SEL EXHIBIT NO. 2024
`
`INNOLUX CORP. V. PATENT OF SEMICONDUCTOR ENERGY
`
`LABORATORY CO., LTD.
`
`lPR2013-00068
`
`
`
`INNOLUX CORP. V. PATENT OF SEMICONDUCTOR ENERGY
`
`LABORATORY CO., LTD.
`
`lPR2013-00068
`
`
`
`SEMINAR M~ ”I
`
`
`
`STATUS OF ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS
`
`Walter F. Goede
`
`Program Manager
`Military Aircraft Systems Division
`
`Northrop Grumman Corp, Pico Rivera, CA
`
`Summary
`
`This seminar is intended to serve as an introduction to the more-detailed CRT and
`
`flat-panel topics which follow in the other seminars, short courses, application semi-
`nars, applications sessions, and symposium. It is intended to provide both the novice
`
`and serious display technologist with a snapshot in time as to the relative status,
`
`features, and limitations of each of the major direct-view display technologies. The
`technologies covered include conventional CRTs (including field-emission devices),
`electroluminescence, plasma, flat CRTs, and liquid-crystal displays. Current status,
`
`features,
`
`limitations, and an overview of the most recent developments in each
`
`technology will be presented. Technology trends and prospects for the future will also
`be reviewed.
`
`SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY
`
`|SSN0887-915X/96/0000-M-1-$1.00 + .00 © 1996 SID
`
`
`
`NOTES
`
`
`
`STATUS OF ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS
`
`Walter F. Goede
`
`Program Manager
`Northrop Grumman Corporation
`Military Aircraft Systems Division
`Pico Rivera, CA 90660
`
`Introduction and Discussion
`
`In recent years the status of the various advanced display technologies has
`been changing rapidly. Since this talk was last presented at the 1994 SID, significant
`progress has occurred. Continued research in the flat panel display area has resulted
`in the introduction of high information content products which challenge the CRT in
`many specialized applications, have replaced it some others and dominate in
`applications which require the many desirable potential flat panel attributes, including
`smaller form factor, lower weight, lower power, etc.. However the CRT has also
`advanced and continues to set the standard by which all other products are measured.
`Where large size, high performance (> 1000 lines) and/or low cost are paramount, the
`CRT still dominates in both direct view and projection applications.
`In addition to
`serving as a basic technology introduction for the more detailed Seminar and
`Symposium topics to follow, this talk will attempt to compare the current status of each
`technology, provide a list of representative "largest available" current products and
`identify technology trends.
`
`The figures and tables which follow give the overview of each of the
`technologies and are intended to be self explanatory. During the presentation,
`additional color slides will be shown which provide examples of the current
`performance representative of each technology.
`it is hoped that this review and
`summarization will be useful to the attendees.
`
`M—1I3
`
`
`
`References
`
`Overview
`
`1. Flat-Panel Displays and CRTs, edited by L. Tannas, Van Nostrand 1985.
`
`2. Goede, W., Display Technology Forecasting, 1996 SID Application Seminar A—1.
`
`3. Tannas, L., and Goede, W., Flat-Panel Displays: A Critique IEEE Spectrum July 1978.
`
`4. Tannas, L., Overview of Electronic Information Displays M-1.
`
`5. Vecht, A., Fundamentals of Emissive Displays, 1994 SID Short Course S—1.
`
`6. Curtin, C. and lnfante, 0., Fundamentals of Emissive Displays, 1996 SID Short Course
`S-3.
`
`7. Schlam, E., Status of Flat-Panel Displays, 1990/91 SID Seminar Vol. 2.
`
`8. Plesko, P., Overview & Status of Information Displays, 1992 SID Seminar Vol. 1.
`9. Vecht, A., Phosphors for Color Emissive Displays, 1995 SID Seminar, Vol. 2, F-2.
`
`10. Lechner, B., HDTV Status and Prospects, 1996 SID Seminar Vol. 2, F-3.
`
`11. Tannas, L. et al, Displays Technologies in Japan, JTEC Panel Report to DARPA, June
`1992.
`
`12. Silverstein, L., Color in Electronic Displays, 1996 SID Seminar, Vol. 1, M4.
`
`13. Jang, J., Display R&D/Industries in Korea. SID Asia Display 1995, pp 548-555.
`
`14. Ong, H., Display R&D/Industries in Malaysia/Singapore, SID Asia Display 1995, pp 549-
`552.
`
`15. Chen, H., Display R&D/Industries in Taiwan, SID Asia Display 1995, pp 553-556.
`
`CRT Displays
`
`16. Barten, P., CRT: Present and Future, 1989 SID Seminar Vol. 1.
`
`17. Barten, P., Image Quality in CRT Technologies, 1990 SID Seminar Vol.1.
`
`18.
`
`lnfante, C., CRT Display Measurement and Quality, 1995 SID Seminar Vol. 2, M-3.
`
`M-1l4
`
`
`
`19. Rosen, Bard and Kriz, 8., Case study: Developing a 3000-line Interactive CRT Display,
`Information Display, Jan 88, Vol. 4, No.1.
`
`20. Yamazalki, E., CRT Displays, 1993 SID Seminar Vol. 2.
`21. Van Alphen, W., Recent Developments in CRT Technologies, 1990 SID Seminar Vol. 1.
`
`22. Maeda, M., CRT Displays, 1992 SID Seminar Vol. 1.
`
`23. Ketchum, D., CRTjs: The Continuing Evolution, 1996 SID Seminar, Vol. 1, M—3.
`
`Electroluminescent Displays
`
`24. Mueller, 6., Electroluminescent Displays, 1995 SID Seminar Vol.1, M-6.
`
`25. Vecht, A., AC and DC Electroluminescent Displays, 1990 SID Seminar Vol. 2.
