United States Patent
`
`1191
`
`1111
`
`3,810,627
`
`Levy
`1451 May 14, 1974
`
`
`[54] DATA-PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR
`DETERMINING GAINS AND LOSSES FROM
`BETS
`
`[76]
`
`Inventor: David Levy, 230 W. 54th St., New
`York, N.Y. [0019
`
`Apr. 2, 1970
`Filed:
`[22]
`[21] Appl. No; 25,227
`
`Related US. Application Data
`[62] Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 699,509, Jan. 22.
`1968,abandoned.
`[52] US' Cl""" 273/2]338/f422§/;30?£’225353/:3/§;§
`[51]
`lm Cl
`‘
`A63!) 71/06
`[58]
`Field 0"ée'a'r'c'h"""""235/9ZGA92 TA ()2 TS
`235/92 11’; 340/323, 334, 337, 172.5;
`273/138 A, 143 R, 143 A, 143 B, 143 C, 143
`D, 143 E, 118 A, 119 A. 120 A, 121 A. 122
`A, 123 A, 124 A, 125 A
`
`[56]
`
`2,786,682
`
`References Cited
`UNITED STATES PATENTS
`311957 McMunus ...................... 27311143 R
`
`3.124.674
`3,505,646
`
`Edwards et a1 ........... 235/92 TP ux
`3/1964
`4/1970 Affel, Jr. et al.......... 235/92 TP UX
`
`Primary Examiner—Anton 0- Oechsle
`Assistant Examiner—Arnold W. Kramer
`Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Karl F. Ross; Herbert
`Dubno
`
`‘
`ABSTRACT
`[57]
`In an establishment in which wagers are placed on the
`outcome of a fortuitous event, such as the roll of a
`pair of dice, the spin of a roulette wheel, the result of
`a horse race, or the like, a player operates a remote
`selector panel on which a register displays a previously
`established credit balance. Bets on the event are made
`from the panel by wagering any amount up to the limit
`of the credit balance. The amount wagered is auto-
`matically deducted from the credit balance, and in the
`event of a win the amount wagered is multiplied by a
`predetermined odds factor for the event and added to
`the credit balance.
`
`21 Claims, 17 Drawing Figures
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`3,810,627
`
`1
`DATA-PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING
`GAINS AND LOSSES FROM BETS
`This is a continuation-in-part of my prior application
`Ser. No. 699,509, filed Jan. 22, 1968 and now aban»
`doned.
`
`The present invention relates to a data-processing
`system for placing wagers from a remote location on
`the outcome of a fortuitous event, such as the rolling
`of dice, the spinning of a roulette wheel, or the out—
`come of a horse race, in which means are provided to
`automatically calculate the results of the wager based
`on the outcome of the event.
`
`In conventional gambling casinos, the players usually
`crowd around the dealer, croupier or banker at a loca-
`tion such as a dice, roulette or card table which shall
`be referred to hereinafter as a banker's station. The
`number of participants in any such game of chance is
`thus limited by the physical dimensions of the table and
`the room in which it stands. Also. in a game in which
`the players may place bets subject to widely differing
`odds, the pfesence of‘a large number‘ofipartic‘ipanits
`complicates the proceedings and may give rise to errors
`in paying off the winners.
`Wagers on the outcome of horse races are placed at
`parimutuel windows at race tracks. Prior to each race
`the player stands on line at the appropriate seller’s win-
`dow at which tickets for specified denominations of
`money and selected positions are sold for each race.
`Thus to place a $10 bet on a horse to “win", the player
`must stand on the 5 l0 win line, and to make a different
`bet as to amount and/or position the player must then
`go to the end ofa different line. If the player is success-
`ful in his wager he must eventually return to a different
`cashier's window to collect his winnings. Each cashier
`only pays off for a specified amount and finishing posi-
`tion so that a player successful on more than one bet
`on a given race must stand at a corresponding number
`of cashier's windows at the end of that race.
`Tickets for wagers on a race are usually sold only
`after the previous race on the track program has been
`completed and prior to the running of the race on
`which the wagers are to be made. Except for some
`tracks in which wagers may be made in advance on the
`last two races of the day's program. betting tickets may
`not be purchased for any race on the program other
`than the immediately succeeding race with the excep-
`tion of certain special races. such as Exacta 0r Qui-
`nella. in which the wagering is usually opened two races
`prior to the special race. As a result the player is re—
`quired to stand on what is often a long line to place his
`bets on a race. and must repeat this process for each
`race on which he wishes to place his wager.
