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`NUVASIVE 1005
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`1
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`Publisher:
`
`HANLEY & BELFUS. INC.
`210 South 13th Street
`
`Philadeiphia, PA19107
`(215) 546-4995
`Fax (215) 790-9330
`
`Ct
`
`Pref
`
`Bio.
`Ma;
`
`SPINE: Stale of the Art Reviews
`
`Volume 6. Number 3
`
`ISSN 0887-9869
`
`ISBN 1-56053-090-1
`
`® 1992 by Henley 8i Belfus, inc. under the International Copyright Union. All rights reserved.
`No part of this book may be reproduced, reused, republished, or transmitted in any form or
`by any means without written permission of the publisher.
`
`SPINE; State of the Art Reviews is published triannually (three times per year) by Hanley &
`Belfus. Inc.. 210 South 13th Street, Philadelphia. Pennsylvania 19107.
`
`POSTMASTER: Send address changes to SPINE: State of the Art Reviews, Hanley & Belfus,
`Inc.. 210 South 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107.
`
`This issue is Volume 6. Number 3.
`
`2
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`
`
`
`HANSJORG F. LEU, MD
`ADAM SCHREIBER, MD
`
`PERCUTANEOUS FUSION
`
`OF THE LUMBAR
`
`SPINE:
`
`A Promising Technique
`
`From the Department of
`Orthopaedic Surgery Balgrist
`Medical School. University
`of Zurich
`Zurich, Switzerland
`
`Reprint requests to:
`Adam Schreiber, MD
`Professor and Chairman
`
`Department of Orthopaedic
`Surgery Balgrist
`Medical School, University
`of Zurich
`(DH-3008 Zurich
`Switzerland
`
`EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT
`Since its clinical introduction in 1979, the
`percutaneous approach to the intervertebral
`space for percutaneous nucleotomy has given
`rise to a stepwise growing concept for the treat-
`ment of different forms of lumbar disc affections.
`
`in 1975, Hijikata2 in Japan had
`Previously,
`described for the first time a minimally invasive
`alternative for the treatment of lumbar disc
`
`herniation and reported his experience in 1978
`at
`the SICOT meeting in Kyoto. Thus,
`the
`method found its way to Zurich, where Sohreiber
`and Suezawa gained the first clinical experience
`showing the practicality of the method.
`The original procedure, performed from
`one side with small calibrated cannulas, had
`some difficulty in achieving sufficient decom-
`pression in the posterior range of the intervene-
`bral discs. Thus, a biportal approach using
`larger—sized 6-mm cannulas was clinically intro-
`duced in 1980 and 1981. In 1982, after further
`modifications of the instrumentation, for the
`first time the complementary introduction of a
`modified arthroscope became possible with
`immediate visual control of the intradiscal ma—
`
`nipulations.‘6 By this useful complement and
`some further instrumental improvements,
`the
`range of applications of percutaneous nucleot-
`omy with discoscopy became standardized for
`various forms of subligamentary disc hernia-
`tions.‘5 For decompressive indications, since
`I989 percutaneous laser nuclear photoablation"
`
`SPINE: State of the Art Reviews—Vol. 6, No. 3, September 1992
`Philadelphia, Hanley & Belfus, Inc.
`
`593
`
`3
`
`
`
`594
`
`LEU, SCHREIBER
`
`under discoscopic control has been available, with further reduction in perioperative
`morbidity in the treatment of contained disc herniations. For foraminal and extra-
`foraminal sequestrated herniations, the new technique of percutaneous foraminos—
`copy with an adapted working-scope, under clinical investigation since 1991, seems
`to enlarge further the range of percutaneous treatment of disc herniations.
`Already after only a few years of experience, the percutaneous approach with
`discoscopy has shown its minimal aggressivity against the musculoligamentary
`apparatus in the treatment of disc herniations. So, it is understandable why this
`approach was considered for use also in the treatment of segmental instability.”
