PROVISIONAL APPLICATION FOR PATENT COVER SHEET
`This is a request for filing a PROVISIONAL APPLICATION FOR PATENT under 37 CFR 1.53 (b)(2)
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`INVENTOR(S)/APPLICANT(S) TITLE OF THE INVENTION (280 characters max)
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`Was/W90
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`illlllllll
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`GPS Enhancement for Police Radar Detection
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`CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS
`
`WOOD, HERRON & EVANS, L.L.P.
`2700 CAREW TOWER
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`PHONE: (513) 241—2324
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`iiiii@6/14/99
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`The Invention was made by an agency of the United States Government or under a contract with an agency of the
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`June 14,1999
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`Typed or Printed NameW REGISTRATION NO.
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`34353
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`E! Additional inventors are being named on separately numbered sheets attached hereto
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`USE ONLY FOR FILING A PROVISIONAL APPLICATION FOR PATENT
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`SEND FEES OR COMPLETED FORMS TO THIS ADDRESS. SEEM: Box Provisional Application, Assistant Commissioner for Patents, Washington, DC
`20231
`
`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 1
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`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 1
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`s.k.orr 03/29/99 1:30PM
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`GPS Enhancement for Police Radar Detection
`
`SK. Orr 3/17/99
`
`Abstract
`
`
`
`Radar Detectors warn drivers of the use of police radar, and the potential for traffic citations if the
`driver exceeds the speed limit. The FCC has allocated several regions of the spectrum for Police
`Radar as well as a variety of “other” unrelated applications. Radar Detectors cannot tell the
`difference between emissions from many of these other devices and true Police Radar systems.
`As a result, the significance of a warning from a Radar Detector will decline as more non-Police
`Radar products are operated in this spectrum. Since the majority of these “other” applications are
`stationary, Radar Detectors could ignore them ittheir locations were known during operation.
`The Global Positioning Satellite System (GPS) offers an electronic method for establishing
`current physical coordinates very accurately. This patent describes a new and better way to
`provide Radar Warning information to drivers by using the information from a GPS receiver to
`condition the response from a Radar Detector. The detector will maintain a list of the coordinates
`of the known “offenders” in nonvolatfie memory. Each time a microwave or laser source is
`detected. it will compare its current coordinates to this list. Notification of the driver will take on a
`variety of forms depending on the setup configuration.
`
`Radar Detection Overview
`
`Technologies used in Radar Detectors have matured substantially. These products contain a
`Microwave Receiver and detection circuitry that is typically realized with a microprocessor or
`Digital Signal Processor. Microwave Receivers are generally capable of detecting Microwave
`components in 3 different bands, including the X, K, and the very broad Ka band. In various
`solutions, either a microprocessor or DSP is used to make decisions about the signal content
`from the Microwave receiver. The Digital Signal Processor, or DSP, has been shown to provide
`superior performance over solutions based on conventional Microprocessors due to the DSP’s
`ability to find and distinguish signals that are buried in the noise. Various methods of applying
`DSP‘s were disclosed in US. Patents #4,954,828. #5,079,553, #5,049,885, and $5,134,406. The
`DSP solution is capable of providing better sensitivity. It is also more capable of distinguishing
`between real and false signal categories, as disclosed in #5,305,007.
`
`Since both a DSP and microprocessor are programmable, they can be instructed to manage all of
`the user interface features such as input switches, lights, sounds, as well as generate control and
`timing signals for the Microwave receiver. Like other consumer electronics products, the trend in
`the Radar Detector industry has been toward ‘feature rich’ solutions that are rooted in software
`enhancements. The programmable DSP and Microprocessor provide the key ingredient for these
`enhancements.
`
`Earty in the evolution of the Radar Detector, consumers sought products that offered a better way
`to manage the audible volume and duration of warning signals. Good examples of these solutions
`are found in patents #4,631,542, 15,164,729, #5250351, and 5,300,932, which provide
`convenient methods for conditioning the response generated by the radar detector. Methods for
`conditioning detector response gain importance when more and more non-police radar sources
`are present. If a Radar Detector is constantly ‘ctying wolf,‘ its message is essentially
`meaningless. These methods are referred to as “detector response conditioning.”