`If the
`player wishes to place wagers of different denomina-
`tions on different horses in a single race. or make a win
`wager on one horse or a place and/or show wager on
`that horse or another horse running in that race. he
`must stand on a number of lines all before the race be-
`gins and the taking of wagers is terminated.
`The need for repeatedly standing on long lines is an
`annoying and often frustrating experience for many
`players and needlessly diminishes some of the pleasures
`to be obtained at the track, and in fact may occasion-
`ally discourage some less dedicated players from plac-
`ing a wager on a race. The sophisticated player usually
`prefers to wait until the last possible moment to place
`his wager, as this additional time gives him the opportu-
`nity of noticing any changes in the odds (which occur
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`2
`continually until the betting is closed) and allows the
`player to view the horses as they enter the track. Thus
`as the time for the closing of bets nears, the waiting
`lines at the betting windows often grow longer and
`many players are often unable to reach the window in
`time to place their wagers. Moreover, the sellers at the
`ticket windows often rush to complete the taking of wa-
`gers before the start of the next race. This need for
`haste may cause human error resulting in the possible
`loss of revenue to the track. or in the issuing of an in-
`correct ticket
`to the great annoyance and inconve-
`nience to the player and an adverse effect on the man-
`agement of the track. Moreover, a player, particularly
`one who has had a successful day at the track, often
`carries large sums of money to and from the track each
`day that he frequents the track. This presents the possi-
`bility of loss or theft of the player's funds and thus fur-
`ther reduces the pleasureful aspects of his attendance
`of the event.
`
`[0
`
`15
`
`20
`
`It is, therefore, the general object of the present in—
`vention to provide an improved wagering system, as
`well as a method of operating same, in which the afore-
`stated disadvantages of the known wagering operations
`are avoided by an automatic wagering-payoff and cred—
`it-balance registration.
`It is another object of this invention to provide a wa-
`gering system and method allowing for the participa-
`tion of any number of players at locations remote from
`the site of an event on whose outcome wagers are to be
`placed.
`It is still another object of the invention to provide a
`wagering system of the type described in which the
`need for the player to carry large sums of money to and
`from the event is significantly reduced,
`thereby de-
`creasing the chances of loss or theft of those funds.
`It is a further object of the present invention to pro-
`vide a wagering system allowing for increased facility
`and enjoyment for the player in making a wager. and
`a reduction in the possibility of error in calculating
`payoff on the wager.
`These objects are realized. pursuant to my invention,
`by the provision of a selector panel or board individu-
`ally assigned to each player or groups of players and en-
`abling the player or players to place bets on the out-
`come of any fortuitous and recurrent event then in
`progress. such as the aforedescrlbed gambling opera—
`tions. An open phase of operation is initially estab-
`lished during which bets may be placed. followed by a
`closed phase during which a bet just made or left stand-
`ing is locked up while the event takes its course. The
`amount of the wager is initially subtracted from the
`player‘s previously established credit balance. After the
`event has taken place. the outcome in signaled to all the
`panels for automatic determination of the amounts won
`by the winning players which are then added to their
`respective credit balances.
`In order to qualify for the placement ofa bet. a player
`must first establish a credit balance on a display register
`disposed on or next to his selector panel. this register
`being inaccessible to the player (except, possibly, for
`the purpose of increasing his balance) during the subse-
`quent phases of operation in which the amount dis-
`played is augmented as a result of a winning wager. To
`register
`the initial credit balance,
`the prospective
`player may make a payment to a banker or to a teller
`who thereafter presets the register, e.g.. by the use of
`a tool or key or with the aid of a control panel at his
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`station or by communicating the amount of the initial
`payment to a computer memory. In accordance with a
`more particular feature of my invention, however,
`I
`prefer to allow each player to register his own initial
`credit balance by purchasing from the banker a token
`representing a predetermined cash value, this token
`being then irretrievably inserted into a slot associated
`with the register. It should be understood in this con-
`nection that the term “token" is to be broadly con-
`strued as including not only coin—like disks to be re,
`ceived by a collection box but also special keys, identi<
`fication credit cards and similar implements which.
