Absolute OpenBSD: UNIX for
`the Practical Paranoid
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`by Michael W. Lucas
`ISBN:1886411999
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`No Starch Press © 2003
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`Google - Exhibit 1027, cover
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`Back Cover ...............................................................................................................................- 17 -
`ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................................- 20 -
`Chapter 0: Introduction.............................................................................................................- 21 -
`Overview ..............................................................................................................................- 21 -
`What Is BSD? .......................................................................................................................- 21 -
`BSD Goes Public..................................................................................................................- 22 -
`AT&T UNIX ........................................................................................................................- 22 -
`What Is OpenBSD? ..............................................................................................................- 23 -
`Other BSDs...........................................................................................................................- 24 -
`NetBSD.............................................................................................................................- 24 -
`FreeBSD ...........................................................................................................................- 24 -
`Mac OS X .........................................................................................................................- 24 -
`BSD/OS ............................................................................................................................- 25 -
`OpenBSD Users....................................................................................................................- 25 -
`OpenBSD Developers ..........................................................................................................- 25 -
`Contributors......................................................................................................................- 26 -
`Committers .......................................................................................................................- 26 -
`Coordinator.......................................................................................................................- 26 -
`OpenBSD's Strengths ...........................................................................................................- 27 -
`Portability .........................................................................................................................- 27 -
`Power................................................................................................................................- 27 -
`Documented......................................................................................................................- 28 -
`Free...................................................................................................................................- 28 -
`Correctness .......................................................................................................................- 29 -
`Security.............................................................................................................................- 29 -
`OpenBSD Security ...............................................................................................................- 30 -
`OpenBSD's Uses...................................................................................................................- 30 -
`Desktop.............................................................................................................................- 31 -
`Server................................................................................................................................- 31 -
`Network Management ......................................................................................................- 31 -
`Who Should Read This Book? .............................................................................................- 31 -
`Contents Overview ...............................................................................................................- 32 -
`Chapter 1: Additional Help ......................................................................................................- 35 -
`Overview ..............................................................................................................................- 35 -
`OpenBSD Community Support............................................................................................- 35 -
`"The Code Is Fine; What's Wrong with You?" ....................................................................- 36 -
`Man Pages ............................................................................................................................- 37 -
`Manual Sections ...............................................................................................................- 38 -
`Navigating Man Pages......................................................................................................- 39 -
`Finding Man Pages...........................................................................................................- 40 -
`Section Numbers and Man ...............................................................................................- 40 -
`Man Page Contents...........................................................................................................- 41 -
`Man Pages on the Web .....................................................................................................- 42 -
`www.OpenBSD.org..............................................................................................................- 42 -
`Website Mirrors................................................................................................................- 42 -
`The OpenBSD FAQ .........................................................................................................- 42 -
`Other Websites .....................................................................................................................- 43 -
`Mailing Lists.........................................................................................................................- 44 -
`The Main Mailing Lists....................................................................................................- 44 -
`Subscribing to a Mailing List ...........................................................................................- 44 -
`Other Official Lists...........................................................................................................- 45 -
`Non @OpenBSD.org Mailing Lists .................................................................................- 45 -
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`Using the Mailing Lists ....................................................................................................- 45 -
`Using OpenBSD Problem-Solving Resources......................................................................- 46 -
`www.OpenBSD.org..........................................................................................................- 46 -
`Man Pages.........................................................................................................................- 46 -
`Checking the Internet........................................................................................................- 47 -
`Mailing for Help ...................................................................................................................- 48 -
`Discussion Topics.............................................................................................................- 48 -
`Contents of Help Requests................................................................................................- 49 -
`Formatting Help Requests ................................................................................................- 49 -
`Sending Your Email .........................................................................................................- 50 -
`Responding to Email.........................................................................................................- 51 -
`Chapter 2: Installation Preparations..........................................................................................- 52 -
`Overview...............................................................................................................................- 52 -
`OpenBSD Hardware .............................................................................................................- 52 -
`Proprietary Hardware........................................................................................................- 53 -
`Processor...........................................................................................................................- 53 -
`Memory (RAM)................................................................................................................- 54 -
`Hard Drives.......................................................................................................................- 54 -
`Getting OpenBSD.................................................................................................................- 55 -
`CD-ROMs.........................................................................................................................- 55 -
`Finding OpenBSD on the Net...........................................................................................- 56 -
`The OpenBSD Release .........................................................................................................- 58 -
`Choosing Your Install Method .............................................................................................- 59 -
`Local Installation Servers .................................................................................................- 59 -
`Distribution Sets ...................................................................................................................- 60 -
`bsd.....................................................................................................................................- 60 -
`baseXX.tgz........................................................................................................................- 60 -