`
`26. Ono, Y., Electroluminescent Display, 1993 SID Seminar Vol. 2.
`
`27. King, C., Electroluminescent Displays 1996 SID Seminar Vol. 1, M-9.
`
`28. Miller, R., Advances in Thin-Film Electroluminescent Displays, 1991 SID Seminar Vol 1
`
`Plasma Displays
`
`29. Mikoshiba, 8., Plasma Displays, 1987 SID Seminar Vol. 2.
`
`30. Weber, L., Color Plasma Displays, 1996 SID Seminar Vol.1, M-6.
`
`31. Dick, G., Advances in Plasma Display Technology, 1990 SID Seminar Vol.2.
`
`32. Uchiike, H., Present and Future of Full-Color Plasma Displays, 1991 SID Seminar Vol. 1.
`
`Flat CRT Displays
`
`33. Goede, W., Flat Panel CRT‘s, 1983 SID Seminar Vol. 2.
`
`34 Morimoto, K, Vacuum Fluorescent Displays, 1986 SID Seminar Vol.1.
`
`35. Goede, W., Flat Cathode Ray Tube Displays, pp 177-236 of Ref. 1.
`
`36. Friedman, P., Color ACIDC Plasma and Vacuum Fluorescent Displays, 1988 SID
`Seminar Vol. 1.
`
`37. Gnade, 8., Field Emission Displays, 1995 SID Seminar, Vol. 1, M-8.
`
`M-1l5
`
`
`
`Liguid Cgstal Displays
`
`38.
`
`39.
`
`40.
`
`41.
`
`42.
`
`43.
`
`Morozumi, 8., Active Matrix LCD’s, 1994 SID Seminar Vol.1.
`
`Howard, W., Active-Matrix LCD‘s 1995 SID Seminar Vol.1, M-5.
`
`Migliorato, P., Active-Matrix LCD's and TFT‘s, 19.88 SID Seminar Vol.1.
`
`Firester, A., Advances in a—Si and p—Si Active Matrices, 1990 SID Seminar Vol.1.
`
`Kobayashi, 3., Advances in Direst—Multiplexed LCD’s, 1990 SID Seminar Vol. 2.
`
`Scheuble, B., Liquid-Crystal Displays with High Information Content, 1991 SID Seminar
`Vol.2.
`
`44
`
`Bruce, R., Active-Matrix Liquid-Crystal Displays, 1991 SID Seminar Vol. 2.
`
`45.
`
`46.
`
`47.
`
`48.
`
`49.
`
`50.
`
`51.
`
`52.
`
`53.
`
`Scheffer, T., Supertwisted Nematic (STN) LCD's, 1996 SID Seminar Vol. 1., M-2.
`
`Morozumi, S., Active-Matrix LCD's Manufacturing, 1996 SID Seminar Vol.1, M—8.
`
`Wisenieff, R., Overview of AMLCD Technologies, 1994 SID Seminar Vol. 1.
`
`O'Mara, W., MLCD Manufacturing, 1994 SID Seminar Vol. 1.
`
`Steemers, H., Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Displays, 1995 SID Short Course S-1.
`
`Scheffer, T., Addressing Methods for Passive Matrix LCD's, 1995 SID Application
`Seminars A-2.
`
`Becker, M., and Neumeier, J., Measuring LCD Optical Performance, 1996 SID
`Application Seminar, A-4.
`
`Kelly, J., LCD Performance Modeling, 1996 SID Application Seminar A-2.
`
`Tani, M. and Suguira, T., LCD Color Filters: Characteristics and Future Issues, 1995 SID
`Seminar Vol. 2, F—5.
`.
`
`54.
`
`Hartman, R., Two Terminal Device Technologies for AMLCD, 1995 SID Symp. pp 7-10.‘
`
`55.
`
`Lueder, E., Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Displays, 1996 SID Short Course, S-1.
`
`56.
`
`55.
`
`Stewart, R., Active Matrix LCD's, 1996 SID Seminar, Vol. 1, M-5.
`
`Naono, N., Display R&Dllndustries in Japan, SID Asia Display 1995, pp 541 -544.
`
`M-1l6
`
`
`
`Display Technology Overview Outline
`
`Purpose
`Scope
`CRT Status
`
`Electroluminescent Display Status
`Plasma Display Status
`Flat CRT Display Status
`Liquid Crystal Display Status
`Recent Developments
`Technology Trends
`Summary
`
`Clan“ 4112;96
`1 W.F.Goeflo,TflwIGF
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR M4
`
`
`
`Purpose
`
`. Provide Basic Overview of Major Display
`Technologies as an Introduction to
`Other Symposium Topics
`. Identify Key Advantages and Current
`Problem Areas
`
`- Discuss Current Status of Each
`Technology
`- Provide List of Representative Current
`Products
`"
`
`- Identify Technology Trends
`
`2 Srgflifw
`
`1396 suo SEMINAR M—l
`
`M-1I7
`
`
`
`Technology Nomenclature Definitions
`
`.
