should have a WWW-
`PDA daemon, similar to the finger~daemon. The
`FDA then can connect to any host connected'to
`
`the internet and the telephone using the.'WWW-
`P‘DA daemon and request documents.
`
`.
`..
`_
`.
`.
`3.2. Current design of the WWW browser archite— '
`cure ,
`*
`
`(
`
`'
`
`_
`
`'
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`_-
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`.
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`»
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`Fig. 1. Possible architectures ofhthe FDA-WWW browser:
`terminal vs. workstation.
`'
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`Motorola PX 1011_4
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`Motorola PX 1011_4
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`ends to t1
`
`3.4. Sapportéd .datatypes
`Actually our WWW-client for PDAs supports,i " I
`I only text and.1mag'e data. For- the special size and
`capabilities of the display we had to solve differ-j
`'en‘t problems:
`.
`3 ..
`t
`‘ Text. The LCD-display15 small comparedto 21x
`‘
`' conventional computer screen. So- you have to;
`I 1_‘scrol1 the'text'much more often and it might be .- "
`‘5 more difficult to get an overview of the text. One
`3
`{'of: the design issues for WW brOWSe-rs isthe ~ -
`_ ability of producing 80 column text which is net .
`possible with a' PDA So we had two possibilities. .
`:jFour-way—scr’ollingto present the reader an 80 ‘
`11_column text, but it is very annoying to scrollfy '
`,ithé-display1n each line of the text you read.
`‘
`: ",Z-TWO"Wfiyscrolling (onlyup and down) and only '3
`{50 column text; This requires new clipping o
`"1".fthetext whichSometimes leads-tolessbeauti— .
`: ful results but is 'much easiertoread than3
`.3po53ibility 1 (see 'Fig 4).
`..'
`-We- think the second possibility is much more
`_oomfortable for the user. We also tried to “fix”
`' strange clippingby transforming all kind-of nested __1
`lists into lists of depth one. Titles can appear}. 0
`Clipped and using more than one line.
`'
`.
`.
`.
`The 'P1DA doesnt support fixed pitch so we
`'_.couldn’t support.it in our browser Text .w_hich
`fshould be rendered in a teletype “font is printed
`with a proportional fOnt. Long text documents».
`"are splittedinto small parts byour separateUNIX 1
`server and sent to the PDA piece by pieceon
`.
`demand
`We support HTML Or pl_ain_ text Other:
`broWsers are also able to display Postscript. files
`* or allkinds 'of different1mages by using external
`viewers which We can’t do by now due to low
`storage capabilities-
`
`‘
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`_56
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`S. Gesrlcr, A. Katy/Ta [Computer Networks and ISDN Systems 28 (I995) 53—59
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`'i'
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`with the user, sendsits requests to the UNIX-1
`interprets
`texts and images,
`server receives
`HTML and prints the documents _on its screen. ‘
`' Note: the html--interpretation is done.by the PDA.
`You’ re able to buildup a hotlist as well as all
`kind of user preferences dealing with the display '
`style. The user i‘nterface'is designed to have the '
`same look.- and feel as the well-known Mosaic ‘."_
`client. Figs. 3 and 4 show a screenshot from Our
`WWW—client. To follow links1n our browser you .
`just tap on underlined wOrds
`
`3,3. Connection
`
`f
`
`~
`
`' Actually you can choosebetween.a telephone
`' or a serial connection to the workstation. Both '
`_ cennections offera bandwidth of only 9600 kb1t/s
`_ The phone connection can be used outside your 1
`domain to have WWW access from everyWhere
`The serial connection _-is' in case if sometimes a
`1»
`.3 wireless LAN access is avilable. So you can build
`
`'
`
`File 1
`
`' Navigate
`
`Jrfii!m_f:‘;rl'é1‘malii> '
`
`Welcome to the '-
`
`WWW—Project
`Clickhere to get tel-your loc'al homepage.
`
`fig. 3. ThePD'AWWW aster. j" 1
`
`up an inltduse service without any costs for. a
`1 phonelinge. If you use the appletalk protocol, the
`data transmiSsion will speed up The Serial con- -
`nection Can also be used if a1 direct internet
`access is avilable.
`.
`.
`‘
`1“
`-
`1:
`.In addition to the printing facility we‘ alsox
`supportPDAspecific communications like faxingi'
`.
`v
`_ and beaming
`
`-
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`_
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`.
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`:
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`.
`
`' it
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`1
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`Motorola PX 1011_5
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`Motorola PX 1011_5
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`I
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`S. (ICXJII‘I', A. Kalil/I11 / (‘mnpun’r Ncnwirks and ISDN Sysmnr 28 ([995) 53—59
`
`57
`
`Images: The image loading is delayed as de- a
`fault Only when a user really wants to see an
`image and taps on its icon a request for its datais
`sent. We only have a B/W display so all1ncom-
`ing pictures have to be transformed into l-bit
`depth B/W images by the host.