`
`A natural application for Radar Detector appeared during the 1980‘s and expands the
`functionality into other classes of driver notification. A system was developed that required a
`special transmitter be placed on Emergency Vehicles, Trains, and other ‘Driving Hazards.’ The
`term ‘Emergency Radar“ was applied and a variety of new Radar products were introduced that
`
`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 2
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`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 2
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`s.k.on' 03/29/99 1:30PM
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`could detect these transmitters. One such solution was disclosed in #5,559,508. Another system
`was later introduced offering a larger class of ‘hazard categories’ called the SWS system (patent
`still pending). Both Emergency Radar and SWS involve the transmission of Microwave signals in
`the 'K’ band. Such signals are considered to be a part of the group of signal types that are
`intended to be detected by Radar Detectors.
`
`A drawback of these warning systems is that stationary transmitters of these signals send the
`same message to drivers constantly, and become a nuisance during daily commute. This is
`beneficial to ‘new’ drivers receiving the message forthe first time. However these messages
`become an annoyance to drivers who fotlow the same path to work everyday. Clearly Radar
`Warning systems have their advantages and disadvantages, and a method is desired that will
`allow this information to be excluded if it becomes redundant.
`
`There is a much larger class of signals present in the X, K, and Ka bands that is not in any way
`intended to contribute to product performance. These signals are generated by products that are
`completely unrelated to the Radar Detector. These products share the same regions of the
`spectrum and are also licensed by the FCC. There is a growing list of these sources and they are
`rapidly undermining the credibility of Radar Detector performance.
`
`One of the earliest and most prevalent unrelated Microwave sources is the automatic door
`system used in most shopping centers. The majority of these operate in the X-Band and are
`virtually indistinguishable from conventional X-Band Police Radar. Other than the fact that door
`opening systems are vertically Polarized, vs circular Polarization for police radar, there is no
`distinction between the two that could be analyzed and used by a receiver design. Attempts at
`designing receivers that take advantage of Polarization have failed because at great distance
`from the source, these two types of signals are very difficult to distinguish. Prototypes of
`polarization sensing receivers offered some hope at closer distances, but the potential cost of a
`working solution was not within a range that would be affordable in the Consumer Electronics
`arena. Even if a cost effective solution were found, the tradeoff between any cost and its benefit
`is eclipsed by the growing number of other unrelated signals in the Radar bands.
`
`Until recently, virtually all of the door opening systems were designed to operate in the X-Band.
`As a result, Radar Detectors generally announced X—Band alerts far more often than K-Band. As
`these X-Band ‘polluters’ grew in numbers, a point was reached where more than 99% of X-Band
`alerts were from irrelevant sources. X-Band alerts became meaningless. The only benefit that
`these sources offered the user was some assurance that the detector was actually capable of
`detecting radar. it also gave him some intuition into the product’s detection range. To minimize
`the annoyance to users, most Radar Detector manufacturers added a “filter-like’ behavior that
`was biased against X-Band sources. They also added “Band priority” that was biased against X
`and in favor of bands that were less likely to contain irrelevant sources such as K, Ka, and Laser.
`lf signals in both X and K Bands were detected, band prioritization would announce K, since it
`was more likely be a threat to the driver.
`
`in the last few years, K-Band door opening systems have also grown in number. This has dealt a
`blow to the significance of the K-Band warning and further undercut the overall benefit to the user
`of a radar detector.