`once inserted and used to set the register, cannot be
`withdrawn for re-use except by an authorized person;
`in principle, real coins could also be used. The player.
`having bought one or more of these tokens. may invest
`them all at once or may save some of them for later in-
`sertion to restore a depleted balance. In any event, the
`arithmetic unit of each panel will not accept a bet ex-
`ceeding the available credit balance and, advanta»
`geously, will turn on a light or other alarm signal when—
`ever a player attempts to overdraw.
`If the player's
`credit balance is sufficient the amount of the wager is
`reduced immediately upon the registering of the wager,
`
`During the open phase. which may be indicated by a
`signal lamp on the panel switched on by the banker, the
`player may operate his selectors to choose both the
`amount of his stake and the outcome on which he
`places his wager; if desired, he may annul his selection
`by pressing a cancellation button. In the closed phase,
`also indicated by a banker-controlled signal such as a
`sign reading “no more bets", the selector position is
`locked up and cancellation of the bet is inhibited so
`that the wager previously made cannot be altered until
`the win or loss has been determined.
`In certain in-
`stances, such as a line bet in a dice game, the outcome
`at a particular stage may be indecisive and may require
`the bet to be held over for one or more cycles ofopera-
`tion until a decision occurs; in this case, the selection
`remains “frozen" even during subsequent open phases
`until the arithmetic unit registers either a win or a loss.
`
`To register a win, an “add" channel is enabled by the
`arithmetic unit or computer which should also include
`a multiplier to take into account the odds governing the
`selected bet. Thus, ifthe panel offers a choice between
`a variety of bets at different odds, a signal may be sent
`to the multiplier stage of the computer to indicate the
`odds factor whenever a particular selector is actuated.
`This odds factor, of course, has no influence upon the
`"subtract" channel and the overdraft indicator. The
`cummulative value of all
`the bets simultaneously
`placed may be shown on a separate register for visual
`comparison with the available credit balance.
`In a resort hotel featuring a Casino, the panels may be
`located in the several hotel rooms in combination with
`closed-circuit
`television to give each player a direct
`view of the
`roulette wheel. dice table or other gam—
`bling facility used in the establishment. Such a player,
`of course, will not directly participate in the game but
`will place his bets on the outcome of an operation per-
`formed by the croupier or by some other player at the
`banker‘s station.
`
`According to another aspect of the invention a sys—
`tem is provided for placing wagers on the outcome of
`a horse race or the like from a betting panel conve»
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`niently located at the track. The system comprises a
`plurality of betting panels tied into the main track com-
`puter. The latter computer is of the type commonly
`provided at race tracks for the purpose of calculating
`the odds based on the amount of money wagered.
`Each betting panel is used at the track by an individ-
`ual player or players. The player opens an account by
`depositing an amount of money at a special teller‘s win-
`dow provided at the track. The teller transmits this in-
`formation to a control computer to identify the new
`player and the amount deposited That amount is stored
`and is reflected as the initial credit balance at the panel
`assigned to that player.
`A player may place a bet on the outcome of a race
`by operating the appropriate members on the panel to
`transmit the wager data to the control computer, which
`in turn transmits them to the track computer. The plac-
`ing of a bet of a selected amount reduces the player‘s
`credit balance. When the results of the race have be-
`come official, the track computer transmits the pay-off
`data (i.e., the return on a unit wager multiplied by the
`odds factor) to credit
`the account of a
`successful
`player by an amount corresponding to the winnings,
`and transmits the pay-off information to the appropri-
`ate panel.
`Many race tracks allow the placing of bets on certain
`combinations of races in which there is the possibility
`of winning larger amounts of money on a wager. These
`combinations include the Daily Double, Big Exacta,
`and Twin Double. The Exacta and Quinella are special
`races which may be provided by the track to provide
`the player with the opportunity for achieving a large
`payoff. The panel and control computer of the inven—
`tion contain suitable operating members and logic cir-
`cuitry to permit the making of such wagers from the
`panel. According to another aspect of the horse-race
`betting system of this invention, the bettor may at his
`choice select all permutations and/or combinations of
`a given number of horses in an Exacta or Quinella
`wager by a so-called “boxing" technique by actuating
`suitable members of the panel, the actual permutations
`or combinations being calculated and determined by
`suitable circuitry or a computer program.