`Pictures larger than the display have either to
`be reduced in size or users should be able to
`perform four~way scrolling with them Due to the
`loss of information which might follow a simple
`reductionin size both possibilitiesIS offered. With
`further versions of HTTP it should be possible to.
`receive PDA suitable images (see Section 4.5). .
`
`- 5. Present state
`
`‘
`
`'g
`
`i'
`
`In our research we saw that it is no problem to
`build a WWW browser on a '.PDA Our client.
`works very well only the time of reaction is not
`satisfying. At the m'ornentit takes about 10 sec-
`onds to transfer a document frotfnfthe works-tatiOn.
`
`_
`
`431:.
`
`_to the PDA and display it. If the bandwidth of '
`the connection and the processing performance
`of the PDAs will1mprove thisdrawback will be
`"less. significant.
`The storage capabilities of 'PDAs are very small'
`.but this should-be only a‘problem _of'the first
`generations of PDAs The FDA is able to store
`data blocks with a maximum length of only 32
`. KB. So storage intensive media types like movies-
`or sound arent supported by now.
`‘
`In our current version we support the most
`common structures of HTML'and HTML + and
`images. The next release will include acomplete,
`HTML + interpreter which will also allow sensi—
`. tive maps or tables on a FDA;
`Wireless modems are not yet available, so we '
`Only could simulate the‘ no matter where you are
`—'you have access to all the information” feeling
`I with a
`“as soon- as you are near a tele hone
`—then users have access to all the inform tion’
`feeling which was impreSsing already.
`
`’
`
`Options
`Fitch Navigate
`URL: HTTPzflxe/wjrii'oréemhhi
`me:mosaicgi_f_
`:
`-‘
`
`.
`
`NCSA Mosaic Home Page
`Welcome to NCSA Mosaic, an lnte'met,
`ormaticin browser.arid34¢oridWide w _
`client. NCSA Mosaic wasdew-elem.at the
`National Center for Supercommugging
`_
`
`Mat the Lriver__s__1tyof 1am:m
`Urbana-gmm.
`‘
`Each ligtfightcd phrase (in color or
`3 undermed) Is _a hyperlink to another
`' f docwnent or nformation resource
`, somewhere on the hternet. .fiigkcktoh
`5 anymmmmrase to foliow the fink.
`-.
`
`,
`
`*
`
`The foflowm resourcs are availebie to help '
`
`liriformation' wsamwauwuewgeb
`NCSAMosaicwasdevebpedatthe
`WW '
`AQ'goons.nonsatthe-Urwer
`oflimisin
`
`,
`
`‘
`
`' Saw-WW” phrase Cncoior or
`underbedfis a hyperI‘nk to' another
`douirherit orinfoamation- resource
`sprmWhere‘on the lnterhet'. Motion
`any: Whred pageto follow the ink.”
`. The followingresourca are available to help ’
`
`>
`
`I Fig. 4.‘ The NCSA homepage Kdelayed and reduESted image). 7
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`Motorola PX 1011_6
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`Motorola PX 1011_6
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`58
`-
`S. Gvsslcr, A'. Kalillla / Computer Networks'and ISDN Systems 28 (I 995) 53—59;
`‘ 4. Experiences and problems with the PDA—WWW
`browsers
`‘
`'
`
`i
`
`'
`
`- 4.3. Other PDA equipment
`Tapping.with'a pen on buttons is definitely.
`more comfortable than using a mouse or even .
`'WOrse, a keyboard. Text input is a little slower 7
`.
`with a PDA, but to operate on the W the;
`y .
`only text-input are-URLs or search queries with a .
`few words
`.
`'
`. The FDA" offers.communication via telephone " "
`_
`- or serial cable which both can be used by our
`' browser. At thepresent the maximum bandwidth "
`. of the PDA is 9600‘--Baud which is. not very fast
`I
`butdue to our limitation to plain tent_a'nd B/W-
`images it'is endurable. Future versious of PEAS
`and a direct high performance internet. Connec~‘
`tion will ehmmate this problem.
`" 44. Hypertext' markup language. and hypertext
`transfer protocol
`
`.
`
`'
`
`.
`
`This section discusses our experiences with the'
`WWW clienton .aPDA In our research we only
`focus on the Newton PDA frbm Apple the most
`sophisticated PDA available at
`the moment _~
`Other PDAs are mostly of minor quality.
`4,]. Advantages of PDAS _
`'
`For information retrieval they offer almost the _
`same capabilities as a terminal does: You can.
`receive almost all kind _of media, store and print
`it, perform search queries and bIOWSe through
`' networks.