`
`Another unrelated Microwave signal is generated by traffic management systems such as the
`ARTiMlS manufactured by TRW, used in Cincinnati, Ohio. ARTiMlS Stands for “Advanced
`Regionat Traffic Interactive Management and Information System”, and reports traffic flow
`information back to a central control center. Traffic congestion and other factors are analyzed by
`the control center. Control center employees use this information to formulate routing suggestions
`and other emergency information, which they transmit to a large distribution of overhead and
`roadside signs. In order to collect information on vehicle traffic, a roadside ARTiMlS station
`transmits an X-Band signal toward cars as they drive by. The ARTiMlS source, unlike the X-Band
`door opener systems, is distinguishable from Police Radar as it is not transmitted at a single fixed
`
`
`
`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 3
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`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 3
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`s.k.orr 03/29/99 1:30 PM
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`frequency. As a result, it is possible for products such as the Escort Radar Detector to
`differentiate Police Radar signals from sources such as ARTlMlS, and ignore ARTlMlS sources.
`Software has been added to Escort detectors that performs this rejection processing. Older
`Escort products do not incorporate this feature. With the constant pace of new unrelated sources
`such as ARTlMlS, today’s Escort products will quickly become obsolete as well. A method is
`desired that will allow the Radar Detector to ignore other sources like the ARTlMlS system
`without requiring the customer to purchase another Radar Detector in order to stay “up to date.’
`
`Unrelated Microwave signals are transmitted by a system called the RASHlD VRSS. Rashid is an
`acronym for Radar Safety Brake Collision Warning System. This electronic device warns heavy
`trucks and ambulances of hazards in their path. A small number of these RASHlD VRSS units
`have been deployed. They are categorized as a member of the 'non-stationary’ set of unrelated
`sources. As in the ARTlMlS example, detection of RASHlD is prevented with soitware features.
`
`Perhaps the biggest source of non-stationary unrelated sources is from other Radar Detectors.
`These are sometimes referred to as "Polluting Radar Detectors," and present a serious threat to
`some detector products. An earty example of this occurred in the mid 1980's when Radio Shack
`introduced a popular Road Patrol model. This product leaked energy in the X-Band and appeared
`as Police Radar to other detectors. At that time Cincinnati Microwave dealt with the problem using
`a patented approach called STOP, described in patent number 4,581,769.
`
`By the earty 1990's, Police Radar evolved to the point that it could operate almost anywhere in
`the woo-megahertz wide Ka band. During that time Radar Detectors kept pace with models that
`included descriptive names like ‘Ultra Wide" and "Super Wrde.‘ As in the Radio Shack case, a
`new class of polluting detectors appeared in the market that were detected just like real Police
`Radar tuned to the middle third of the Ka band. Selected BEL and Whistler products were
`notorious for causing this problem. in 1994 Cincinnati Microwave filed a patent #5,305,007 on a
`Vlfideband Radar Detector that presented a method for ignoring these polluting detectors. Since
`Radar Detectors are used in moving vehicles, they represent another example of non-stationary
`unrelated sources.
`
`in the early 1990’s a new technology was applied to vehicle speed measurement. This
`technology was termed LlDAR for “Light Detection and Ranging,” and was quickly countered by
`Cincinnati Microwave with LASER receivers described in patents #5206500, #5,347.120 and
`#5,365,055. Based on the ideas described in these patents, Cincinnati Microwave was the first
`company to introduce LASER detectors. Later it introduced products that combined LASER
`detection into a single product with a Microwave Receiver. At this time, there are very few signal
`sources that can cause false LASER detections in comparison to the substantial list of false
`Microwave signals just described. However there are certain types of equipment that can cause
`the amplifiers and detection circuitry used in a LASER detector to generate a “false” detect. In
`particular, certain locations near airports have been demonstrated to cause such problems for
`various LASER detector products. As a result, selected airport environments are examples of
`stationary signals that produce false LASER detections.
`
`The development of solutions to these problems is reaching a critical point due to the variety of
`different types of unwanted sources and their sheer numbers. The rate at which new or upgraded
`Radar Detector models are introduced continues to increase as Detector manufacturers try to
`evolve their products to manage the growing number of unwanted sources. Meanwhile, the
`market for Radar Detectors is shrinking because consumers are no longer interested in buying
`products that so quickly become obsolete.