`The invention will be described in greater detail with
`reference to the accompanying drawing in which:
`FIG.
`I
`is a diagrammatic view of a player‘s selector
`panel as used in an automated dice game embodying
`features of my invention;
`FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of an associated banker’s
`station;
`FIGS. 3A and SB, when vertically juxtaposed, show
`elements of the panel of FIG.
`1 together with asso-
`ciated legic circuitry;
`FIG. 4 is a partly diagrammatic cross-sectional view
`of a roulette wheel and associated circuitry forming
`part of another system in accordance with the inven-
`tion;
`FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view ofthe layout ofa selec-
`tor panel and associated circuitry co-operating with the
`arrangement of FIG. 4;
`FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an automatic horse-race
`wagering system according to a further embodiment of
`the invention;
`FIG. 7 is an elevation view of a betting panel for use
`in the system of FIG. 6;
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`FIGS. 8a, 8b and 8c illustrate in schematic block-
`diagram form the logic circuitry of the betting panel of
`FIG. 7;
`FIG. 9a - 9c are program flow-charts illustrating the
`steps in the operation of the computer of the system of 5
`FIG. 6; and
`FIGS. 100 and 10b are similar program flow-charts
`illustrating the operating steps in the computer to per—
`form Quinella, Exacta and boxing operations.
`Reference will first be made to FIG.
`I which illus-
`trates a somewhat simplified selector panel 100 to-
`gether with a receiver 101 ofa closed-circuit television
`system whose camera (not shown) is trained upon a
`dice table 102 at a remote banker's station. The two
`dice visible on the receiving screen have been desig-
`nated D’ and D”. The assembly shown in FIG.
`1
`is as-
`sumed to be disposed in a hotel room for use by an oc-
`cupant during times when a dice game is in progress at
`an associated casino. Since the occupant of the room
`has no immediate access to the game itself, he will
`wager on points rolled by a direct participant while ac-
`tually betting against the house or the bank; thus, the
`person rolling the dice is disinterested in the stake of
`the remote player and, like the banker, does not know
`what bets have been made by him so that the possibili-
`ties of a rigged game are minimized. Generally, the
`player at the board 100 may make his bets during a suc—
`cession of different dice throwers; however, if no direct
`participants are available,
`the game could also be
`played with the banker rolling the dice himself.
`At the top of panel 100 I have shown several slots
`108a, 103b, 103C for the insertion of tokens to be pur-
`chased in advance. e.g., in denominations of$ 10, $100
`and $500, respectively. A register 104. suitably pro—
`tected against tampering, displays the crdit balance es—
`tablished by the deposited token or tokens as modified
`by subsequent wins or losses. Another regi‘ {er 105 indi-
`cates the total amount wagered at any one time, Two
`alternately illuminated signs 106, 107, respectively la-
`beled “BETTING OPEN“ and “NO MORE BETS“, in-
`dicate the two phases of operation together constitut-
`ing a betting cycle. A further
`sign, 108 reading
`“OVERDRAFT”, lights up whenever a player attempts
`to place a bet for an amount exceeding the credit bal-
`ance displayed at the register 104. The elements so far
`described could be present on any selector panel ac-
`cording to the invention, regardless of the type of re-
`current event on whose outcome bets are to be placed.
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`6
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`respectively,iand also locks the selector 109 —l 12 in the
`position last imparted thereto.
`As an example of a one-shot selection, panel 100 of-
`fers the choice of a “field bet" which calls for the ap-
`pearance of any one of several points at the next roll,
`specifically the point 2, 3,4, 9, 10, 11 or 12. The corre-
`sponding stake selector again includes 3 units wheel
`109a, coupled with a display wheel 111a, and a tens
`wheel 110a. coupled with a display wheel 112a. To
`make this kind of bet, the user depresses a button 113a
`labeled “FIELD"; an associated cancellation button is
`shown at 115a. A sign 116a lights up when the selection
`button 113a is depressed.