`-
`PDAs' are portable. In combination with a
`wireless modem you can access information ser-
`vices from where ever you want or need it. You.
`don’t have to wait to get informatiOntill you are-
`at your terminal
`PDAs can be operated in any position. No
`matter if you are standing, sitting, walking or
`lying A notebook has to be placedsomewhere
`before.it is usable
`-
`'
`In PDAs-the computer technology1s invisible _
`to the user so they might not be as anxious in
`.doing something wrong as they might be.using. a
`conventional terminal. A:pen is more natural
`rteveryone'ris'used towritewith a' pen)and itis”
`easier to operate anapplication. with it compared '
`to a mouse. The proper use ofa mouse requires
`sometraining.
`-
`
`to download long documents.into its memory.
`
`..
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`.
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`1
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`I
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`.
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`"
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`-
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`1 T; HTML-1s a langUageIn whichWWW hypertext 7'
`documents.are structured [2]. It defines a range 1'
`'Of tags, for indicating- paragraphsheadings, l‘ink's,_
`highightning, lists, etc.
`HTTP.isthe protocol employed between server
`and client [3]. The original prototml is very sim-~
`-"ple The client establishes a connection with the ' _ '_
`server, sends_a request containing the URL of the}
`4
`desireddocument and the serverresponds with”
`thenode contents " '
`
`'
`
`4.5. Problems and requirements fornew HTTP andI
`‘ HTMLversions
`
`*
`
`4.2. Disadpa'ntages
`PDAs have a much smaller display than a
`terminal.- You have to scroll a lot more to see the
`whole text and therefore loose the Overview eas-
`ier.
`At-thepresent the lifecycle of a PDA battery15
`short compared to the infinite’ life of a terminal
`plugged.In anoutlet:-Only some hours. They also ,
`'lhaVe. a slower response time due to a limited-
`communication bandwidth. Future versions of’
`PDAs will offer a much higher performance. in
`both caSes.
`-
`.
`-
`-
`
`-Likewe mentioned before, HTMLassumes 80‘ _
`column wide displays. PDAs 'don’t havean 80“.
`column wide display...It is absolutely no prob.
`I
`lem to perform new clippingon- normal written 1.
`_ text buthas some disadvantages with‘tablesor" '_
`nested lists, which mightget unreadable, and 1.
`titles.which, after"newc'lippirig; might be
`printedover several lines Overall HTML'is
`‘ pretty well suited for PDAsas .WbIOWSe'rs.
`- Once a'request for a document15 sent, it can ‘ 1:-
`1 only be Ieceived'in one part; Dueto‘ the small
`storage capabilities of PDAS it is 'not possible,
`
`-
`
`'
`
`Motorola PX 1011_7
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`Motorola PX 1011_7
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`

`

` S Gessler, A. Kamila./Computer Networks andISDN Systems 28 (1995) 53—59.
`
`
`
`”- 59 ..
`.J
`'
`',
`-
`1 .1. j
`
`. It would be Jery comfortableif the client could _-
`,
`as transfer protocols and e.g. postscript astext: ';~ '-
`
`" - "tell the information server during a negotiation .§
`language In a next step we willinclude those;__.-~
`facilities
`-
`.
`-
`-
`-
`-
`-
`-
`1
`algorithm. a maximum of bytes itis able to;
`. When wireless'modems Will be availablebythe-’9'."
`receive and that the server then only sendsl'
`. small docu ent packages on. demand. Wei ' end of the year the combination of FDAand: "
`‘-
`
`:therefore on y use HTTPin ourhUNIX-part. It‘ i
`' multimedia information serverswill lead to a real
`7
`4 would also bjCOmfortable .-to'be_'ab,le to receive
`' comfortable and innovating product.
`'
`'
`
`images in. a: .-1 bit B/W. format already. This
`' saves transfer and .preprocessing time .by our .
`. UNIX-serve 1. This feature is planned 'for fu-'
`j
`.ture HTTP'iv'ersions‘ and is very'desirable. It .
`.. would be- absolutely necessary for a stand alone -
`_
`In. _.W clien on a PDA.
`.
`.
`=11
`- Our client eeds more information about im- .
`ages, especially their size and their content of
`information. If the size is too big, the browser ;
`could prohibit downloading immediately in-
`
`i'.
`
`il
`
`i;
`
`.
`.
`
`'
`
`‘
`
`is' definitely
`nos
`mouse or, even
`' a little slower-1
`the W the
`11' queries with a V
`
`
`
`
`
`_.,...__(.1...
`
`I
`
`-
`
`'
`
`n'via telephone .
`1e used by our
`tiufn bandwidth
`is not very fast
`3
`text and B/W .1
`rsions of PEAS
`;
`j .
`11ernet.connec~‘
`~I
`.'