`
`Third class of Police Radar
`
`In addition to constantly enabled radar sources that are easily located by radar, there are police
`traps in which radar is located around a bend to minimize the detectable range of an approaching
`vehicle with Radar Detector. An even bigger threat is described by “instant-0n” or “Pulsed Radar“
`
`
`
`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 4
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`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 4
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`Page 4
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`Operation” in which the Policemen do not turn on their equipment until theyare prepared to make
`a measurement. This prevents early detection by any Microwave Receiver. For Pulsed Radar, the
`only option available to the driver is the hope that he might detect the use of Pulsed Radar on a
`car ahead of him on the road. Otherwise, the driver's equipment is essentially worthless as he
`won’t have time to react and slow his vehicle down before the Policemen has already measured
`his speed. There are, however, areas in the country where such radar (or Laser) are frequently
`used. If these locations were recorded and tabulated they would take on a stationary property.
`(For “around the bend” radar sites, detectors will gain some advantage ifthey are designed with
`higher sensitiviw.) These cases also tend to be examples of stationary radar since popular
`“around the bend” sites are cultivated by Police for higher success rates in ticketing motorists.
`
`\ Escort’s First Law of Police Radar Detection
`
`Police Radar is most likely located around municipalities that need to augment their capital base.
`
`Escort's Second Law of Police Radar Detection
`
`Police Radar is most likely located where drivers inadvertently tend to speed.
`
`a Radar sources detected in either of these locations are generally of the stationary type.
`
`Two Classes of Signals: Stationary and Non-stationary
`
`In general, Radar/Laser signal types fall into two categories of ‘unrelated‘ sources, stationary and
`non-stationary sources. Stationary signals include X and K-band door opening systems, Police-
`preferred locations, ARTlMlS, false LASER sources, highly repetitive/fixed location SWS or
`Emergency Vehicle sources, and airfields.
`
`Unrelated Non-stationary sources include Vehicle Braking Systems and Polluting Radar
`Detectors
`
`The majority of the non-stationary radar sources have been abated using Digital Signal
`Processing methods. Fortunately, the number of these sources has remained fairly small, and is
`not expected to grow substantially. The number of stationary radar sources has mushroomed and
`will continue to be the predominant factor in false alarms.
`
`GPS Overview
`
`GPS (Global Positioning System) technology is a mature technology that provides a method for a
`GPS receiver to determine its relative location and velocity at any time. if a Radar Detector were
`able to read the coordinates and velocity from an associated GPS receiver it could use this
`information to enhance its decision-making abilities. This revised product combination would
`include a Microwave Receiver, Laser Receiver, embedded Microprocessor, Digital Signal
`Processor, GPS receiver, and antenna, shown in figure 1. This figure also contains a Universal
`Serial Bus (USB) interface that provides a means for automating the assimilation of coordinate
`information, and a separate receiver for Differential GPS (DGPS) reception to be discussed
`shortly. Since the coordinates of stationary objects are fixed, it is beneficial to compare the Radar
`Detector's immediate coordinates with a stored list of the coordinates of unwanted stationary
`sources. if a Radar Detector receives a Microwave/Laser signal within a certain distance of one of
`these pre-designated sources, it could apply additional constraints to the detection criterion
`before alerting the user. Since stationary radar sources make up the bulk of the unwanted
`sources, there is a significant benefit resulting from the combination of a GPS receiver and a
`Radar Detector.
`
`
`
`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 5
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`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 5
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`s.k.orr 03/29/99 1:30 PM
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`A conventional Radar Detector incorporates user input switches and an embedded
`Microprocessor. Operational commands are conveyed by the user to the Microprocessor via
`these switches. The Microprocessor is typically programmed to manage and report detected
`signals in various ways depending on these commands. This programming provides a
`generalized performance that was previously described as "detector response conditioning.”
`When designers create Radar Detectors, they add software that conditions the information
`reported to the user depending on the level of threat that is perceived by detections in the various
`bands.