`
`th d Ra
`Ca ° e
`
`b
`yTu e
`
`. A Deflected Electron Beam is Used to EXCite
`aCathodoluminescent Phosphor
`
`- Electroluminescent
`
`Plasma I Gas
`Discharge
`
`Flat CRT
`
`Liquid Crystal
`
`An Electric Field Applied Across A
`Polycrystalline Phosphor Stimulates the
`Material and Light is Emitted
`
`An Electric Field Applied Across a Gas
`Atoms. Photons are Emitted When the
`Atom Returns to the Ground State
`
`Similar to a Conventional CRT Only
`Configured in a Flat Format. May or May
`Not Use Deflection. Many Different Types of
`Electron Sources
`
`An Electric Field Applied Across a Material
`Having Both Liquid and Crystalline
`Properties, is Used to Modulate Light by
`Controlling the Amplitude. Wave Vector or
`Phase Vector
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR M-1
`
`
`
`Technology Configurations
`
`CRT
`
`. Mechanization’s
`
`- Single or Multiple Beam
`— Electrostatic or Magnetic Focus
`- Electrostatic or Magnetic Deflection
`
`Types
`. Monochrome
`
`- Color
`
`— Beam Penetration
`
`— Current Sensitive Phosphors
`- Beam Index
`
`— Shadowmask (Delta or ln-Line Gun, Hole or Slot Mask)
`— Liquid Crystal Color Shutter Used with Mono CRT
`
`‘ Wzaflflfia
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR m
`
`M—1/8
`
`
`
`Technology Configurations (Con’t)
`
`Electroluminescence
`
`
`
`- DC Powder
`
`- DC Thin Film
`
`- AC Powder
`
`
`
`- AC Thin Film
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`- Memory or Non-Memory
`. Hybrid Combinationsvof Above
`Plasma
`- AC - Memory Or Non-Memory
`- Single or Dual Substrate
`. DC - Memory or Non-Memory
`- Hybrid ACIDC
`. Plasma Addressed LCD
`0-17" mm
`1ssssrosEMmAnM-1
`1 WEE um
`
`
`Technology Configurations (Con’t)
`
`Flat CRT
`
`- Deflected Beam (Electrostatic or Magnetic)
`0 Matrix Addressed, Including Field Emission
`(XY or XYZ)
`. Hybrid Deflection/Matrix
`. Hybrid Plasma/CRT
`
`'
`
`1996 sun 35mm "-1
`
`Liquid Crystal Type/Modes
`- Scattering (Wave Vector)
`- Dynamic Scattering
`— CholestericINematic Phase Change
`- Thermal Smectic
`
`0-1” “W
`a ugmxm
`
`,
`
`M-1/9
`
`
`
`Technology Configurations (Con’t)
`
`Liquid Crystal Type/Modes (Con’t)
`- Absorption (Amplitude)
`— Dichroic Dye
`— Thermal Smectic
`
`- Polarization (Phase Vector)
`— Twisted Nematic
`
`1396 SID SEMINAR M-1
`
`- Tunable Birefringence (Deform. Aligned Phase)
`- Supertwist (Single & Double Layer)
`— Ferroelectric Smectic
`
`— pi-Cell Nematic
`
`' was ”1238
`9 W.F.Goeda.TaoM3F
`
`Liquid Crystal Addressing Techniques
`- Intrinsic
`— Matrix Fast Scan
`
`- Two-Frequency
`- Hysteresis
`— Themlal
`
`- Active Addressing
`— Plasma Addressed
`
`. Extrinsic (Active Matrix)
`-- Two Terminal - Nonlinear
`
`— Varistor, MIM, PLZT, BB Shotkey Diode
`— Three Terminal (Single or Multiple Transistor)
`- Bulk Silicon MOS
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`— Amorphous Semiconductor- aSi (CdSE, Te. 8. Si:H)
`— Polycrystalline p-Si (Si or Ge)
`-- Recrystalized Silicon (Laser Anneal)
`. External
`— Laser Addressed
`
`— CRT Addressed
`
`
`1° 3?;3‘933
`1996 SID SEMINAR M-t
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`M—1I10
`
`
`
`
`
`MONOCHROME CATHODE-RAY
`TUBE
`
`
`GLASS ENVELOPE
`
`
`
`
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`
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`
`DEFLECTION
`COILS
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
`1996 SID SEMINAR "-1
`
`ELECTRON t
`
`SHADOWMASK CRT
`
`M-1l11
`
`
`
`AI ELECTRODE
`
`SECOND INSULATING
`
`LAYER
`
`(0.3-0.5pm)
`
`PHOSPHOR LAYER
`(0.5-1 .OLLM)
`
`FIRST INSULATING
`LAYER (0.3-0.5ui'n)
`
`G LASS SU BSTRATE
`
`TRANSPARENT ELECTRODE (ITO)
`
`Structure of a double-insulating type thin-film EL device.
`
`13 0mm 4mm
`w.F.Gooae. Tm
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR M-‘I
`
`
`
`REAR ELECTRODE (Al)
`
`PHOSPHOR
`
`(30-50 um)
`TRANSPARENT
`ELECTRODE (ITO)
`
`GLASS~ SUBSTRATE
`
`EL EMISSION
`
`Cross-sectional device structure of dc powder EL device.
`
`0'1 1“ MUS
`1‘ mama, mm:
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR III-1
`
`M-1I12
`
`
`
`MATRIX ARRAY OF AC PLASMA CELLS
`
`BASE SUBSTRATE
` .25 IN GLASS
`
`
`
` OPAQUE CONDUCTORS
`
`GLASS DIELECTRIC
`
`OVERCOAT
`
`GAS CAVITY
`
`Display electrode
`(Transparent
`material)
`
`
`
`Dielectric layer/ .
