`
`Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
`Spn’ngfield, Massachusetts, USA.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`
`
`
`
`

`

`\'
`-‘/..\’- '
`‘A GENUINE MERRIAM-WEBSTER '
`
`
`
`The name Webster alone is no guarantee of excellence. It is used by a
`number of publishers and may serve mainly to mislead an unwary buyer.
`
`Merriam-WebsterTM is the name you should look for when you'consider
`the purchase of dictionaries or other fine reference books. It carries the
`reputation of a company that has been publishing since 1831 and is your
`assurance of quality and authority.
`
`Copyright © 1997 by Merriam—Webster, Incorporated
`
`Philippines Copyright 1997 by Merriam—Webster, Incorporated
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`Main entry under title:
`
`Merriam-Webster‘s collegiate dictionary. :— 10th ed.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes index.
`ISBN 0-87779-708vO (unindexed : alk. paper). -— ISBN 0-87779—709-9 (indexed :
`alk. paper). —— ISBN 0—87779-710—2 (deluxe : alk. paper).'— ISBN 0-87779-707-2
`(laminated cover).
`1. English language—Dictionaries.
`PE1628.M36
`1997
`423—dc20
`
`I. Merriam-Webster, Inc.
`
`96-42529CIP
`
`Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate® Dictionary, Tenth Edition principal copyright 1993
`
`COLLEGIATE is a registered trademark of Merriam-Webster. Incorporated
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyrights hereon may be
`reproduced or copied in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechani-
`cal, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems—-
`without written permission of the publisher.
`
`Made in the United States of America
`
`181920RMCN97
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`XLNX—1017
`
`Page 2 of 9
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`
`
`
`
`

`

`little or no semantic content; most interjections express feel-
`ings but are otherwise untranslatable into meaning; and some
`other words (as oaths and honorific titles) are more amenable
`to comment than to definition:
`
`. prep .
`.
`1of .
`reckoning
`
`.
`
`. 1 —used as a function word to indicate a point of
`
`. ——used by a court or public crier to gain
`.
`. vb imper .
`'.
`Ioyez .
`attention before a proclamation
`
`lor‘.
`tive
`
`.
`
`. conj .
`
`.
`
`. 1 —~ used as a function word to indicate an alterna-
`
`gal-1y .
`sir'.
`.
`
`. —- used as a mild oath or to express surprise
`.
`. inter] .
`.
`. n .
`.
`. 2 :4 ~— used as a usu. respectful form of address
`USAGE PARAGRAPHS
`Brief usage paragraphs have been placed at a number‘of
`entries for terms that are considered to present problems of
`confused or disputed usage. A usage paragraph typically sum-
`marizes the historical background of the item and its associ-
`ated body of opinion, compares these with available evidence
`of current usage, and often adds a few words of suitable ad-
`vice for the dictionary user.
`'
`Each paragraph is signaled by an indented boldface italic
`usage. Where appropriate, discussion is keyed by sense num-
`ber to the definition of the meaning in question. Most para-
`graphs incorporate appropriate verbal illustrations and illus-
`trative quotations to clarify and exemplify the points being
`made:
`
`. 1 abs 3 : to make heavy : nunnepb : INCREASEZ
`.
`. vt .
`.
`ag-gi'avvate .
`: to make worse, more serious, or more severe : intenSify unpleasantly
`<problems have been aggravated by ne lect> 3 a : to rouse to dis-
`pleasure _or anger by usu. perSistent an
`often petty goading b : to
`produce inflammation in
`~
`.
`usage Although aggravate has been 'used in sense Ba Since the 17th
`century, it has been therbJect of disapproval only Since'about
`1870.
`t is used in exposuory prose .< when his silly conceit .
`.
`.
`about his not-very- ood early work has begun tolaggravate us
`——Williani Styron > ut seems to_ be more common in spwch and
`casual writin < a ood
`rofessmn for him, because bus drivers
`et aggravate ~Jac ie G eason (interView, l?86)> <& now this
`etter comes to a
`ravate me a thousand times worse ——Mark
`Twain (letter, 18
`> . Sense 2 is far more common. than sense 3a
`in gublished prose. Such isnOt‘ the case, however, With a
`ravati'o‘n
`an
`aggravating. Aggravation is used in sense '3 somew at more
`than in its earlier senses; aggravating has practically no use other
`than to express annoyance.
`
`When a second word is also discussed in a paragraph, the
`main entry for that word is followed by a run-on usage see
`——which refers to the entry where the paragraph may be
`found:
`
`lat-feet .
`
`.
`
`. vb .
`
`.
`
`. usage see arrecr
`
`Definitions
`
`
`DIVISION OF SENSES
`
`A boldface colon is used in this dictionary to introduce a
`definition:
`
`lcoo-per .
`
`.
`
`. n .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`: one that makes or repairs wooden casks or tubs
`
`It is also used to separate two or more definitions of a single
`sense:
`
`unccage .