`
`Engineers can devise methods for preventing the detections of many stationary and non-
`stationary signals using Digital Signal Processing techniques. Unfortunately, the number and type
`of these unrelated sources is in a constant state of flux. Radar Detectors are quickly Obsoleted by
`the constant changing complexion of signals in these bands, and in many cases are even
`obsolete before hitting store shelves. By adding GPS conditioning capabilities to a Radar
`Detector, the combination becomes a new product category that is capable of rejecting signals
`from any given location no matter what the nature of the Microwave/Laser signals might be from
`that location. This will have a dramatic effect on the usable life of the product and subsequent
`value to its owner.
`
`GPS systems are well defined and are now a mature technology. The Department of Defense
`initiated the development of the GPS system in 1973 when the United States Air Force, Army,
`Navy, Marine Corps and Defense Mapping Agency decided to use it in various military objectives.
`Two key applications included targeting and navigation. In the latter days of the arms race the
`targeting of lCBMs became such a fine art that they could be expected to land right on an
`enemy's missile silos. Such a direct hit would destroy the silo and any missile in it. The ability to
`take out an opponent's missiles had a profound effect on the balance of power. But it is only
`possible to hit a silo if the exact coordinates of the launching point are known. This is not a
`difficult prospect ifthe missiles are on land. But most of the U.S. nuclear arsenal was at sea on
`subs. The US. had to come up with a way to allow their subs to surface and establish their exact
`position in a matter of minutes anywhere in the world. GPS was the ideal solution.
`
`The (GPS) system is a worldwide constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations. GPS
`receivers on earth use ‘line of sight' information from these satellites as reference points to
`calculate positions accurate to a matter of meters. Advanced forms of GPS actually enable
`measurements to within a centimeter. The Global Positioning System consists of three segments:
`a space segment of 24 orbiting satellites, a control segment that includes a control center and
`access to overseas command stations, and a user segment, consisting of GPS receivers and
`associated equipment
`
`Overtime GPS receivers have been miniaturized to just a few integrated circuits and have
`become very economical.
`
`GPS Degradation
`
`From the DOD’s point of view, an unfortunate side effect of the GPS system is that it can be used
`by the enemy as well as by themselves, as GPS signals can be picked up by any receiver
`including both domestic and foreign. When the DOD devised the system they incorporated a
`feature that prevents high precision measurements unless the receiver is equipped with special
`military ‘keys.’ This is accomplished with the intentional introduction of "noise“ into the satellite‘s
`clock data which adds noise (or inaccuracy) into position calculations. The DOD sometimes also
`sends slightly erroneous orbital data to the satellites, which is transmitted back to receivers on the
`ground. This intentional degradation is referred to as “Selective Availability” or “SA” error. Military
`receivers use a decryption key to remove the SA errors. As a result of the SA error, there are two
`classes of GPS service, “Standard Fashioning Sen/ice (SP3) and “Precise Positioning System”
`(PPS)
`
`
`
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`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 6
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`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 6
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`skorr 03/29/99 1:30 PM
`Page 6
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`These classes are realized by having GPS satellites transmit two different signals: the Precision
`or P-code and the Coarse Acquisition or CIA-code. The P-code is designed for authorized military
`users and provides PPS service. To ensure that unauthorized users do not acquire the P-code.
`the DOD can engage an encryption segment on the P-code called anti-spoofing (AS). The CIA-
`code is designed for use by nonmilitary users and provides SPS service The CIA-code is less
`accurate and easier tojam than the P-code. lt is also easier to acquire, so military receivers first
`track the CIA—code and then transfer to the P-code. Selective available is achieved by degrading
`the accuracy of the CIA-code.
`
`Since the Radar Detector application described in this patent is not a candidate for military class
`service, it is not able to access the more accurate PPS. However it is considered a "Civil user"
`and can use the SPS without restriction. The precision of SP8 is stated verbally as providing 100
`meter horizontal and 156 meter vertical accuracy “95% of the time." PPS is only available for the
`U.S. and allied military, certain US. Government agencies, and selected civil users specifically
`approved by the US. Government. PPS provides 22 meters horizontal and 22.7 meters vertical
`accuracy 95% of the time.