`
`visible light
`
`I
`
`MgO layer
`
`Barrier rib
`(Separater)
`
`Phosphor
`Discharge cell
`
`-
`
`Address electrode
`
`42-inch Color Plasma Display AC
`
`Auxiliary CC" White Barrier Rib
`Black Matrix
`\Color FiIlcr(R,G,B) Priming Slit
`From Plate
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`Electron
`
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`
`SONY FLAT CRT
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR "-1
`
`Front Luminescent VFD Construction
`
`A1 STRIPE
`
`CROSSOVER LAYER
`
`FACE PLATE
`
`PHOSPHOR
`
`SECTION' 'A"
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`
`ELECTROSTATIC SHIELD AND SHADING FILM
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR M—‘l
`
`M—1l14
`
`
`
`Field Emission Display
`INDIVIDUAL PIXEL
`
`<-—————-—-———.—->
`RED SUB-PIXEL GREEN SUB-PIXEL BLUE SUB-PIXEL
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`. MICROTIPS
`
`19 canon 4mm
`w.F. Geode, 1m
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR M-1
`
`Hum. Deflection Electrud/
`
`Hanz. Focusing Electrode \
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`contact
`
`LC seal
`
`spacer
`
`Cross section of LCD
`
`21 W21» 4mm
`W.F.Goeda.TlOOGF
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR M-1
`
`TWISTED NEMATIC DISPLAY
`
`POLARIZER 0 —
`
`ITO
`GLASS
`
`POLARIZER 8
`
`LC FORMS SPIRAL
`BETWEEN ALIGNED
`SURFACES. POLARIZED
`LIGHT FOLLOWS 90 °
`SPIRAL
`
`APPLIED VOLTAGE
`CAUSES E-FIELD
`WHERE ITO OVERLAPS.
`LC FOLLOWS E-FIELD.
`SPIRAL IS DESTROYED SEMINAR M-‘l
`
`M—1/16
`
`
`
`UPPER COLUMN DRIVER
`
`‘
`
`DISPLAY CELL
`
`mm<—zogo:--
`
`LOWER COLUMN DRIVER
`
`0mm mm:
`23 “LEM. new
`
`Figure 4
`
`Scheme of TF’I‘ Malrix
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR M4
`
`
`
`PASSIVATION
`COLOR FILTER
`BS
`TOP GLASS
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`
`TFT + ELECTRODE
`
`Cross-section of 'l‘F'l‘-LCD
`
`’4 w.F.é:da‘1l’1a£‘i3F
`
`1996 so SEMINAR M—I
`
`M—1I17
`
`
`
`Potential Flat Panel Technology Metrics
`
`- CurrentNoltage
`- Resolution
`' Maximum Physical Size
`. Luminance
`0 Raw Material Cost
`0 Contrast
`' Gray Scale Capability - Luminous Efficiency
`. Life
`0 Number of Pixel
`- Modularity
`Defects/Blemishes
`. Yield
`. Pixel Rise/Fall Times
`- Uniformity
`- Panel Impedance
`- Speed
`Characteristics
`- Addressability
`- Viewing Angle/Luminous
`0 Manufacturing
`Distribution Profile
`- Life
`- Duty Cycle
`- Electronics Cost
`0 AestheticsNiewability
`. Panel Cost
`- Power Dissipation
`- Current Density
`- Driver Cost/Number of
`- Investment 5 Applied
`Drivers
`
`,
`
`25 3::$1132;
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR M-1
`
`
`
`Key Evaluation Criteria Metrics
`
`- Luminous Efficiency (>1 LumenNVatt)
`. Matrix Addressability (Sharp Threshold)
`- Viewability (Good Brightness and
`Contrast Ratios in Intended Ambient)
`- Uniformity (Large and Small Area)
`- Gray Scale (>10 \/—2' Steps)
`- Multicolor (Wide Color Gamut)
`- Life/Reliability
`- Cost (Panel and Electronics)
`. Potential to Achieve Large Sizes
`. Investment$ Applied (>>$50M Needed)
`
`0.12“ 012196
`2‘ W.F.Goo¢n_1’m
`
`1995 sac SEMINAR M—1
`
`M-1I18
`
`
`
`Recent CRT Display Developments - Monochrom
`
`- Data Ray/Hughesrl'homson 21” V
`—
`2048 x 2560
`
`— 170 KHz, 200 fL, 66 Hz 1:1 lnterlace
`- .007” Spot Size at 200 fL (50% Width)
`NIDL 14” X 17”
`—
`2000 X 2500
`
`—
`
`200 fL
`
`Nortechllmaging Technologies 21”V
`-
`2048 x 2560 at 75 Hz, 150 fL
`Improved Phosphors
`Improved Electron Guns
`Long Life Cathodes (Dispenser)
`mum 4112156
`27 w.F.Goodn,TamF
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR "-1
`
`
`
`- 20” x 20” Trinitron (Sony)
`- 2048 x 2048, 0.31 mm Pitch
`— 300 MHz BW, 60 Hz 1 :1 Interlace
`- 43” V Trinitron (Sony)
`- 1.1 mm Pitch Center (755 Trio Stripes)
`— 115 kg Tube Weight, 30 fL @ 35kv
`- HDTV Performance in Large Sizes
`— 26, 30, 32 & 34 V (Multiple Vendors)
`- 16:9, 22" Wide (Hitachi)
`- 1080 x 1920, .28 Pitch, .025” Spot Size at 30 fl. (10% Width)
`- 6.3" x 6.3” AvionicslAuto, Beam Index (Sony)
`- 4.5" x 4.5”, 200 fL, 180 Hz Sequential Color LCD Shutter,