`restraint
`
`.
`
`. vt .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`: to release from or as if from a cage : free from
`
`Boldface Arabic numerals separate the senses of a word
`that has more than one sense:
`
`Explanatory Notes
`. 1 : a person belonging to a primitive society 2 : a brutal
`.
`2savage n .
`person 3 : a rude or unmannerly person
`
`19a
`
`Boldface lowercase letters separate the subsenses of a word:
`
`. bimarked by a'regal
`.
`. adj .‘ . .5 a_: LAVIsH. suwii’Tupus.
`.
`Igrand .
`form and dignity c : fine or imposmg in appearance or impresSion d
`: LOFI‘Y. SUBLIME
`i
`
`' Lightface numerals in parentheses indicate a further divi-
`Sion of subsenses:
`.
`- ~
`.
`.
`take out .
`. .vt. . .1 a(l):DEnucr,serARAT£(2) : axcwms. OMIT (3)
`:WITHDRAW,WITHHOLD
`'
`‘
`
`A lightface colon following a definition and immediately
`preceding two or more subsenses indicates that the subsenses
`are subsumed by the preceding definition:
`
`.‘ 3': a tight or critical situation: as a :‘ a critical point in
`.
`2crunch [I .
`the buildup of pressure between opposmg elements .
`.
`. b : a severe
`economic squeeze .
`.
`. c : SHORTAGE
`
`. either of two huge coniferous California trees of
`..
`. n .
`.
`Se» uoia .
`t e bald cypress family that may reach a height of over 300 feet (90
`meters): 8 : BIG TREE b:’ REDWOOD 3a
`
`The word as may or may not follow the lightface colon. Its
`presence (as at Icrimch) indicates that'the following subsenses
`are typical or'significant examples. Its absence (as at sequoia)
`indicates that the subsenses which follow are exhaustive.
`The system of separating the various senses of a word by
`numerals and letters is a lexical convenience. It reflects some-
`thing of their semantic relationship, but it does not evaluate
`senses or set up a hierarchy of importance among them.
`Sometimes a, particular
`semantic relationship between
`senses is suggested by th'e'use of one of four italic sense divid-
`ers: esp, specif, also, or broadly!
`'
`The sense divider esp (for especially) is used to introduce the
`most common meaning subsumed in the more general preced-
`ing definition:
`
`iblink adj .
`esp : WILY
`
`.
`
`. 3 a : characterized by subtlety or nimble wit : CLEVER;
`’
`’
`'
`
`The sense divider specif (for specifically) is used to introduce
`a common but highly restricted meaning subsumed in the
`more general preceding definition:
`-
`'
`pon'tiff.
`. .n ..
`.
`. 2:BISHOP;SpeCif:POPEv ,
`
`The sense divider also is used to introduce a meaning that is
`closely related to but may be considered less important than
`the preceding sense:
`
`. l :aPORCELAlN; also i vitreous porcelain wares (as
`.
`. n .
`.
`chi-pa .
`dishes, vases, or ornaments) for domestic use
`_
`
`The sense divider broadly is used to,introduce an extended
`or wider meaning of the preceding definition: ,
`_
`
`.
`. n ..
`flat-sums .
`: floating debns
`
`. 1 : floating wreckage of a ship or its cargo; broadly
`'
`'
`*
`"
`
`ORDER OF SENSES
`The order of senses within an entry is historiml: the sense
`known to have been first used in}, English is entered first. This
`is not to be taken to mean, however, that‘each sense of a mul-
`tisense word developed from the immediately preceding sense.
`It is altogether possible that sense 1 of a word has given‘rise
`to sense 2 and sense 2 to sense 3, but frequently sense} and
`sense 13 may have arisen independently.oonne‘another from
`sense .
`.
`a,
`When a numbered sense is further subdivided into lettered
`subsenses, the inclusion of particular subsenses within a sense
`is based upon their semantic relationship to one another, but
`their order is likewise historical: subsense la is earlier than 1b,
`lb is earlier than 10, and so forth. Divisions of subsenses indi~
`cated by lightface numerals in parentheses are also in histori-
`
`XLNX—1017
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 3 of 9
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`
`
`
`
`

`

`. 4 also ral-lye
`.
`2rally n .
`ldiskordisc.
`. .n. . .4. .
`
`.busudisc
`
`. 1 a cap
`.
`. n .
`.
`cru-ci-fix-ion.
`ltile.
`. .n...lp1tilesortilea...
`delicatessen .
`.
`. n pl .
`.
`. 1 .
`.
`. 2 sing, pl delicatessens
`fix~ing.
`. .n. . .2pl
`2die.
`.
`.n,pldice. . .ordies. . .lpldi‘ce.
`. n, pl folk or folks .
`.
`. 4folks pI
`
`lfolk .
`
`.
`
`. .2pIdier. .