`After specific adaption of percutaneous shaver systems for more radical removal
`of disc tissue in 1986, in 1987 the technique of autologous intervertebral bone
`grafting for the treatment of monosegmental lumbar instability showed us the
`applicability of transcannular bone impaction to the intervertebral space. At that
`time, the use of coaxial shavers and eurettes did not yet permit the preparation of
`vertebral plates sufficiently to allow solid bony ingrowth. So, in this preliminary
`series of 5 patients, a considerable reabsorption of the autologous “spacer“ was
`documented after 1 year with reappearance of clinical symptoms in most cases.
`Specially adapted instruments had to be designed for sufficiently deep preparation
`of the often rather sclerotic adjacent vertebral plates. In addition to the intervertebral
`preparation, the need for sufficient postoperative stabilization also had to be
`considered. To this end, we introduced the percutaneous AO-external pedicular
`fixatorlo that we had used since 1985 for special traumatologic purposes. In addition
`to its function for postoperative stabilization of the fused segment, this versatile tool
`also was found to be useful in preoperative selection of an instable lumbar segment.
`Thus, since 1988, a series of over 35 patients has been treated with this technique
`of percutaneous lumbar interbody fusion under discoscopic control.
`
`INDICATIONS FOR PERCUTANEOUS INTERBODY FUSION
`The indications for this percutaneous interbody fusion technique are:
`l. monosegmental instabilities of degenerative origin, in cases with spondy—
`lolysis or after previous back surgery, or
`2. mild, nonerosive forms of (postJ-inflammatory segment collapse.
`In any case, free epidural sequesters still remain excluded for this technique. So,
`whenever transligarnentary extrusion of disc tissue is suspected, the preoperative
`screening should include a contrast discomanometric study5 with complementary
`discoscan. Minor foraminal stenosis in the presence of degenerative protrusion in
`degenerative instability is not a basic contraindication. The discogenous thrust in
`this case is reduced by the percutaneous subligamentary discharge, and the
`foramina are somewhat enlarged by the segmental distraction. This release is
`already obtained and clinically checked with the preoperatively applied external
`pedicular external fixation device (see below).8
`The screening of segmental instability for Operative therapy remains one of
`the most challenging tasks besides the selection of the appropriate surgical
`technique. In addition to the patient’s history and clinical findings, the native
`radiograph showing segmental
`interbody narrowing with increased range of
`motion in the functional radiographs gives the first characteristic patterns. Also in
`these cases, conservative therapies with active lumbar stabilization, eventually
`with complementary elastic lumbar bandage, should be attempted first for at least
`6 to 8 weeks. If there is insufficient effect, a more rigid external fixation with a
`temporary cast brace is applied for at
`least 2 weeks. When stabilization is
`
`
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`PERCUTANEOUS LUMBAR FUSION
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`595
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`successful, then a percutaneous external pedicular fixatoris mounted. This has to
`confirm the relevant clinical effects of the monosegmental stabilization with
`additional segmental distraction and, when necessary,
`interbody realignment.
`When under this condition and with functional loading of the patient, quantitative
`relief of symptoms is obtained, the percutaneous interbody fusion is indicated. So,
`for this second step, we preserve the successful interbody position by means of the
`external pedicular fixation during the percutaneous interbody fusion as well as for
`the time of primary postoperative bone healing.
`
`Placement of the External Pedicular Fixator
`In the practical procedure, as the first step of percutaneous interbody fusion,
`the external pedicular fixator is put in place under general anesthesia. The patient
`is in an orthogonal prone position, and the landmarks are inked on the skin under
`fluoroscopic control. As the optimal entry point, a position some 1.5 to 2 cm
`laterally of the pedicle’s dermal epicentrum, visible as the pedieular “eye,” is most
`suitable for sufficient convergence of the Schanz serews. For optimal selection of
`the entry points in the craniocaudal dimension,
`the fluoroscope is oriented
`following the lordosis of the upper vertebral plate of the respective vertebral body.
`Slight correctiOns may be calculated following the desired correction of the
`lordosis between the two adjacent vertebrae.