`960 TV Lines (Planar Advance/Tektronix)
`- Improved Guns and Yokes
`- Continued Trend to Smaller Pitch, Smaller Spots and Larger
`Sizes to Support HDTV and Computer Graphics
`G112” mm
`23 W.F_Gooa.1m
`
`Recent CRT Developments - Color
`
`sass SID SEMINAR M—1
`
`M—1l19
`
`
`
`Cathode Ray Tube Strengths
`
`' Very Low Cost
`- Can be Readily Reconfigured to Satisfy a Large
`Number of Requirements (AddressabilitylFonnats)
`. Available in a Large Variety of Shapes and Sizes
`. Extremely Simple Addressing Electronics (~7 Leads)
`. High Brightness
`. Very Good Luminous Efficiency
`. Wide Choice of Colors and Viewing Characteristics
`Available
`
`- Very Good Life Characteristics
`- Large Number of Potential Vendors
`- High Speed
`. Very Good Multicolor Capability
`. Good Gray Scale Capability
`. Large Manufacturing Base (~100 Million Tubes/Year)
`MN ”12136
`29 W.F.Goodo.1’emIGF
`
`1596 an: SEMINAR M-1
`
`
`
`Cathode Ray Tube Weakness
`
`- Large SizeNolumeNVeight
`. Light Scattering in Faceplate (Halo)
`0 Jitter/Flicker
`
`- Maximum Direct View Size Limited to
`
`Approximately 45”
`. Non-Digital Address
`- Distortions/Repeatability
`- Life in Some Applications
`- High Voltage
`- Large Spot Size, Limited Resolution in
`Color Shadowmask Tubes
`
`3" Sfcfi‘éms
`
`1m SID swim M—1
`
`M—1/20
`
`
`
`Recent Electroluminescent Display'DeveIopment
`
`. Ac Thin Film EL (ACTFEL) - Mono
`—
`12.9” D, 1024 x 1280, 30 IL @ 25W (Sharp)
`—
`17" D. 480 x 540, 65fL @ 22W (Sharp)
`-
`1.1" x 1.3", 1024 x 1280, 40 IL @ 2W, 2 IJW (Green)
`1000 Ipi Active Matrix (Sarnoff, Planar. Kopin, Allied
`SignaI,HoneyweIl) (Also 256 x 256 at 2000 lpi)
`10.2"D, 480 x 540, 16 fL @ 20W, 16 Gray Levels (Planar)
`—
`AC TFEL - Color
`
`- ' 10.4"D. 480 x 640 x 2, 8 Colors, 7 1L @ 10W, (Planar)
`9"D. 256 x 512 x 3 Multi-Color, 7 fL @ 20W (Planar)
`4.8"D, 256 x 320 x 3 Full-Color. 8 fL @ 20W (Planar)
`1.0" x 1.2”, (512 x2) x (640 x2) Full-Color Active Matrix
`(Planar)
`- Continued Research on Finding Improved Blue
`Phosphors
`Dc Powder, DC Thin Film, ACP Powder and Hybrid
`Combinations
`
`Little Recent Device Work Reported
`-
`Scattered Results Given on New Materials
`-
`charm 411m
`31 w.F.G ITM
`
`'
`1996 SIDSEMINARM~1
`
`
`
`0 All Have Reasonable Luminous Efficiency (0.8 to 5 LIW)
`in Primary Color (ZnS:Mn Yellow-Orange)
`- ACTF Has Sharpest Threshold (Highest lnfonnation
`Content) and Longest Life
`DCP Has Potential for Low Cost, Large Physical Sizes
`and Good Uniformity, but Has Been Unable to Solve
`Life and Threshold Problems
`
`Electroluminescent Display Status
`
`- AC Thin Film (ACTF) Is Most Advanced
`- Work on DC Powders Seems to Be Decreasing
`. Hybrid DC Thin Film/Powder is a New-Comer, Little
`Effort?
`
`DC Versions Have Very Few Companies Investigating
`ACTF Researchers Are Reporting Good Progress on
`Color Materials, But More Work is Needed in Improving
`Luminance and Obtaining Results in Large Color Panels
`anew Anzac
`32 W.F. Goomem
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR M-t
`
`M—1l21
`
`
`
`AC Thin-Film EL Status
`
`Features
`
`Current Status
`
`Limitations
`
`Good Luminous
`Efficiency (Mono)
`
`1024 x 1280 Available High Voltage Drivers
`
`High Contrast
`
`Emphasis on AIN&G High Capacitance
`
`Very Rugged
`
`Increasing Color
`Research
`
`Complex Electronics
`
`Sharp Threshold
`
`Cost
`
`Gray Scale Possible
`
`Good Resolution
`
`Long Life (>30K Hrs)
`
`Gnu-133i 4/12/95
`33 W}. Goods. Tm
`
`Multicolor Needs
`Further Development
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR M-1
`
`
`
`Electroluminescent Display Problem Areas
`
`- ACTF
`
`— Achieving Uniform Films Over Large Areas is
`Difficult (> 17"D)
`— Zns:Mn is the Most Common Material (Mono),
`Other Colors Have Been Demonstrated But at
`
`Low Luminance (Especially Blue ~ 1 fl.)
`- Multicolor Structures Need More Development
`- Costly High Voltage Drivers Are Required
`
`- DCP
`
`- Lack of Sharp Threshold Limits Matrix Size
`— Life Problems Limit Useful Luminance
`
`— Multicolor Structures Need More Development
`— Costly High Voltage Drivers Are Required
`
`wagon-$2?