`
`.3pldies
`
`At palm the subetymology indicates that the third sense, while
`ultimately derived from the same source (Latin palma) as the
`other senses of the word, has a different immediate etymon
`(Latin palmus), from which it receives its meaning. At rally
`one is told that in the fourth sense the word has a variant
`spelling not used for other senses and that this variant is a
`secondary or less common one. At disk the italic label of sense
`4b indicates that, while the spelling disk is overall somewhat
`the more common (since it precedes disc out of alphabetical
`order at the beginning of the entry), disc is the usual spelling
`for this particular sense. At crucifixion the label cap points out
`the one meaning of the word in which it is capitalized. At the
`first homograph tile no plural is shown at the beginning of the
`entry because the usual plural, tiles, isregular. The subsenses
`of sense 1, however, have a zero plural as well as the usual
`one, and so both plurals appear in boldface at sense I. At
`delicatessen the situation is different: the entry as a whole is
`labeled a plural noun, but sense 2 is used as a singular. In this
`sense delicatessen can take the plural ending -s when needed, a
`fact that is indicated by the appearance of the plural in bold-
`face at
`the sense. At fixing the italic abbreviation simply
`means that when used in this sense the word is always written
`in its plural form, fixings. At the second homograph die the
`actual distribution of the variant plurals can be given sense by
`sense in italic type because both variants are shown in bold-
`face earlier in the entry. At the first homograph folk a singular
`noun is ShOWn with variant plurals of nearly equal frequency,
`when all senses are taken into account. The fourth sense, how-
`ever, is unique in being always plural in form and construc-
`tion. The form of the plural for this sense is folks, as shown,
`and the placement of the form before the label instead of after
`r
`itafas at the senses of die) means that this sense is always plu—
`hen an italicized label or guide phrase follows a boldface
`numeral, the label or phrase applies only to that specific num-
`bered senSe and its subsenses. It does not apply to any other
`boldface numbered senses:
`
`. W
`
`Ihoot.
`lfa-vor.
`
`. .n. . .larchai’c..
`.30bs. ..
`.
`.Zchieflydial.
`. .n. . .2archaica..
`.b(1). . .(2). .
`.3
`
`At boot the archaic label applies only to sense 1, the chiefly
`dial label only to sense 2, and the obs label only to sense 3. At
`favor the archaic label applies to all the subsenses of sense 2
`but not to sense 3.
`When an italicized label or guide phrase follows a boldface
`letter, the label or phrase applies only to that specific lettered
`sense and it's'subsenses. It does net apply to any other bold—
`face lettered senses:
`
`2stour n .
`
`.
`
`. 1 a archaic .
`
`.
`
`. b dial Brit
`
`The archaic label applies to sense 1a but not to sense 1b. The
`dial Brit label applies to sense lb but not to sense la.
`When an italicized label or guide phrase follows a parenthe-
`sized numeral, the label or phrase applies only to that specific
`numbered sense:
`
`in-car-na-tion .
`
`.
`
`. n .
`
`.
`
`. 13(1).
`
`.
`
`. (2) cap
`
`The cap label applies to sense 1a(2) and to no other subsenses
`of the word.
`
`20a
`
`Explanatory Notes
`
`cal order with respect to one another. Subsenses may be out of
`historical order, however, with respect to the broader num-
`bered senses:
`
`. (ca. 1627) 1 a : a piece of work; esp : a small miscella-
`.
`. n .
`.
`‘job .
`neous piece of work undertaken. on order at a stated rate 1) : the ob-
`ect or material on which work is being done c : something produced
`y or as if _by work <do a better ~ next time> d : an example of a
`usu. speCified type :
`ITEM <this ~ is round-necked and sleeveless
`—Lors Long>
`'a :' something done for private advantage <sus-
`pected the whole incident was aput—up ~ > b : a_ criminal enter-
`prise; specif :Okossexv c : a damaging or destructive bit of work < did
`a ~ on him> 3 a,
`(1)
`: something that has to be done
`: TASK (2 : an undertaking requiring unusual exertion <it was a real
`~ to tal over that norse.>. b : a specrfic duty, role, or function e : a
`regular remunerative posttion d chiefly Brit : state of affairs —— used
`With bad or good <it was a good ~ you didn’t hit the old man —-—E.
`L. Thomas>
`,
`
`At job the date indicates that the earliest unit of meaning,
`sense 1a, was born in the seventeenth century, and it is readily
`apparent how the following subsensesare linked to it and to
`each other by the idea of work. Even subsense 1d is so linked,
`because while it does not apply exclusively to manufactured
`items, it often does so, as the illustrative quotation su gests.
`Yet 1d did not exist before the 19205, while 2a and 3a (1 both
`belong to the seventeenth century, although they are later
`than 1a. Even the very last subsense, 3d, is earlier than 1d, as
`it is found in the works of Dickens.
`_
`Historical order also determines whether transitive or in-
`transitive senses are given first at verbs which have both
`kinds. If the earliest sense is transitive, all the transitive senses
`precede all the intransitive senses.