`When this point is defined, a craniocaudal skin incision 1 cm long is made
`here. Next, the pedicular trocar with its sleeve-cannula is positioned penetrating
`the soft tissue down to the lateral edge of the pedicular “eye” under anteroposterior
`(AP) fluoroscopic control. The craniocaudal orientation is checked as well in
`fluoroscopy. With the trocar, a bone mark is applied and the sleeve-cannula is
`slightly impacted into the bone. Next, the trocar is retracted and the pedicle is
`drilled slowly with a 3.5-mm drill down to the transition into the vertebral body,
`under lateral fluoroscopic projection. In the AP view, at this point, the drill tip
`must not come medially of the medial border of the pedicle’s “eye.” Correct
`intrapedicular positioning of the drill can also be felt by the hands due to the low
`resistance of the intrapedicular spongious bone.
`While the sleeve—cannula is held in place, the drill is retracted and replaced
`by a 5-mm Schanz screw, which is gently screwed in manually (Fig. 1) under
`stepwise lateral fluoroscopic control. With the aimed convergency of 10 to 15°,
`the tip of the screws should be targeted near the midsagittal plane, so they can
`be screwed down to about 5—mm from the anterior wall of the vertebral body.
`This procedure is performed at each of the four pedieular sites. A final axial
`fluoroscopic View is made to check the correct position of every Schanz screw
`in the “eye” of the pedicle (Fig. 2). The external fixator is then mounted on the
`Schanz screws, allowing the desired correction of lordosis and intervertebral
`distraction.
`
`When necessary, a minor spondylolisthesis can be stepwise reduced by
`means of a complementary adapted spindle device (Fig. 3) that pushes the
`distal vertebra forward in relation to the overlying vertebra. Intraoperatively,
`we strive for optimal interbody distraction and/or realignment, as much as
`possible without excessive reductional stress. With this interbody correction, the
`patient is mobilized the same day without any restriction of physical activity.
`In the following 2 to 3 days, whenever necessary, the effect of the external
`fixator can further be modified until the patient’s most comfortable correction
`is obtained.
`
`l
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`596
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`LEU, SCHREIBER
`
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`FIGURE 1.
`collar rim.
`
`Screwing in of the first Schanz screw. The screw passes the guide sleeve with
`
`Percutaneous Interhody Fusion under Discoscopy
`Clinical success for 24 hours under probatory percutaneous pedicular fixation
`with functional activity confirms the indication for the second operative step, the
`percutaneous interbody fusion.
`The percutaneous approach to the intervertebral space follows the guidelines
`for percutaneous nucleotomy under discoscopy. The procedure is performed now
`routinely under general anesthesia without initial muscular relaxation. In this way,
`ifthe level of anesthesia is kept superficial in the first stage, during the introduction
`of the cannulas, a direct feedback from the patient in case of mechanical stress of
`the nerve root is still possible. For fusion. 7—mm cannulas, larger than the types used
`for decompressive percutaneous nucleotomy, permit the necessary approach to the
`intervertebral space. When these working cannulas are put in the desired position,
`the level of anesthesia and muscular relaxation can be modified as necessary.
`The entry points for the biportal percutaneous approach are selected some 8.5
`to 10.5 cm laterally to the midline. Over a central guide needle, four cannulas of
`increasing diameter are stepwise overslipped, one upon the other. The largest
`working cannula is positioned in the periphery of the posterolateral intervertebral
`space, penetrating the anulus fibrosus for about 1 cm to ensure its stability.
`Across the working cannulas, introduced from both sides, the remaining disc
`tissue is removed under discoscopic control. In addition to adapted rongeurs,
`
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`FIGURE 2. Axial fluoroscopic
`control. The position of a Schanz
`screw L4 just in the “eye" of the
`
`pedicle is confirmed.
`
`suction punches are also helpful. When a sufficient centrodiscal excavation is
`reached, the subannular disc tissue in the periphery is denaturated with laser
`applications. For this purpose we use, due to its minimal energy transmission in
`disc tissue, the Holmium—YAG laser (2100 nm) with 18 to 22 W in adapted pulse
`rates under discoscopic control. With this procedure, we can further shrink the
`peripheral disc tissue and, at the same time, denaturate its natural osteoinhibitive
`capacity. The laser energy is not applied to the vertebral plates, which are
`elaborated in the following steps with special mechanical instruments.