`.
`.
`.
`.:< .
`'
`
`. and hypertext
`
`VWW hypertext ‘ "
`defines a range. -'
`headings, links,;
`
`_.
`
`between server _
`sol is very'sim-
`cationwithth'e .
`the URL ofthe.
`responds with
`
`W-.. *~"~"’—--"~'7'
`'new HTTP and
`‘
`.
`
`_
`
`1
`"
`ML assumes 80 _
`)n’t 'have- an 80.
`rlutely 110prob-1
`normal written
`5 withtables or.
`infeadable, and
`1mg, might be
`erall HTML is
`VWW browsers.
`3t is sent, it can '
`tueto the small
`is'not possible ‘
`hto its memory.
`
`'
`
`,
`
`-
`
`
`
`
`"
`
`_
`
`
`
`.
`
`'
`
`' 6. Sumtitary_1_
`'Our result15 very promising: We- connecteda
`PDA to the WWW via a Workstation. with the
`current available technology: With only a small
`extension of HTTP, a little more storage capabiliL
`ties of PDAs arid a possibility to access the inter— -
`net by phone it is possible to build up a wireless 1
`-. stand-alone WWW—client on a 'PDA.
`
`.
`
`References
`
`[1:] Mark Weiser, Some computer science issues infubiquous,
`'
`computing, Comm. ACM 36 (7)0993) 75'—85.
`‘
`'
`{2] TimBerners—Lee Hypertext transfer protocol. Internet
`draft, 'NovemberS 1993.
`[3].Tim Bernertr-Lee and Daniel Conello, Hypertext markup
`'
`language Internet draft July 13 I993 '
`'
`[4] The .world wide web a globalinformation initiative
`ftp://infocern.ch/pub/www/do.
`'
`
`I
`.
`
`.
`_
`,-
`
`'
`
`-'
`
`I-.
`
`1
`
`'
`
`- Stefan“-Gessler received his 1156 1n
`omouter science from ,-
`the University of Karlsruhe (Germany?in 1992and joinedthe
`V
`Institute for Telemati‘cs (Telecooperaiion Office) at the Uni-
`"VarsityofKarlsriihé’dfi 1993as a researchasSis'tahti His?
`.
`research focuses on mobile and ubiqu tous computing In this
`context he investigates informatiOn'[access “everytime and .
`everywhere. Current projects—initiated" by the German
`‘Telekorn and Digital Equipment in relationship to ,-thc
`BERKOM Teleservices~are Multim dia Mail; mobile access.
`to global information systems and integration of FDA and‘
`penboardin office work. Furthermore he represents the Tele-
`cooperation Office in a newly founded mobile workflo‘wcon-
`sorlium involving several universities and industrial partners.
`
`'
`
`..
`
`-
`
`.
`
`
`
`1
`
`-
`
`Andreas Kotulla was a graduate student atthe Telecoopera-
`tion Office. Within the framework qr his Masters thesis. he1
`examined aspects of FDA access to information systems.
`" During a one~year—scholarship.at the “niversity of Mas‘sachus-
`sels‘he was involved in evaluating first Mosaic prototype
`software. He isnow working at Nortel DASA Network sys-
`tems, Germany.
`i
`'
`
`_
`
`i'1'
`il
`
`stead ofdognloading the picture,transformingi
`it and then ellmg the user' that the PDA cant
`display-the" ile because of its size. Often there i
`are images ithou't any useful infbrmation like i
`'special bulltlvs in front of lists Or small ghosts I
`behind vertical
`lines. With a priority or a
`L “PDA—usable’’flag, associated w1th.1mages the
`. browser co ld distirtguish thefnecessary infor-
`mation cont ining pictures from fancy artwork;
`The FDA ould only send a' request for pic;
`tures with u eful informatio'iis 'while a'tenninal
`With sufficient memory and Speed can also
`display lOWor priority images.
`-
`‘
`An extended version of HTTP, the HTTPZ
`r"protocol; allows aclientto getattributeinforma-
`tion about a bde Unfortunately it Still doesnt
`flier the desi ed abilities.
`-
`'
`1
`.
`5. The future ‘
`
`.
`
`-
`
`,.
`
`.
`
`'
`
`'
`
`i
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`1
`-
`W '
`1'
`
`‘
`
`. As soon as we will have a faster connection
`between Server (for example ISDN) and larger
`. storage capa ilities 011 PDAs we Will be able to
`build up a St 11d aldne browser on a PDA which
`will have a'rvquest tirne comparable to. conven-
`' tional browse _.s In our first research we focusSed
`on HTTP and HTML only. Following versions
`may include Gopher, ftp, network news and Wais
`
`
`
`Motorola PX 1011_8
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`Motorola PX 1011_8
`
`