`etcXX.tgz..........................................................................................................................- 61 -
`manXX.tgz........................................................................................................................- 61 -
`compXX.tgz......................................................................................................................- 61 -
`gameXX.tgz......................................................................................................................- 61 -
`miscXX.tgz .......................................................................................................................- 61 -
`xbaseXX.tgz......................................................................................................................- 62 -
`xbaseXX.tgz......................................................................................................................- 62 -
`xservXX.tgz......................................................................................................................- 62 -
`xshareXX.tgz ....................................................................................................................- 62 -
`Partitioning ...........................................................................................................................- 62 -
`Why Partition?..................................................................................................................- 63 -
`Standalone OpenBSD Partitioning .......................................................................................- 63 -
`Root...................................................................................................................................- 64 -
`Swap Space.......................................................................................................................- 65 -
`/tmp...................................................................................................................................- 66 -
`/var ....................................................................................................................................- 66 -
`/usr ....................................................................................................................................- 66 -
`/home ................................................................................................................................- 67 -
`Multiple Hard Drives........................................................................................................- 67 -
`Multiple OS Partitioning.......................................................................................................- 68 -
`Disk Sectors..........................................................................................................................- 68 -
`Decisions Complete!.............................................................................................................- 69 -
`Chapter 3: Dedicated Installation .............................................................................................- 70 -
`Overview...............................................................................................................................- 70 -
`Hardware Setup ....................................................................................................................- 70 -
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`BIOS Setup.......................................................................................................................- 71 -
`Making a Boot Floppy..........................................................................................................- 71 -
`Creating Floppies on UNIX..............................................................................................- 72 -
`Creating Floppies on Windows 9x ...................................................................................- 72 -
`Creating Boot Floppies on Modern Microsoft Systems ...................................................- 73 -
`Booting .................................................................................................................................- 73 -
`The Install Program ..............................................................................................................- 74 -
`Disk Setup ............................................................................................................................- 75 -
`Creating OpenBSD Partitions...............................................................................................- 76 -
`Understanding a Disklabel ...............................................................................................- 77 -
`Adding Partitions..............................................................................................................- 79 -
`Subsequent Disks..................................................................................................................- 82 -
`Other Disklabel Operations ..................................................................................................- 83 -
`Expert Mode .....................................................................................................................- 83 -
`Changing Basic Drive Parameters....................................................................................- 83 -
`Deleting Existing Partitions..............................................................................................- 84 -
`Modifying Existing Partitions ..........................................................................................- 84 -
`Deleting Existing Disklabels ............................................................................................- 85 -
`Online Help ......................................................................................................................- 85 -
`Final Disk Configuration......................................................................................................- 85 -
`Network Setup ......................................................................................................................- 86 -
`If Your System Has Multiple Network Cards ..................................................................- 87 -
`Testing Network Connectivity .........................................................................................- 89 -
`Root Password......................................................................................................................- 89 -
`Installation Media.................................................................................................................- 90 -
`CD-ROM Installs..............................................................................................................- 90 -
`Network Installs................................................................................................................- 91 -
`Distribution Sets ...................................................................................................................- 92 -
`Custom Installation Sets and Scripts ....................................................................................- 94 -
`Final Installation Steps .........................................................................................................- 94 -
`Chapter 4: Multiboot Installation .............................................................................................- 96 -
`Highlights .............................................................................................................................- 96 -
`Dual-Boot Install Overview .................................................................................................- 96 -
`MBR Partitions.....................................................................................................................- 97 -
`A Dozen Different fdisks..................................................................................................- 98 -
`Dual-Boot Installation Restrictions ......................................................................................- 98 -
`Windows NT/2000/XP Installs.........................................................................................- 99 -
`Windows 9x installs .......................................................................................................- 100 -
`Linux/FreeBSD Installs..................................................................................................- 100 -
`Hard Disk Geometry...........................................................................................................- 100 -
`Using fdisk During an Install .............................................................................................- 102 -
`Reading MBR Partitions.................................................................................................- 102 -
`Creating MBR Partitions ................................................................................................- 103 -
`Editing a MBR Partition.................................................................................................- 104 -
`Set Active Partition.........................................................................................................- 105 -
`Completing fdisk ............................................................................................................- 106 -
`Other fdisk Options ............................................................................................................- 106 -
`Starting Over ..................................................................................................................- 106 -
`Disable a Partition ..........................................................................................................- 106 -
`Disklabel on Multiboot Systems ........................................................................................- 107 -
`Installing from a Foreign File System Partition .................................................................- 109 -
`Boot Managers....................................................................................................................- 110 -
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`Finding GAG ..................................................................................................................- 110 -
`Chapter 5: Post-Install Setup ..................................................................................................- 112 -
`Overview.............................................................................................................................- 112 -