`The most important step of this procedure remains the preparation of the
`adjacent vertebral plates under discoscopic control. As we established with our
`preliminary experience in 1986 and 1987, without deep opening of the corticocar—
`tilaginous transition, solid interbody fusion cannot be achieved.6
`To obtain solid interbody fusion with autologous bone chips, the best possible
`abrasion of the cortico—spongious transition of the vertebral plates is mandatory.
`These plates should be ground cranially and caudally into the often reactive
`sclerotic vertebral bone; thus, considerable forces have to be transmitted laterally
`to the axis of the cannula. This can be achieved under discoscopy (Fig. 4) by
`means of an excentrically active milling cutter (Fig. 5) with a rotating abrasive
`head that reaches about 5-mm depth to each side of the cannula, covering
`60 to 70% of the vertebral surface. With such exposure of the bleeding spongious
`vertebral bone, optimal conditions for bony ingrowtb of the subsequently
`impacted autologous bone grafts can be achieved.
`As soon as the desired deep spongious preparation of the vertebral body is
`accomplished and documented by fluoroscopy (Fig. 6) both caudally and
`cranially, fresh autologous bone chips, harvested directly from the iliac crest, are
`immediately impacted through the cannulas from both sides. The best homogenous
`interbody filling is obtained by means of adapted impactors and by a slight tilting
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`FIGURE 3. The percutaneous pedicular fixator is mounted. For supplemental interver—
`tebral realignment, an adapted spindle device is hooked up bilaterally at the plate of the
`lower segment. By pushing forward on this vertebra, the upper vertebra is relatively
`retracted and the olisthesis can stepwise be reduced.
`
`motion of the cannulas during the stepwise impaction. Temporary additional
`distraction with the external fixator optimizes maximal filling of the intervertebral
`space. When the impaction is completed, the intervertebral Space is preloaded with
`the external fixation device until slight bending of the Schanz screws is visible (at
`40—50 kp) in the fluoroscopic control.
`A possible concern of this impaction procedure could be a retrograde migra-
`tion of the bone chips through the annular defect when the cannulas are removed.
`To prevent this, we believe that the design of the cannulas used is most important.
`In contrast to other authors,3 who use a coronary trephine for percutaneous
`nucleotomy, the tip of our cannulas are designed with a prismatic grind that, when
`stepwise overslipped by each cannula of the next caliber, smoothly penetrates the
`annulus fibrosus without a cutting effect. Thus, the crossed annular fibers are only
`temporarily stretched, and after the procedure they can realign themselves. So, a
`kind of “inborn” containment for the autologous bone graft is maintained that
`prevents accidental backfall of bony fragments outside the annulus into the
`extraforaminal area with possible mechanical irritation of the root.“s'2
`Regarding the quality of the impacted bone, optimal vitality of the grafts
`with maximal osteoinductive capacity is absolutely essential for future ingrowth
`and consolidation of the interbody fusion. In comparison to conventional surgery
`
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`saline irrigation. The denticulated cutter head that erodes the vertebral plate is seen in the
`lower right.
`
`_<. ver-
`]0
`the
`g my
`
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`with massive interbody grafting from posterior or anterior approaches,
`mechanical properties of impacted autologous bone material physically cannot be
`identical. So one would expect somewhat more interbody narrowing during bony
`
`2-:5€Eaa
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`working cannula. The extemal fixator does not interfere with the posterolateral percutaneous
`approach.
`
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`
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`Fluorescopic check of the deep erosion of the vertebral plate. The head of the
`FIGURE 6.
`milling cutter reaches the level of spongious bone.
`
`In our experience, by
`ingrowth until solid interbody consolidation occurs.