`After any roll, the field bet is canceled and may be
`renewed by reoperation of button 113a; whenever the
`sign 106 is lit, button 115-: may be depressed to cancel
`a field bet registered during the same open phase. Upon
`such cancellation, the stake selector 10911, 110a may be
`reset after having been previously locked upon the ac-
`tuation of button 1130. As long as button 1130 is not
`depressed, selector wheels 109a, 110a may also be
`shifted during the closed phase (sign 107 lit) but this
`will have no effect upon the betting.
`On the other hand. a player depressing either of the
`two buttons 113 and 114 commits himself to a full
`se»
`quence of throws from the moment the sign 107 lights
`up for the first time. This sequence of operations, in the
`arrangement here shown,
`is independent of the se-
`quence of rolls entered into by the actual dice thrower
`and may be started at any time by the player using the
`panel 100. As with ordinary bank craps, however, the
`player at the panel wins if the next rolls is a “7“ or " 1 1"
`but loses if that throw is “craps", Le. a “2", “3“ or
`“12"; in all other instances, i.e. ifa “4”, "5“, “6", “8",
`“9" or “10" is rolled,
`the point is registered by the
`lighting of a corresponding lamp 118 and the player
`wins if the same point is subsequently rolled again be-
`fore the next“7" comes up. This mode of operation re-
`quires actuation of “DO" button 113;
`if,
`instead
`“DON’T" button 114 is depressed, the situation is re-
`versed, i.e., the player wins on “craps" during the first
`roll and on “ 7" during subsequent rolls while losing on
`“7" or “1 1" during the first roll or on a recurring point
`during subsequent rolls.
`Another possibility of playing the game with the
`board 100 of FIG.
`1
`is the player’s own choice of a
`point to be made by actuation of any one of ten push-
`buttons 119 along with button 113, the wager then
`being that the point will recur before a “7" is rolled.
`Again, operation of button 114 in lieu of button 113 re-
`verses the outcome as well as the corresponding odds.
`These odds have been listed in FIG. 1 alongside the
`corresponding pushbutton 119 and range from 6:1 for
`point “2“ or “12” to 6:5 for point “6" or “8". It is to
`be understood that these odds, as well as others shown
`in the drawing, are subject to some modification by the
`house rules, depending also on whether or not the bank
`adds a markup or “vigorish” to the purchase price of
`the tokens.
`
`If a betting sequence is initiated by the actuation of
`one of the buttons 119 in addition to button 113 or
`114, the corresponding lamp 118 also lights up and the
`further operation will be the same as with a “PASS" or
`“DON'T PASS" bet except that the first roll ofa “7"
`will cause either a loss or a win whether occurring im-
`mediately afterwards or at some subsequent cycle and
`the roll of an "11" will be ineffectual unless this hap-
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`With the specific gam of chance known as “bank
`craps" for which the panel 100 is particularly designed,
`a player may wager on a succession of rolls or on a sin—
`gle roll. The first type of wager is known as a “line bet"
`and is made with the aid of several digit wheels (only
`two shown) for the selection ofthe stake, i.e., a wheel
`109 for the units digit and a wheel I 10 for the tens digit
`of the dollar amount to be wagered; these digits appear
`on display wheels 111 and 112 in respective windows
`adjoining the corresponding selector wheel 109, 110.
`Apart from choosing the amount of his bet.
`the
`player may press either a "D0" button 113 or a
`“DON'T" button 114 to choose either a “PASS" or a
`“DON'T PASS“ sequence as more fully explained
`hereinafter. A “CANCEL" button 115 may be de-
`pressed to annul this selection as long as the sign 106
`Is lit. Actuation of button 113 or 114 lights a sign 116
`reading "PASS“ or a sign 117 reading “DON‘T PASS",
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`pens to be the selected point. This mode of operation
`is characterized by the lighting of a sign 120, reading
`“COME". or a sign 121, reading “DONT COME", in
`lieu of signs 116 and 117. The player may also choose
`to increase his odds on a “COME" or “PASS" bet by
`pressing a button 122 marked “HARDWAY” when-
`ever the point to be made is “4”, “6“, "B " or “10", sig-
`nifying that the roll is to be a “double" in order to win;
`in that case the player loses when the point comes up
`in any different combination of eyes. A sign 123 is lit
`in response to this choice.
`A set of further lamps 124 are controlled by the
`banker to indicate the point actually rolled during each
`closed phase, as monitored on television receiver 101;
`another lamp 125, also labeled “HARDWAY”, shows
`that a double has been rolled on any of the four even
`numbers mentioned above.