`
`OMISSION OF A SENSE
`
`Occasionally the dictionary user, having turned to an entry,
`may not find a particular sense that was expected or hoped
`for. This usually means no more than that the editors judged
`the sense insufficiently common or otherwise important
`to
`include in a dictionary of this scope. Such a sense will fre-
`quently be found at the appropriate entry in a dictionary (as
`Webster’s Third New International Dictionary) that has room
`for less common words and meanings. One special case is
`worth noting, however.
`At times it would be possible to include the definition of a
`meaning at more than one entry (as at a simple verb and a
`verb-adverb collocation or at a verb and an adjective derived
`from a participle of that verb). To save space for other infor-
`mation such double coverage is avoided, and the meaning is
`generally defined only at the base form. For the derivative
`term the meaning is then considered to be essentially self-ex-
`planatory and is not defined. For example cast off has a sense
`“to get rid of" in such typical contexts as “cast off all re-
`straint,” and so has the simple verb cast in contexts like “cast
`all restraint to the winds.” This meaning is defined as sense
`1e(2) of cast and is omitted from the entry cast off, where the
`dictionary user will find a number of senses that cannot be
`considered self4explanatory in relation to the entries for cost
`and off. Likewise, the entry for the adjective picked gives only
`one sense—~“cnorce, PRIME”—-—Which is not the meaning of
`picked in such a context as “the picked fruit lay stacked in
`boxes awaiting shipment.” A definition suitable for this use is
`not given at picked because one is given at the first homo-
`graph pick,
`the verb from which the adjective picked is de-
`rived, as sense 3a——“to gather by plucking.”
`
`INFORMATION AT INDIVIDUAL
`SENSES
`
`Information coming between the entry word and the first
`definition of a multisense word applies to all senses'and sub-
`senses. Information applicable only to some senses or sub-
`senses is given between the appropriate boldface numeral or
`letter and the symbolic colon. A variety of kinds of informa-
`a
`tion is offered in this way:'
`
`1palm n .
`
`.
`
`. 3 [L palmus, fr. palma]
`
`XLNX-101 7
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 4 of 9
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`
`
`
`
`

`

`dwarf o dysuria
`
`361
`
`dy-na'otron. \‘di—no-.tr§n\ n [Gk dynamis power] (1918) : a vacuum
`tube In which the secondary emission of electrons from the plate results
`in a decrease in the plate current as the plate voltage increases
`dyne_ \'din\ n [F, fr. Gk dynamis] (ca. 1873) :
`the unit of force in the
`centimeter-gram-second system equal to the force that would give a
`secon
`free méiss of one gram an acceleration of one centimeter per second per
`dy-negin \'di.né-in\ n [dyne (force) + -in] (1965) 2 an ATPase that is
`assocrated esp. With microtubules involved in the ciliary and flagellar
`movement of cells
`dy-node \'di-.nr’)d\ n [Gk dynamis] (1939) : an electrode in an electron
`tube that functions to produce secondary emission of electrons
`dys- prefix [ME dis- bad, difficult, fr. MF & L; MF dis~. fr. L dys-, fr.
`Gk; akin to OE 16-, .te- apart, Skt dus‘ bad, difficult]
`I : abnormal
`(Sysplasra)
`2 : difficult (dysphagia) -—- compare EU- 3 : impaired
`( ysfunction) 4: bad (dyslogistic) -—— compare EU-
`'
`dySgar-thria \di-‘S'ar~thre-9\ n [NL, fr. dys- + arthr- + -r'a] (1878)
`: difficulty in articulating words due to disease of the central nervous
`system
`dys-cra-sia \dis-‘kra-zh(é—)9\ n [NL, fr. ML, bad mixture of humors,
`fr. Gk dyskrasia, fr. dys— + krasis mixture, fr. kerannynai to mix --—
`more at CRATER] (14c) : an abnormal condition of the body and esp.
`the blood
`'
`dyS-en-ter-ic \.di-s°n-'ter—ik\ adj (1727) : of or relating to dysentery
`dys-en-tery \'di-s°n-.ter-E\ n, pl -ter-ies [ME dissenterie, fr’. L dysen-
`disease characterized by severe diarrhea with passage 0 mucus and
`teria, fr. Gk, fr. dys— + cnteron intestine— more at INTER-](14c)
`1 : a
`blood and usu. caused by infection 2 : DIARRHEA
`dys-funcftion \(.)diS-‘foi](k)-shon\ n (ca. 1916) : impaired or abnormal
`functiomng— d s-func-tiomal \-shnal, -sha-n°l\ adj
`dys-gen-e-srs \(. dis-'je-no—sos\ n [NL] (ca. 1883) : defective develop-
`ment esp. of thegonads (as in Klinefelter’s syndrome)
`dys-gemic \(.)diS—'je-nik\ adj (1912)
`1 :
`tending to promote survival
`diseased esp. at the expense of well-adapted individuals (as the strong
`of or reproduction by less well-adapted individuals (as the weak or
`or healthy) (the ~ effect of war) 2 : biologically defective or deficient
`culty in moving, fr. dys— + ~kiriesia, fr.