`
`Other than iMerrtional errors inserted by the DOD. there are a variety of other error sources that
`vary with terrain and other factors. GPS satellite signals are blocked by most materials. GPS
`signals will not pass through buildings, metal. mountains, or trees. Leaves and jungle canopy can
`attenuate GPS signals so that they become unusable. in locations where at least four satellite
`signals with good geometry cannot be tracked with sufficient accuracy, GPS is unusable.
`Receiver costs vary depending on capabilities.
`
`Differential GPS or DGPS
`
`The “Differential GPS” system was developed in order to compensate for the inaccuracy of GPS
`readings. A high-performance GPS receiver (known as a reference station or beacon) is placed at
`a specific location; the information it receives is then compared to the receiver’s location and
`corrects the SA satellite signal errors. The error data is then formatted into a correction message
`and transmitted to GPS users on a specific frequency (300 kHz). A true or arbitrary set of
`coordinates are assigned to the position occupied by a reference GPS receiver. The difference
`between these and the coordinates received via GPS at the reference is a very close
`approximation to the SA error at nearby sites. This error is nearly identical to the error calculated
`by any nearby GPS receiver. The reference site is sometimes referred to as a ‘beacon,’ as it
`constantly transmits these difference coordinates. A DPGS receiver is designed to receive both
`the GPS information and the beacon information. It generates a far more accurate estimate of its
`coordinates by applying the difference information to the GPS coordinates. The drawback to this
`is that the remote and reference receivers may not be using the same set of satellites in their
`computations. if this is the case, and the remote receiver incorporates the corrections, it may be
`accounting for satellite errors that are not included in its own measurement data. These
`corrections can make the differential solution worse than the uncorrected GPS position. To
`prevent this error, an improved form of differential GPS involves the derivation of the corrections
`to the actual measurements made at the reference receiverto each satellite. By receiving all of
`the corrections independently, the remote receiver can pick and choose which are appropriate to
`its own obsenrations. This method of DGPS is most widely used. Typically, the DGPS correction
`signal loses approximately 1 m of accuracy for every 150 km of distance from the reference
`station.
`
`The end of Selective Availability
`
`Of course the availability of Beacons for DGPS systems elevate the very threat that the SA error
`was intended to reduce. In the presence of such networks, potentially hostile weapons systems
`using DGPS could be developed relatively rapidly. For this reason and others, the SA error has
`diminished in military significance. Others include the fact that accurate positioning is not a
`significant factor in major nuclear threats to the United States or its allies. Nuclear adversaries in
`
`
`
`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 7
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`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 7
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`s.k.orr 03/29/99 1:30 PM
`Page 7
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`the past, such as the Soviet Union, did not need GPS since they have theirown system. Potential
`nuclear adversaries are not likely to be capable of a strategic nuclear counterfcrce strike and do
`not need GPS-level accuracy’s to cause great damage by the use of a few nuclear weapons
`
`At the time this is being written, the end of the SA error is in sight, as the White House has
`Directed that the S/A error be "Set to Zero" by the year 2006. http:
`www.mvcenpsc .mil/c
`iclmcetin
`su
`
`sl30thmee ‘ ”
`
`& from “The Global Positioning System: Assessing National Policies” by Scott Pace, Gerald Frost,
`lrving Lachow, David Frelinger, Donna Fossum, Donald K. Wassem, Monica Pinto
`hgzllmvwxandogmbfications/MRM6l4/indexhtml
`
`hgp://mvw.csi-dgp_s.com/home/beacons/radiobeacons.htm
`
`Radiobeacon coverage for DGPS
`
`In the United States, the US Coast Guard (USCG) and Army Corps of Engineers (ACE) have
`constructed a network of Beacon stations that service the majority of the eastern United States,
`the entire length of both coastlines, and the Great Lakes. Further plans exist to increase the
`density ofthis network to provide dual redundant coverage throughout the continental US by the
`end of the year 2000 for a variety of applications including intelligent transportation system,
`infrastructure management, and public safety.