`applying maximal segmental distraction with the external fixator right before the
`impaction of the grafts,
`the density of the intervertebrally contained graft
`conglomerate reaches satisfactory values so that some loss of gained distraction in
`the first postoperative year usually does not exceed 30 to 40% of the initial value.
`In none of our 29 cases operated on in the first 3 years have clinical symptoms
`reappeared due to recurrent narrowing of the foraminas. Thus, we believe that the
`radiologically slight narrowing seen is a normal phenomenon without direct
`clinical impact in this minimally invasive technique.
`
`POSTOPERATIVE REHABILITATION
`The postoperative management starts with the patient’s mobilization right in
`the evening of the day of the interbody intervention. The functional activities are
`increased, while an isometric physiotherapeutic program is foregone during the
`first postoperative week. With ongoing wound healing at the two cannular entry
`points and the S-cm skin incision at the iliac crest, the sutures are removed and a
`protective fenestrated brace is applied. The aim of this brace is not as an
`additional external stabilization beside the percutaneous pedicular fixation, but
`rather a kind of shield for the external pedicular fixation device. With this brace,
`the patient is discharged and can move around without hooking up, even sleeping
`in his or her standard bed at home. The periodic disinfection of the pin tracts can
`be performed by the family doctor. Routinely, antibiotic prophylaxis with
`trimethoprim—sulfamethoxazole is given in the first 6 weeks.
`This postoperative procedure is conducted in our practice with a 10- to 12-
`day hospital stay. Depending on different facilities for outpatient management,
`most of this management could be adapted also toward an outpatient basis.
`
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`After 6 weeks, the patient comes in for a radiographic check, and at the same
`time the brace is readapted.
`After 12 weeks, this second brace is removed. After another radiographic
`control, the posterior segmental plates and intersegmental axial screw connections
`are removed, and the patient is mobilized including stair—training for 24 hours.
`When this so-called “dynamization” (Fig. 7) of the external fixation device pro—
`duces no negative clinical impact, the Schanz screws are screwed out under just
`slight oral medication.
`During the following weeks, a light flexible corset is given for smooth lumbar
`remobilization in association with an active muscular stabilizating program. Thus,
`a progressive reintegration into a normal way of life is soon achieved.
`
`CLINICAL EXPERIENCES
`Between October 1988 and Juiy 1990, percutaneous interbody fusion was
`done on 20 patients, of whom 10 were female and 10 male. The operations were
`done between the first lumbar vertebra and sacrum; 12 cases were operated on the
`level LA/S. The mean age of patients at the intervention was 46 years. The
`indications included monosegmental
`instability, being degenerative in 8 cases,
`postoperative in 7 cases, spondylolysis in 3 cases, and postinflammatory interver-
`tebral collapse in 2 cases. This reported series of 20 cases has been followed
`between 16 to 37 months after percutaneous interbody fusion.
`.
`In three patients of this cohort, we noticed an almost quantitative reabsorption
`of the interbody grafts, so that all of them later had a conventional reintervention
`with conventional posterolateral interbody fusion with internal pedicular fixation.
`In another patient, the graft became integrated only caudally, so that he could not
`be removed from his lumbar brace. The reasons for this failure were the use of
`banked bone material for the percutaneous intervertebral impaction and insuffi—
`cient preparation of the vertebral plates due to some technical problems in the
`early series.
`A radiologic interbody consolidation (Fig. 8) was obtained in 16 cases. The
`primary gain of segmental distraction was maintained at 75 to 100% in 10 cases.
`A relative loss of the initially achieved distraction of up to 40 to 60% was noticed
`in 7 cases. Nevertheless, in all consolidated fusions, there was no direct correlation
`
`FIGURE 7. Pin site at 3
`months. The Schanz screws
`remain in situ for 24 hours
`while the patient undergoes a
`functional load program. Note
`the healed scar at the right
`posterior iliac crest,
`located
`
`right beneath the “bikini level. “
`
`11
`
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`FIGURE 8. A. Preoperative
`view in a case of degenerative
`instability with slight pseudo-
`spondylolisthesis [MS in a 46—
`year—old woman. B, Early post—
`operative view after percutane-
`ous interbody fusion. Note the
`remodeling of the alignment and
`lordosis. C. Follow-up at 1 year
`after the percutaneous interbody
`fusion. A solid interbody bone
`bridge is established. The patient
`is painfree under full socioeco-
`
`nomic reintegration.