`In the system particularly described hereinafter, ac—
`tuation of any pushbutton 119 will be ineffectual if a
`line bet has already been irrevocably placed, i.e., if any
`of the signs 116, 117, I20, 121 is lit and the time for
`cancellation has passed. The player, however, may
`switch during any open phase from "D0” to “DON’T"
`by depressing button 114, or vice versa by depressing
`button 113; similarly, the “HARDWAY” choice can be
`made during any cycle in the open phase thereof (if a
`proper even-numbered point is indicated by the lamp
`118) and revoked by operation of button 115a. These
`shifts are thus representative of further one-shot selec-
`tions, it being understood that the system may be ex-
`panded to include other point combinations so select-
`able and that the panel 100 could also be modified to
`make the “COME" or “DONT COME" selection
`through buttons 119 a one-shot proposition. Also, a
`negative or “wrong“ field bet could be added, i.e.. a
`wager that none of the 7 points listed adjacent button
`1130 will come out on the next roll. As specifically il-
`lustrated. a pass bet and a field bet both pay even
`money; thus. a shift from “PASS" to “DON’T PASS"
`does not alter the odds any more than would a reversal
`of a field bet.
`FIG. 2 shows the circuitry of the banker's station
`partly visible on the television screen of FIG. 1. Two
`set of switches S.‘—S..‘ and S,”—S.," are concurrently
`operable by the banker, e.g., with the aid of push-
`buttons. to indicate the point thrown, the subscripts
`denoting the number of eyes of a respective die;
`naturally, it is immaterial which die D’ . D" happens
`to be associated at any time with either set of switches.
`A starting switch S serves to indicate the closing of the
`bettillggphase and is momentarily depressed by the
`banker before the dice are thrown. Switches S.‘—S.,’
`control respective line conductors whereas switches
`S."-Ss”
`control
`respective
`column
`conductors
`of an orthogonal conductor array having a matrix
`
`of 36 AND_ gates lidisposed at theil respective
`junction. After
`the roll,
`simultaneous closure of
`two switches—one from each set—unlocks one
`of these AND gates 126 whose outputs energize re-
`spective numerical leads L. — Liz; each of these leads,
`with the exception of the first and'the last, also includes
`an OR gate 127 to combine the outputs of several AND
`gates 126 in accordance with the multiple possibilities
`of rolling any of points “3" through “11“. Certain of
`these AND gates. located at the junction of a line and
`a column from two switches with identical subscripts
`(1.6., 53:1‘871' ',;,_S3,:! S3F I; 54’ ,
`4’ I; 85‘ , 35’ ll, TCSECCIIVCI Y
`energize a group 'ofiquther leads L22, L33, L4 and L55
`
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`all terminating at an OR gate 128. Another OR gate
`129, also acting as a delay network, has 11 inputs re-
`spectively connected to lines 1.4-1... and works into a
`reset terminal of a flip-flop 130 which can be set by the
`phasing switch S and has an output line A energized in
`its reset condition. Other flip-flops, collectively desig-
`nated 131, are individually settable by signals from re-
`spective leads [.4 - Lu and are resettable by voltage on
`line A. An additional flip-flop 132 is settable by the
`output of OR gate 128 and is also resettable by flip-flop
`130 at the end of an operating cycle. The outputs of
`flip-flops 131, respectively energized in their set condi-
`tions, are 11 lines A, - A"; a similar line A“. emanates
`from flip—flop 132. Signal lamps forming part ofa set of
`luminous signs 133 are individually connected to lines
`A, — An to light up when any of these lines is energized,
`displaying the value of the point rolled; a similar lamp
`lights a sign 134 reading "HARDWAY" whenever a
`“double" is rolled to energize OR gate 128. Finally, a
`lamp connected to line A illuminates a sign 135 reading
`“NO MORE BETS" to apprise players near the dice
`table that the closed phase has been started.
`The 13 output lines A, A” and A, - Au originating
`at the banker's station branch out, as diagrammatically
`illustrated in FIG. 2, to the several remote players‘ sta-
`tions, briefly described above, one of which has been
`shown in detail in FIGS. 3A and 33. It will be noted
`that FIG. 38 contains a number of ele