`ine'sis motion, fr. kinein to
`dyScki-ne-sia \.dis-ka.'né-zh(é-)a, -ki-\ n [(NL, fr. Gk dyskinésia diffi-
`move — more at HIGHT] (ca. 1706) : impairment of voluntary move-
`ments resulting in fragmented or jerky motions (as in Parkinson’s dis-
`ease) ——— compare TARDIVE DYSKlNESlA -— dys~ki-net-ic \-'net-ik\ adj
`dys-lex-ia \dis-'lek—sé—o\ n [NL, fr. dys— + Gk lexis word, speech, fr.
`Iegein to say —— more at LEGEND] (ca. 1888) : a disturbance of the abil-
`ity to read; broadly : disturbance of the ability to use language —— dys-
`lex~ic \-sik\ adj or n
`1812) : UNCOMPLIMENTARY— dys- OsgiS‘ti-ca -ly \-ti-k(ov)lé\ adv
`de’s-lo-gis-tic \,dis—la-'jis-tik\ adj dys- + ~lo istic (as in eulogisticfl
`dys-memor-rhea \(.)dis-.me-no-'ré-o\ n [NL] (ca. 1810) : painful men:
`struation ~— dyymen-orurhe-ic \-'rE—ik\ adj
`dys-pep-sia \dis-‘pep-sho, -sé-a\ n (L, fr. Gk, fr. dys— + pepsis diges-
`tion, fr, peptein, pessein to cook, digest — more at COOK] (ca. 1706)
`1
`:
`lNDlGESTlON 2: ill humor: DISGRUNTLEMENT—dys-pep-tic \-'pep-
`tik\ adj or n -— dys-pep-ti-cal-ly \-ti-k(a-)lé\ adv
`dys-pha-gia \dis—‘fa-j(E-)a\ n [NL (1783) : difficulty in swallowing
`dys-pha~sia \dis-‘fa-zh(e—)9\ n [N ] (ca. 1883) : loss of or deficiency in
`the power to use or understand language as a result of injury to or
`disease of the brain — dys-pha-sic .\- f“-zik\ n or adj
`dys-phe-mism \'dis-fo~.mi~zom\ n [gys— + aphemism (as in euphc~
`mism)] (1884) :
`the substitution of a
`isagreeable, offensive, or dispar-
`aging expression for an agreeable or inoffensive one; also : an expres-
`sion so substituted —— dys-phe-misdic \,dis—fo<'mis-tik\ adj
`dys-pho-nia \dis-‘f6~né—o\ n [NL] (ca. 1706) : defective use of the voice
`dys-phOoria \dis—‘for-é-o, -'for-\ n [NL, fr, Gk, fr. dysphoros-hard to
`bear, fr. dys- + pherein to bear -— more at BEAR1(ca. 1842) : a state of
`feeling unwell or unhap y -— dysmhor-ic \-'fr')r-ik, -‘far-\ adj
`dys-pla-sia \dis-‘pl§~zh '-)o\ n [NL]] (ca. 1923) : abnormal growth or
`development (as of organs or cel s); broadly : abnormal anatomic
`structure due to such growth -— ibis-plastic \-'plas-tik\ adj
`dys-pnea \'dis(p)-né-a\ n [L dyspnoea, fr. Gk dyspnoia, fr, dyspnoos
`short of breath, fr. dys- + pnein to breathe —-— more at SNEEZE] (ca.
`1681) 2 difficult or labored respiration —- dys-pne~ic \-né-ik\ adj
`dyspnoea chiefly Brit var ofDYSPNEA
`dys-prmsi-um \dis—‘pro—zé-am, -zh(é-)om\ n [NL, fr. Gk dysprositas
`hard to get at, fr. dys- + prositos approachable, fr. prosienai to ap»
`preach, fr. pros- + ienai to go — more at ISSUE] (1886) : an element of
`the rare-earth group that forms highly magnetic compounds — see
`ELEMENT table
`if s-rhyth-mia \dis-‘rit -me-o\ n [NL, fr. dys— + L rh thmus rhythm]
`ca. 1909) : an abnormal rhythm; esp : a disordered r
`thm exhibited
`in a record of electrical activity of the brain or heart -— ys-rhyth-mic
`\-mik\ adj
`dys-tmcia \di—‘sto-sh(e‘-)9\ n [NL, fr. Gk dyszokia, fr. dys- + tokos
`childbirth; akin to Gk tiktein to give birth to —— more at THANE] (ca.
`1706) : slow or difficult labor or delivery
`.
`.
`dys~to~pia \(.)dis-'to-pé-o\ n [NL, fr. dys- + ’topia (as in utopia)] (ca.