`Basic Configuration............................................................................................................- 112 -
`Time Zone.......................................................................................................................- 112 -
`Date.................................................................................................................................- 113 -
`Set Host Name ................................................................................................................- 114 -
`Ethernet Interface Configuration ....................................................................................- 114 -
`DHCP..............................................................................................................................- 115 -
`Default Gateway .............................................................................................................- 115 -
`Nameservice ...................................................................................................................- 115 -
`Mail Aliases....................................................................................................................- 116 -
`Testing your Work..........................................................................................................- 116 -
`Integrated Program Configuration......................................................................................- 117 -
`/etc/rc Daemon Configuration ........................................................................................- 117 -
`Common /etc/rc.conf Assignments.....................................................................................- 118 -
`Routing Options..............................................................................................................- 118 -
`Packet Filtering...............................................................................................................- 119 -
`Diskless Clients ..............................................................................................................- 119 -
`Time Management ..........................................................................................................- 120 -
`Daemons .........................................................................................................................- 121 -
`IPv6 features ...................................................................................................................- 123 -
`NFS.................................................................................................................................- 124 -
`AFS configuration ..........................................................................................................- 125 -
`Kerberos Setup................................................................................................................- 125 -
`Miscellaneous Variables.................................................................................................- 126 -
`Installing the Source Code..................................................................................................- 127 -
`Installing the Ports Collection ............................................................................................- 127 -
`Further Setup ......................................................................................................................- 127 -
`Chapter 6: Startup and Booting ..............................................................................................- 128 -
`Overview.............................................................................................................................- 128 -
`Boot Configuration .............................................................................................................- 129 -
`Boot Prompt....................................................................................................................- 129 -
`Booting Single-User .......................................................................................................- 130 -
`Booting in Kernel Configuration Mode..........................................................................- 131 -
`Booting Alternate Kernels ..............................................................................................- 131 -
`Booting from an Alternate Hard Disk ............................................................................- 131 -
`Other Useful Boot Commands........................................................................................- 132 -
`/etc/boot.conf ......................................................................................................................- 132 -
`Serial Consoles ...................................................................................................................- 133 -
`Hardware Serial Console ................................................................................................- 133 -
`Software Serial Console .................................................................................................- 134 -
`Non-i386 Serial Consoles...............................................................................................- 134 -
`Serial Console Physical Setup ........................................................................................- 134 -
`Serial Console Client ......................................................................................................- 135 -
`Configuring the Serial Console ......................................................................................- 136 -
`Multiuser Startup ................................................................................................................- 137 -
`/etc/rc ..............................................................................................................................- 137 -
`/etc/rc.conf ......................................................................................................................- 137 -
`/etc/netstart......................................................................................................................- 138 -
`/etc/rc.securelevel ...........................................................................................................- 138 -
`/etc/rc.local......................................................................................................................- 138 -
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`/etc/rc.conf.local .............................................................................................................- 138 -
`/etc/rc.shutdown..............................................................................................................- 139 -
`Editing /etc/rc Scripts .........................................................................................................- 139 -
`Port-Based Software Startup ..........................................................................................- 139 -
`Custom Software Startup................................................................................................- 140 -
`Chapter 7: Managing Users....................................................................................................- 142 -
`Overview ............................................................................................................................- 142 -
`Single-User Systems...........................................................................................................- 142 -
`Adding Users......................................................................................................................- 143 -
`Adding Users Interactively.............................................................................................- 143 -
`/etc/adduser.conf.............................................................................................................- 145 -
`Adding Users Non-Interactively.....................................................................................- 148 -
`Account Limitations .......................................................................................................- 150 -
`Removing User Accounts...................................................................................................- 150 -
`Editing Users ..................................................................................................................- 151 -
`Groups of Users..................................................................................................................- 152 -
`What Groups Are You In?..............................................................................................- 152 -
`/etc/group........................................................................................................................- 153 -
`Primary Group ................................................................................................................- 153 -
`Creating Groups..............................................................................................................- 154 -
`User Classes........................................................................................................................- 155 -
`The Default Login Class.................................................................................................- 155 -
`Legal Values for /etc/login.conf Variables.....................................................................- 156 -
`Resource Limits..............................................................................................................- 157 -
`Default Environment Setting..........................................................................................- 158 -
`FTP Options....................................................................................................................- 159 -
`Controlling Password and Login Options ......................................................................- 159 -
`Authentication Methods .................................................................................................- 160 -
`The Root Password.............................................................................................................- 162 -
`Using the Root Password................................................................................................- 163 -
`Who May Use the Root Password? ................................................................................- 163 -
`Using Groups to Avoid Using Root ...................................................................................- 164 -
`Hiding Root with Sudo.......................................................................................................- 166 -
`Why Use Sudo? ..............................................