`
`1996 SID SHIINAR M-I
`
`M-1l22
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Recent AC Plasma Display Developments
`
`- ACPDP — Mono
`
`— Numerous High Capacity Mono Panels Available (2048 x 2048,
`1212 x 1596, 1024 x 1024, 768 x 960, 512 x 1024, 512 x 512, etc.),
`Panels to 1.5 Meters Diagonal
`— 21 .3"D 1024 X 1280, 40 fL @ 80W typ (PlasmacolMatsushita)
`— 21.3"D 1024 x 1280. 70 fL @ 60W typ (Photonics)
`— Panel Costs Decreasing, Gray Scale Improved
`- ACPDP - Color
`
`— 19"D, 768 x 1024 x 3, 16fL @140Wtyp, 0.3 LIW (Thomson)
`- 20.8"D, 480 x 640 x 3I 80 fL @ 60W typ, 1.0 LIW (Plasmaco/
`Matsushita)
`— 30"D, 768 x 1024 x 3, 30 fL @ 300W (Photonics)
`— 40"D, 480 x 840 x 3, 65 fL (NEC)
`— 40"D, 480 x 840 x 3, 100 11., 1.2 LIW (Pioneer)
`- 42"D, 480 x 852 x 3, 95 fL @ 300W typ (Fujitsu)
`- Large Manufacturing Facilities Being Built
`. Increased Number of Companies Pursuing
`- Luminous Efficiency of Color Panels Reaching Acceptable Levels
`- Large Sizes Under Development
`amass 411296
`35 W.F.G I flm
`
`1536 SID SEMINAR M-l
`
`Recent DC Plasma Display Developments
`
`. DCPDP - Mono
`— 20”D, 512 x 672, 30 TL (Okaya)
`-19.9”D, 480 x 640, 30 fL (Okaya)
`- DCPDP — Color
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`- 26.4”D, (512x 2) x (896 x 2), 50 fL (Matsushita,
`NHK)
`— 40”D, (800 x 2) x (1344 x 2), 50 fL, 0.4 IJW
`(NHK, Matsushita)
`- NHK Leading 25 Company Consortium to
`Develop HDTV PDP
`- 30,000 Hour Life Reported in DC Color Panels
`- Tektronix and Sony Developing 25”D,
`448 x 768 x 3 Plasma-Addressed LCD
`0.13" ”125
`1396 so SEMINAR M—1
`3‘ w.F. 6006536011?
`
`
`
`
`
`M—1/23
`
`
`
`AC Plasma Display Status
`
`523m
`
`9M
`
`Good Uniformity
`
`Sharp Threshold
`
`Simple Structure
`
`Sizes to 2048 x 2048
`Available
`
`Past Em basis on
`Lar e
`&G 8- Cost
`Re uction, Currently
`Color is Focus
`
`High Voltage Drivers
`
`Complex Electronics
`
`Low-Mod Luminous
`Effect
`
`Large Color Panels
`Available (42")
`
`Cost
`
`Moderate Production
`Base
`
`Memory
`
`Lon Life
`Aval able
`(>50K Hrs)
`
`Transparent
`
`Rugged
`
`No Flicker
`
`Color
`
`
`
`31 W37! 012M
`WENTW
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR "-1
`
`DC Plasma Display Status
`
`flames
`
`Current Status
`
`Limitations
`
`Good Uniformity
`
`Sizes to 480 x 640
`Available
`
`High Voltage
`Drivers
`
`Sharp Threshold
`
`Emphasis on Moderate
`NN&G and HDTV
`
`Complex
`Electronics
`
`Color
`
`Color Research
`
`Increasing
`
`Long Life
`
`Large Production Base
`
`Low-Mod
`Luminous
`
`Efficiency
`
`Color Life
`
`Cost
`
`Gray Scale
`Possible
`
`Rugged
`3' 0‘1 3" 4/125
`WE. M. Tm
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR M-‘I
`
`M—1/24
`
`
`
`Plasma Display Problem Areas
`
`0 AC
`
`Optical Cross Talk and Presence of Memory Effect
`Have Initially Slowed Development of Color and
`Gray Scale - Recent Research Appears to Have
`Solved Most Problems
`
`Costly High Voltage Drivers Are Required
`System Costs Are Generally High Due to Low Volume
`Low Luminous Efficiency (Color Panels More Efficient)
`
`Panel Structures Are Generally Complex
`Costly High Voltage Drivers Are Required
`Most Research on Data Display Types Appears to
`Have Been Discontinued (Market Lost to LCD, EL
`and VFD) - Most Work on Large Screen TV
`
`W3” ”12“
`3’ W.F. com; 1m
`
`1996 SID SEMINAR M-1
`
`
`
`Recent Flat CRT Developments
`
`- Deflected Beam
`
`- Little New Work Reported
`- Vacuum Fluorescent
`
`— Work on Large Matrix Displays Appears to Have
`Been Abandoned
`
`- Several Reports of New Structures to Improve
`Luminance and Reduce Cost of Small Displays
`- Few Recent Device Papers (Except Phosphor
`Improvements)
`- Hybrid DeflectionIMatrix
`- No Recent Reports From Matsushita or
`Kanazawa Institute
`
`0.1“ ”12“
`4° W,F.M_Tm
`
`1396 SID SEMINAR M-1
`
`M—1125
`
`
`
`Recent Flat CRT Developments (Con’t)
`
`. Field Emission Matrix
`
`— 4” x 4”, 512 x 512, Mono, 3000 fL at 8KV, 90V Switching,
`300 Tips Per Pixel, Phosphor Efficiency ~ 20 W (P53)
`(Raytheon)
`10.5"D, 480 x 640, Mono and Color Versions, 400V
`Anode, 8 W Phosphor, 100/fL @ 2.5W With Text
`Display (PixTek)
`5.2”D, 240 x 320 Mono, 3.5W @100 fL, 400V (PixTek)
`.7”D, (140 x 3) x 240, Color, 0.1W at 15 fL (Micron)
`2.5”D, (120 x 3) x 140, 1000 Tips Per Sub-Pixel, 4KV