`often fearful lives 2: ANTI-UTOPIA 2 —— ys-to-pi-an \-pé—on\ adj
`1950)
`1 : an imaginary place where lpeople lead dehumanized and
`dys~tro-phic \dis-‘tro-fik\ adj (1893)
`I
`a : relating to or caused by
`faulty nutrition b : relating to or affected with a dystrophy (a ~ pa—
`tient)
`2 of a lake : brownish with much dissolved humic matter, a
`sparse bottom fauna, and a high oxygen consumption
`dys-tro-phy \'dis—tra-fé\ n, pl -phies [NL dystrophia,
`fr. dys- +
`—Irophia -trophy] (1901)
`1 z a condition produced by faulty nutrition
`2: any myogenic atrophy; esp: MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
`dys-uria \dis-‘yur-é-o, dish-\ 71 [NL, fr. Gk dysouria, fr. dys— + -ouria
`-uria] (140) : difficult or painhi discharge of urine —— compare STRAN-
`GURY
`
`W \
`
`\°\ kitten, F table \or\ further \a\ ash \a\ ace \‘a\ mop; mar
`e\ abut
`\ch\ chin
`\e\ bet
`\e\ easy \g\ go
`\i\ hit
`\fi ice
`\j\ job
`\ai'i\ out
`\i]\ sing \6\ go \6\ law \oi\ boy \th\ thin “1‘0th \ii\ loot
`\a\ foot
`\y\ yet
`\zh\ vision \a, k, ", m, (Te, 1.3, E, ’\ see Guide to Pronunciation
`
`cer 4 z a star (as the sun) of ordinary or low luminosity and relatively
`small mass and size —— dwarf-ish \'dwor-fish\ adj — dwarf-isholy
`adv —- dwarfdsh-ness n — dwarf-like \'dwor-.flik\ adj ~— dwarf-
`ness \‘dworf-nos\ n
`2dwarf v1 (ca. 1626)
`l :
`to restrict the growth of: STUNT 2 :
`to cause
`to appear smaller or to seem inferior N vi :
`to become smaller
`rus
`“dwarf adj (1664) ofa plant :
`low-growing in habit (~er forms of cit-
`dwarf-ism \‘dwor-.fi-zam\ n (1865): the condition of Stunted growth
`dweeb \‘dwéb\ _n [origin unknown] (1983) slang : an unattractive,
`dwe l \‘dwe1\ vi dwelled \'dweld, 'dwelt\ or dwelt \'dwa1t\; dwelling
`inSignificant, or inept person
`[ME, fr. OE dwellari to go astray, hinder; akin to OHG rwellen to
`tarry] (13c)
`l : to remain for a time
`2
`a :
`to live as a resident
`b
`: EXIST. LIE 3
`a : to keep the attention directed —— used with on or
`upon (tried not to ~ on my fears) b :
`to speak or write insistently —
`used with on or upon (leering reviewers ~ed on a publicity photograph
`—James Atlas) —-— dwellcer n
`dwell-ing n (14c) : a Shelter (as a house) in which people live
`dwin-dle \'dwin-d°l\ vb dwin-dled; dwinadling \'(d)1il’j, ~d’l-in\ [prob
`freq. of dwine to waste away, fr. ME, fr. OE dwinan: akin to ON dvi'na
`to pine away, deyja to die —— more at DIE] vi (1596) :
`to become steadily
`less: SHRlNK ~ Vt: to make steadily less
`syn see DECREASE
`DX \(.)_dé:'eks\ n (ca. 1924) : DISTANCE —— used of long-distance radio
`transmissmn
`dy- or dyo- comb form [LL, fr. Gk, fr. dyo —-— more at Two] :
`two
`(dyarchy)
`dy-ad \'di-.ad, -od\ n [LL dyad‘, dyas, fr. Gk, fr. dyo] (1675)
`1 : PAIR;
`specif :
`two individua s (as husband and wife) maintaining a sociologi-
`cally significant relationship 2 : a meiotic chromosome after separa-
`tion of the two homologous members of a tetrad 3 : a mathematical
`operator indicated by writing the symbols of two vectors without a dot
`or cross between (as A8) -— dy-ad-ic \di-‘a-dik\ adj — dy-ad-i-cal-ly
`\-di—k(o—)lé\ adv
`dy-ad-ic \di—‘a-dik\ n (1884) : a mathematical expression formed by
`addition or subtraction of dyads
`Dy-ak var of DAYAK
`in which
`dy-ar-chy \'di—.'ér-ké\ n. pl -chies (1640) : a government
`power is vested in two rulers or authorities
`dyb-buk \'di-bok\ n, pl dyb-bu-kirn \.di«bi'i-'k_érn\ also dybbuks
`ore to enter and control a living body until exercised by a religious rite
`[Ll-let) dibbfiq] (ca. 1903) : a wandering soul believed in Jewrsh folk-
`‘dye \'di\ n [ME dehe, fr. OE déah, de’ag] (bef. 12c)
`l : color from
`dyeing 2 : a soluble or insoluble coloring matter
`2dye vb dyed; dye-ing vt (bef. 12c)
`1 : to impart a new and often
`pennanent color to esp. bly impregnating with a dye
`2 : to impart (a
`color) by dyeing (~ing b ue on yellow) ~ vi :
`to take up or impart
`color in dyeing —— dyeoabil-i-ty \.di-a-'bi~1o—té\ n —— dye-able \'di-a—
`bal\ adj —— dy-er \'di(-o)r\ n
`dyed—in—the—wool
`\.did-’n-t_ha.'wiil\ adj (1580) : THOROUGHGOING.