`
`The Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) provides coverage in Canada for the St. Lawrence River,
`throughout the Great Lakes. and both coastlines. In total, there are over 160 stations operational
`worldwide with over 140 sites proposed to come online within the next two years. Coverage
`currently exists in many other regions of the world including Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and
`South America.
`
`The beacons perform the differential calculation and broadcasts this information by modulating
`the data onto a 300 kHz signal transmitted by the established network of Radiobeacons. The
`advantages of using the Beacon DGPS network include:
`
`0....
`
`Free access to differential correction information
`Long range signal which penetrates into valleys, and travels around obstacles
`High quality differential corrections which are continuously monitored for integrity
`inexpensive user equipment
`The range of the 300 kHz signal is dependent upon a number of factors which include
`transmission power and conductivity of the surface over which the transmission is
`propagating. The Beacons within the global network broadcast at varying power.
`
`Typical broadcasting ranges for radiobeacons vary from as little as 35 nautical miles to as much
`as 300 nautical miles. Signals broadcast by DGPS radiobeacons are integrity monitored by
`remote stations for quality of beacon transmission, differential corrections, and GPS positional
`information.
`ln addition, government agencies concerned with public safety have made it their
`mandate to ensure that beacon DGPS services are available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
`Performance requirements for marine applications dictate that an availability of 99% or greater is
`required if a particular system is to be used as a sole means of navigation. The US Coast Guard
`and Army Corps of Engineers Beacon Network, for example, offer this high level of availabile
`free of charge to all civilian users.
`
`Other Navigation Systems
`
`LORAN-C
`
`Frequency Band: 90 kHz to 110 kHz (LF)
`
`
`
`
`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 8
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`K-40 Electronics, LLC Exhibit 1005, page 8
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`skorr 03/29/99 1:30PM
`Page 8
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`Start of Operation: Late '505
`End of Operation: Still in operation
`Approximate Range: Hundreds to thousands of miles
`Limit of Accuracy: 0.25 nautical miles repeatable to 18 - 90 meters, 95% confidence
`Availability: Quoted 99.7%
`
`-
`
`The LORAN-C system was developed in the 19505. Current land-based radio navigation system
`operating in the 90 kHz to 110 kHz band. Loran-C is a pulsed hyperbolic system that provides
`0.25 nm predictable accuracy, 18 - 90 m repeatable accuracy, 95% confidence and 99.7%
`availability. It was developed to provide the Department of Defense (DOD) with a radionavigation
`capability with longer range and much greater accuracy than its predecessor, Loran-A. Loran-C is
`the federally provided radionavigation system for civil marine use in US. coastal waters. The US.
`Coast Guard is responsible for system operation and maintenance in the US. and certain
`overseas locations. Loran-C provides coverage for the continental us. and its coastal waters, the
`Great Lakes, and most of Alaska. Many other countries are also involved in the providing of
`Loran-C (or Loran-like) services. or are in negotiations with their neighbors to expand coverage.
`These countries include India, Norway, France, lreland, Germany, Spain, ltaiy, Russia, China,
`Japan, the Philippines and others.
`
`OMEGA
`
`Frequency Band: Low Frequency Band
`Start of Operation: Unknown
`End of Operation: Unknown
`Limit of Accuracy: 2 to 4 nautical miles with 95% confidence level
`Availability: 95% of the time.
`Current land-based radionagivation system, somewhat older than Loran-C. Developed by the
`United States, it is operated in conjunction with six other nations. OMEGA is a very low
`frequency, phase comparison, worldwide radionavigation system
`
`TACAN
`
`Frequency Band: (US) 960 MHz — 1215 MHz (UHF)
`Start of Operation: Unknown
`End of Operation: Still in operation
`Approximate Range: 200 miles at high altitudes
`Limit of Accuracy: Unknown
`Availability:
`TACAN is primarily used by US. and other military aircraft. TACAN radio stations are ofien co-
`Iocated with civilian VOR systems allowing military aircraft to operate in civil airspace. The system