`Anode (Silicon Video)
`4.9” 240 x 320, Mono, 200 Volt Anode, 60 fL, 320
`TipsIPixel (Futaba)
`Field Emission Consortium Formed, With License From
`PixTek (Raytheon, TI, Motorola, Futaba) Also TRP
`Consortium With ARPA (Multiple Companies)
`1996 SID SEMINAR M—1
`41 OHM“ 4112M
`W.F.Goedo.TBOM3F
`
`Flat CRT Status
`
`Features
`
`Cun'ent Status
`
`Limitations
`
`
`
`High Luminance
`
`Well Understood
`
`Simple Addressing
`
`Good Threshold
`
`Good Color
`
`Good Gray Scale
`
`Large Sizes Possible
`
`Good Life
`
`Little Work Reported
`on VFD or Deflected
`Beam Versions
`
`Moderate Voltage
`
`Uniformity Marginal
`
`Evaluation Samples
`of FED Up to
`'512 x 512 Color
`
`Cost
`
`Complex Structure in
`Some Versions
`
`Large Sizes Difficult
`in Some Versions
`
`High Reflectivity
`
`Long Term
`Limitations of FED
`Unknown
`
`‘2 0‘1 ‘2 01286
`W.F. Geode. TM
`
`1596 SID SEMINAR M—1
`
`M—1/26
`
`
`
`Flat CRT Problem Areas
`
`. Deflected Beam Versions
`
`— Limited to Relatively Small Sizes Due to Envelope
`and Deflection Angle Problems
`- Matrix Addressed Versions
`
`— Panels Are Generally Complex, Leading to High Cost
`— Although Large Sizes Are Possible, Many Processing
`and Panel Fabrication Problems Remain
`
`— Achieving High Information Content Vacuum
`Fluorescent Displays is Hampered by Low
`Luminance @ High Duty Factors, and Envelope
`Problems (No Recent Research Reported)
`Field Emission Promising, But Complex
`Manufacturing and Several Technical Challenges
`Remain Before Large Sizes Become Feasible -
`Atmospheric Pressure Exerts ~ 1 ton Ift2
`Wm 012196
`‘3 w.F.Gooao. 1500155
`
`1996 sun smmm M-‘l
`
`Recent LCD Developments Intrinsic
`
`- Monochrome
`
`— 2048 x 2560, 15”D, Ferroelectric, DF = 1l1024 (Canon)
`— 480 x 640, 6.3” Bi-Stable TN, DF = 11240 (Seiko-Epson)
`. Color
`
`— (800 x 3) x 600, 11.3"D, STN, DF= 11300, 20 fL @ 3.6W (Sharp)
`— (1024 x 2) x (1280 x 2), 15"D, Ferroelec, DF = 111024, (Canon)
`— (1024 x 3) x 768, 17.7”D, STN, (Sharp)
`— (800 x 3) x 600, 14.2"0. STN, 7w @ 20 fL, (Kyocera)
`. Active Addressing Technique Allows High Contrast Large
`Info-Content Video STN Displays, With Gray Scale (Motif)
`. Size and Appearance Improving Rapidly, Challenging
`Active Matrix Performance
`
`— Cost Continues to Decrease (Lower Than Active
`Matrix)
`— Plasma-Addressed LCD, 488 x (768 x 3), 25" (Teleony)
`
`
`
`W4“ 4“?“
`‘4 WEMJW
`
`199: so SEMINAR M-1
`
`M-1l27
`
`
`
`Recent LCD Developments
`
`- Two Terminal
`
`— (960 x 3) x 240, 5.5"D MIM, 100° HI30°V (Seiko-Epson)
`— 1280 x 1024, 13”D, Mono, 16 Gray Levels (Seiko-Epson)
`- a-Si TFT (Mono)
`— 3072 x 2240, 13.5”D, 8 Gray Levels, 90°HI70°V, 50 fL @
`65W (dpi X, Xerox)
`- a-Si TFT (Color)
`— (1024 x 3) x 768, 13.3"D, 140° V&H Viewing Angle, 18W @
`35 fL (Hitachi)
`— (800 x 3) x 600, 11.3”D, 80°HI50°V, 2.6W @ 20 fl. (Fujitsu),
`$2200
`
`— (1280 x 3) x 1024, 13”D, 90°HI40°V, 60 fL @ 21W, Monitor
`(NEG), $6000
`— (1920 x 3) x 1035, 15.5”D, 120°H160°V, 20 fL (Toshiba)
`- (1280 x 3) x 1024, 16.1"D, 6 Bit Gray (IBM)
`— (1280 x 3) x 1024, 14.1"D, 60 fL @ 20W, Fujitsu
`W450 012/96
`- 560 x 960, 2.2”D, lntegrated Drivers (Thomson, Sarnoff)
`46 WHFG ,m
`1SSSSIDSEMINARM-1
`
`
`
`- a-Si TFT (Color) (Con’t)
`— (512 x 2) x (512 x 2), 6.25” x 6.25", 50°Hl30°V, 200 fL,
`Militarized (Planar Advance)
`—(480 x 2) x (640 x 2), 6" x 8",120°HI30°V,Militarized (Allied
`Signal)
`-(768 x 3) x (576), 6.7"x 6.7”, 28 Gray Levels, Militarized (OIS)
`- Single or Poly-SiTFT (p-Si)
`— (1280) x 1024, 3.2"D, With Monolithic Drivers, Low Temp
`Process (Fujitsu)
`—(320 x 3) x 200, 2.9”D, 6 Bit Gray Scale, With Integrated
`Drivers. Low Temp (Seiko-Epson)
`— 1440 x 1024,1. 8"D, With Integrated Drivers, High Temp
`(Seiko-Epson)
`— (800 x 3) x 600, 10.4"D, With Integrated Drivers, Low Temp
`(Seiko-Epson)
`- CdSe TFT (Color)
`—(576 x 2) x (768 x 2), 9.6”D, Militarized (Litton)
`0.143 01255
`46 WMFM,M
`
`Recent LCD Developments (Con’t)
`
`IssasIo saummu-I
`
`M—1l28
`
`
`
`Liquid Crystal Display Status
`
`- Features
`
`Current Status
`
`Limitations
`
`Low - Mod
`Power
`
`Low
`Voltage
`
`‘
`
`Intrinsic Panels
`to 15” 2048x
`2560 Ferroelec,
`17” 1024x768
`STN
`
`TFT AM to 22"
`13.5", 3072x 2540
`mono &
`1925x1035 color
`
`Volume Prod.