`UNCOMPROMISING (3 ~ conservative)
`dye-stuff \'di—.stof\ n (1837) : DYEZ
`_
`.
`dye-wood \-,wud\ n (1699) : a wood (as logwood or fustic) from which
`coloring matter is extracted for dyeing
`(1 ing pres part OfDlE
`‘ yke chiefly Brit var ofDlKE
`Zdyke \'dik\ ri [ori
`in unknown] (ca. 1942) : LESBlAN — often used
`disparagingly — dy ey \'di-ké\ adj
`‘dy-namoic \di-‘na-mik\ adj [F dynamique, fr. Gk dynamikos powerful,
`fr. dynamis power, fr. dynasthai to be able] (1827)
`1 also dy-nam-i-
`cal \omi-kol\
`a z of or relating to physrca force or energy b : of or
`relating to dynamics
`2 a : marked by usu. continuous and produc-
`tive activity or change (a ~ city) b : ENERGETlC. FORCEFUL (a ~ per-
`sonality)
`3 of random-access memory: requiring periodic refreshment
`of charge in order to retain data —- dy-riam-i-caI-ly \-mi-k(o—)lé\ adv
`zdynamic n (1879)
`l : a dynamic force
`2 : DYNAMICS 2; also : an
`underlying cause of chan e or growth
`dynamic range n (1949 : the ratio of the strongest to the weakest
`sound intensity that can be transmitted or reproduced by an audio or
`broadcasting system
`dy-nam-ics \df-'navmiks\ n pl but sing or pl in conszr (ca. 1789).
`l : a
`branch of mechanics that deals with forces and their relation primarily
`to the motion but sometimes also to the equilibrium of bodies
`2 : a
`pattern or process of change, growth, or activity (population ~> 3
`: variation and contrast in force or intensrt
`(as in musrc)
`dy-na-mism \‘di—n9-.mi—zam\ n (ca. 1857
`i
`a : a theory that all
`phenomena (as matter or motion) can be explained as manifestations of
`force -— compare MECHANISM b : DYNAMICS 2
`2 : a dynamic or ex-
`pansionist quality -—- dyona-mist \-mist\ n — dy~na-mis-tic \.di~na-
`'mis—tik\ adj
`'
`_
`1dy-na-mite \'di-no-,mit\ n (1867)
`1 : an explosrve that is made-of
`nitroglycerin absorbed in a porous material and that often contains
`ammonium nitrate or cellulose nitrate; also: an explosrve (as a mixture
`of ammonium nitrate and nitrocellulose) that contains no nitroglycerin
`2 : one that has a powerful effect; also : something that has-great po-
`tential to cause trouble or conflict ~ dy-na-mit-ic \.di-no-"mi-trk\ adj
`2dynamite vt ~mit-ed; -mit-ing (1881)
`1 :
`to blow up With dynamite
`2 :
`to cause the failure or destruction of —— dy-na-mit-er rI
`.
`3dynamite adj (1940) : TERRIFIC, WONDERFUL
`d .na-mo \‘di—no—.m6\ n, pl —mos [short for dynamoelectric machine]
`ca. 1882) 1: GENERATOR3 2: a orceful energetic indiVidual
`dy-na-mom-e-ter \,di—no-'ma-mo-tor\ n [F dynamome‘tre. fr. Gk dyna~
`mix power + F -métre -meter] (1810)
`1 : an instrument formeasunng
`mechanical force
`2 : an apparatus for measuring mechanicaldpower
`(as of an engine) — dy-na-mo-metnric \-m6-'me-tnk\ adj —— y-na-
`mom-e-try \-'m'a-ma—tré\ n
`dy-na-mo-tor \'di-no—.mo-tar\ n [dynamo + motor] (1899) : a motor
`generator combining the electric motor and generator
`.
`dy-nast \‘di-.nast, —nast\ n [L dynastes, fr. Gk dynastés, fr. dynasihai to
`be able, have power] (1631) : RULER l
`.
`_
`dy-nas-ty \'di—no-Sté also -,nas-té, esp Brit 'di-no‘sté\ n, pl 4125 (140)
`1
`: a succession of rulers of the same line of descent ' 2 : a powerful
`group or family that maintains its position for a considerable time —
`dy-nas-tic \di—‘nas-tik\ adj — dy-naSoti-cal-ly \-ti-k(a-)lé\ adv
`
`XLNX—1017
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 5 of 9
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`
`
`
`
`

`

`equate 0 equivalent
`392
`steadiness under strain (handled the situation with professional sang-
`fror'd).