`
`tolerance of the lumbar spine and the finally maintained
`between functional
`percentage of segmental distraction.
`Despite radiologic consolidation, six of the patients nevertheless had to
`reduce their professional activity. In two cases, a temporary pin tract irritation was
`successfully managed with intensified local care and a short period of therapeutic
`antibiotics. In younger and more active patients, we noticed some temporary
`muscular contractions in the area of the Schanz screws after some stressing
`physical activities between the 6th and thh weeks postoperatively, probably due
`to the local muscular transfixation. In the first weeks after the removal of the
`
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`PERCUTANECIUS LUMBAR FUSION
`
`-
`
`603
`
`Schanz screws, some patients reported short moments of “puncturing” pain in the
`area of the former pin tracts, which may be explained by remobilization of
`punctual adhesion of the fascial layer at the posterior pin tracts.
`The external pedicular fixation was accepted by the patients and functioned
`in their social surroundings generally without problems. Here, we have to men-
`tion, that in Switzerland we can rely on an efficient public transportation network,
`and so patients do not necessarily have to use their own automobile to care for
`their needs.
`
`this minimally invasive technique achieved
`Recounting our experience,
`around 80% clinically and radiologically successful results in this first series. Due
`to its extracanalicular posterolateral approach,
`the sometimes cumbersome
`epidural scar problems could be avoided successfully. In no case did the operative
`procedures require any blood transfusion, which favors economy and avoids
`transfusion-related contaminations.” The operating time,
`including external
`pedicular fixation and interbody fusion, of around 3 hours is comparable to
`conventional open surgery with internal pedicular fixation. Finally, after removal
`of the Schanz screws, no metallic implant remains in situ, so therefore any modern
`imaging technique such as CT or MRI can be performed without technical
`limitations. In addition to this, a follow—up radiograph showing single-segment
`fusion without any implant and the aspect of minimal low—back discomfort may
`contribute to the patients“ feeling of optimally regained musculoskeletal integrity.
`
`CONCLUSIONS
`Like every new technique, percutancous interbody fusion remains in evolution.
`With the aim to reduce further the operative invasiveness, possible new choices
`for the interbody graft are being investigated. Our first experience with composite
`grafts of porous apatites with autologous bone marrow seems rather promising.
`Complementary use of bone-inducing proteins under preclinical evaluation could
`reduce the necessary time for postoperative external pedicular fixation.
`In our experience, the temporary external fixation with its unique virtue of
`stepwise intervertebral corrections under clinical feedback is most helpful1n the
`preoperative patient selection and intraoperative temporary distraction However,
`during the postOperative bone-healing period, a subcutaneous epifascial surrogate
`could also be mechanically sufficient. Thus, our preliminary experience could
`render this minimally invasive fusion technique more attractive for patients in
`most automobile-oriented societies abroad.
`.
`If we look back at the amazing evolution of percutancous spine surgery in the
`last decade, this new minimally invasive approach with endoscopic control and
`selective percutancous access to the structural pathology reflects the tendency in
`many fields of modern surgery.'9 Many of the new techniques already replace or
`at least complement conventional surgical technologies. Therefore, in addition to
`the need for specific technical instructions, the main challenge becomes more and
`more the selection“-14 of the most minimal possible technique for an optimal
`benefit to the patient in his or her society.
`
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`
`13
`
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`
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`UH
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
`
`
`
`
`'MEliuounuoa's‘nnqpaint-31010sonewpuenueuWM8nquugugpuwiuNEE-ll.“I|uuuuuNum.{uuugwunwum"um,Pup-luvw...Wm.-,..,.....,....-_n,"
`
`
`
`
`
`"9‘1""
`
`604
`
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`
`LEU, SCHREIBER
`
`6.
`
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`
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