`> 1M panels/mo
`
`Production
`Meeting Demand
`
`Long Life
`
`Simple
`Structure
`
`Rugged
`
`Good in
`High Li ht
`Ambien
`
`W4" 012M
`‘7 W.F.Goodl,TamF
`
`In Intrinsic
`Version:
`Poor Threshold,
`hp earance and
`u
`tiplexibility
`
`In Active Matrix
`Versions:
`Yield, Size and
`Cost
`
`Both Types Have:
`Slow S eed and
`Limite
`Temperature
`Range
`
`1996 suo SEMINAR "-1
`
`
`
`Which Can Be Addressed (DF < 1/500 except FLCD &
`Super-twist).
`— Version Without Back-Lighting Suffer From Poor
`Contrast, Limited Viewing Angle and Poor Aesthetics
`— Limited Full Multicolor/Gray Scale Performance
`. Active Matrix Addressed Versions
`— Hampered by Low Yield and High Manufacturing Cost
`(Approximately $40-80llnch Diag. vs. $10-20Ilnch for
`CRT)
`— Very Difficult to Achieve Large Physical Sizes (> 16" D)
`— Very High Manufacturing Start-up Costs (>$50-100M)
`— Achieving Wide Dynamic Range (Gray Scale) and
`Response Fast Enough for Color TV is Difficult
`cry-mu 4112195
`‘8 w.F.Gooda.TamGF
`
`Liquid Crystal Display Problem Areas
`
`. Direct Multiplex Versions (Intrinsic)
`— Poor Threshold Limits Maximum Number of Lines
`
`1396 SID SEMINAR M-1
`
`M—1I29
`
`
`
`Panel Cost Vs. Electronics Cost
`
`- For Each Technology, a Trade-Off Must Be Made
`Between Panel Complexity and Electronics Complexity
`- Typically. Technologies With the Simplest Addressing
`Techniques Have the Most Complex Structures and
`Vice Versa.
`
`- Technologies Requiring High Voltage Drive (EL, PDP,
`and Cost Flat CRT’s) Use Expensive Drivers (3-1 0+
`Cents Each). Howeverl Many of These Technologies
`Require Fewer Drivers for a Given Panel Size.
`- Currently, Electronics Costs is Often Viewed as a More
`Significant Problem to Overcome Than Panel Cost. The
`Cost of Drivers Al'one, Can Be Significantly More Than
`the Cost of an Entire Equivalent Performance CRT
`Monitor.
`
`W4” ”1258
`‘9 w,F_G..¢._Tm
`
`lass SID SEMINAR M-1
`
`
`
`Examples of Japanese Investments In Display
`Technologies (LCD & PDP)
`Investment Plans m
`Has ~ 45% of LCD World
`n
`Over $1 B Thru 1994, $1.38 New 94-96 rages. 9SéJOK Panels/Month
`Over
`H ' ~y'
`, ‘eW' an n a-1OOKPanels/Month
`
`Company
`AM LCD TFT
`-. harp
`
`itsubushilAsahi New $400M Plant In Fab, complete 95 100K Panels/Month
`ottori Sanyo
`Over $700M by 94,3200M for New Plant 35K STN Panels/Month
`20K Panels/Month
`
`98% of LCD Market for VGA, World Market = 1ZBlyr, 87% LCD, 3% PDP
`
`ujitsu -ACPDP Spent $200M, $600M Total by 1993
`
`EC - ACPDP
`
`$50M In 95, $180 by 97, $13 by 2000
`
`atsushita AC
`
`$100M in 95/96. $600m by 2000
`
`NHK - DCPDP
`
`Leading 25 Company Consortium for HDTV
`
`>3500M by 2000
`
`1996 SD SEMINAR "-1
`
`M-1l30
`
`
`
`Comparison of TechnologBProblems For
`High Information Conten
`isplays
`Problem
`AC
`DC Deflected Matrix ACTF
`DCP lntrinsicAActive
`PDP
`PDP Beam
`Flat
`EL
`EL
`LCD
`Matrix
`Flat CRT CRT
`LCD
`
`—IT-l-_--
`Matrix
`Addressing
`Uniformityg
`Viewability
`(Indoor)
`VIewabil
`(Outdoor;y
`
`La eArea
`(>2
`I
`
`Driving Cost
`
`X
`
`X+
`
`Panel Cost
`x- Current Problem Area
`0-151! ”1238
`51 Ms ”W
`
`m
`XX 3 Probable Long Term Problem Area
`
`IssssIDSEMINARM-I
`
`
`
`— Continued Emphasis on Achieving Higher Resolution,
`Lower Cost, Sunlight Viewability and Longer Life
`- Improved Computer Modeling Will Continue to Allow
`Smaller, More Intense Beams
`— High Definition TV Will Eventually Be Introduced in US Via
`Parallel Transmission
`
`Technology Trends
`- CRT
`
`- Will Continue to Lose Market Share to Flat Panels in Applic.
`Requiring Smaller Volume. As LCD Cost for >15” panels
`Decrease, CRT Market Share for PC’s Will Decrease
`. Flat CRT
`— Deflected Beam Versions Have Lost Market to LCD
`
`— Large Area Multiplexed Versions Having Full Color and
`Gray Scale Are Possible; Champion Needed to Fund
`Investment
`
`— Large Activity in Field-Emission May Result in Practical
`W52! 012196
`Structures. Achieving Large Sizes Difficult
`52 WHFG
`ITBOOIGF
`
`19865lDSEMINARM-1
`
`M-1/31
`
`
`
`Technology Trends
`
`. AC Plasma
`
`— Will Continue to Concentrate on Large, High Info-
`Content Applications - Particularly Well Suited for
`Harsh Environments
`
`Recent Successes in Achieving Good Color & Gray
`Scale Significantly Improve Long Term Viability
`— Circuitry 8. Panel Cost Will Decrease With Vol. Prod.
`— Most
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