`equate \i-‘kwat, 'é—.\ vb equat-ed; equat-ing [ME, fr. L aequatus, pp.
`of aequare] vt (15c)
`l
`a : to make equal : EQUALIZE b : to make
`such an allowance or correction in as will reduce to a common stan~
`dard or obtain a correct result
`2 :
`to treat, represent, or regard as
`equal, equivalent, or comparable (~s disagreement with disloyalty) ~
`vi :
`to correspond as equal
`aqua-tion \i-'kwa-zhon also -shan\ n (140)
`1
`a : the act or process of
`equating b (1) : an element affecting a process : FACTOR (2) : a
`complex of variable factors
`c : a state of being equated; specif : a
`state of close association or identification (bring governmental enter-
`prises and payment for them into immediate ~ ~—-R. G. Tugwell) 2
`a : a usu. formal statement of the equality or equivalence of mathemat-
`ical or logical expressions
`b : an expression representing a chemical
`reaction quantitatively by means of chemical symbols
`equa-tion-al \i-‘kwazh-nal, -'kwa-zho-n’l also -'kwash-\ adj (1864)
`l
`: of, using, or involving equation or equations
`2 : dividing into two
`equal parts —— used esp. of the mitotic cell division usu. following re-
`duction in meiosis -— equa-tion-al-ly adv
`equation of time (1726) : the difference between apparent time and
`mean time usu. expressed as a correction which is to be added to appar-
`ent time to give local mean time
`equa-tor \i-'kwa-tar, 'é-.\ n [ME, fr. ML aequator, lit., equalizer, fr. L
`aequare] (Me)
`1 : the great circle of the celestial sphere whose plane is
`perpendicular to the axis of the earth 2 : a great circle of the earth or
`a celestial body that is everywhere equally distant from the two poles
`and divides the surface into the northern and southern hemispheres 3
`a: a circle or circular band dividing the surface of a body into two usu.
`equal and symmetrical parts b: EQUATORIAL PLANE (the ~ of a divid—
`ing cell) 4: GREATCIRCLE
`equa-to-ri-al \.é—kw9-'tor-e-al,
`.e-kwa-, -'tor-\ adj (1664)
`l
`a : of,
`relating to, or located at the equator or an equator; also : being in the
`plane of the equator (a satellite in ~ orbit) b : of, originating in, or
`suggesting the region around the geographic equator 2 a : being or
`haying a support that includes two axles at right angles to each other
`with on‘e‘parallel to the earth’s axis of rotation (an N telescope)
`b
`: extending in a direction essentially in the plane of a cyclic structure
`(as of cyclohexane) (N hydro ens) —— compare AXlAL
`'
`equatorial plane it (ca. 1892 : the plane perpendicular to the spindle
`of a dividing cell and midway between the poles
`equatorial plate n (1887)
`1 : METAPHASE PLATE 2 : EQUA'rosiAL
`PLANE
`equa-tor-ward \i-‘kwa-tar-word\ adv or adj (1875) : toward or near
`the equator (currents flowing ~) (~ winds)
`equeriry \'e-1<wa-ré, i-‘kwer—E\ n, pl -ries obs. escuirie, equerry stable,
`fr. MF escuirie office of a squire, stable,
`r. escuicr squire —— more at
`ESQUIRE] (1591)
`1 : an officer of a prince or noble charged with the
`care of horses
`2 : an officer of the British royal household in personal
`attendance on the sovereign or a member of the royal family
`leques-tri-an \i—‘kwes-tré—am adj [L equestr—, requester of a horseman,
`fr. eques horseman, fr. equus horse —— more at EQUINE] (ca. 1681)
`1
`a
`: of, relating to, or featuring horseback riding b archaic : riding on
`horseback : MOUNrED c : representing a person on horseback (an N
`statue) 2: of, relating to,’ or composed of knights
`zequestrian n (1791) : one who rides on horseback
`eques-tri-enne \i-.kwes-tré-'en\ n [lequestrian + -enne (as in tragedil
`enne)] (ca. 1864) : a female rider on horseback
`equi- comb form ME, fr. MF, fr. L aequi—. fr. aequus equal] : equal
`(equipoise): equa ly (equiprobable)
`equi-an-gu—lar \.é-kwi-'an-gya-lar. ,e—kwi-\ adj (1660) : having all or
`corresponding angles equal (mutually ~ parallelograms)
`equi-ca-lor-ic \,é-kwa-ka—'lor—ik, .e—kwo-, -'l'zir—\ adj (1940) : capable of
`yielding equal amounts of energy in the body (~ diets)
`equid \' -.kwid,
`'é-\ n [NL Equidae, family