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`Words that are believed to be registered trademarks
`have been checked with authoritative sources. No in(cid:173)
`vestigation has been made of common-law trademark
`rights in any word, because such investigation is im(cid:173)
`practicable. Words that are known to have current
`registrations are shown with an initial capital and are
`also identified as trademarks. The inclusion of any
`word in this Dictionary is not, however, an expres(cid:173)
`sion of the Publisher' s opinion as to whether or not it
`is subject to proprietary rights. Indeed, no definition
`in this Dictionary is to be regarded as affecting the
`validity of any trademark.
`
`Copyright © 19&2, 19&5, 1991 by Houghton Mifflin
`Company. All rights reserved.
`No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted
`in any form or by any means, electronic or mechani(cid:173)
`cal, including photocopying and recording, or by any
`information storage or retrieval system without the
`prior written permission of Houghton Mifflin Com(cid:173)
`pany unless such copying is expressly permitted by
`federal copyright law. Address inquiries to Permis(cid:173)
`sions, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2 Park Street, Bos(cid:173)
`ton, MA 0210&~
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`Main entry under title:
`American Heritage dictionary.
`Rev. ed. of: American Heritage dictionary of the
`English language . New college ed. c1976.
`I. Morris,
`I. English language-Dictionaries.
`William, 1913-
`PE1625.A54 1982
`ISBN 0-395-32943-4
`ISBN 0-395-32944-2 (thumb index)
`ISBN 0-395-33959-6 (deluxe edition)
`
`82-9346
`
`423
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
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`enjoin I enshroud
`
`engraving
`Engraved face of an
`18th-century tankard
`
`f .a poem to the next. [Fr. enjambement < OFr.
`0
`10 straddle : en-, in ( < Lat. in-) + jambe, leg .<
`hoof, per h. < Gk. kampe, bend.] ·
`join') tr. v. ·Joined, -Joln•lng, ·Joins. 1. To direct
`,~·JO n hOriiY and emphasis; command. 2. To prohibit or
`with. au[tl\'1£ enjoinen < OFr. enjoindre < Lat. injungere : in-,
`torbtd·
`ere. to join.] -en•joln'er n. -en•joln'ment n.
`in -1' 1(:~-jo\t) tr. v. ·Joyed, ·Joy•lng, ·Joys. 1. To receive
`· relish. 2. To have the use or benefit of: en-
`,~·JOY
`1<
`th. 3. To make happy: always enjoyed himself
`[1\'IE enjolen < OFr. enjoir: en·, in(< Lat. in-)
`ice < Lat. gaudere.) -en•joy'a·ble adj. -en•
`+
`, adv. -en•joy'er n.
`Jo(•·biY ent (!n-joi'mont) n. 1. The act or state of enjoying.
`e~·JOY'n\e or possession of something beneficial or pleasur(cid:173)
`z. 'fhe u Something that gives pleasure.
`abl<· 3;,.a-lln (!n-k!f'o-Irn') n. One of two closely related
`e~·k8P 5 oecurrin$ in the brain and having opiate qualities.
`protetn kephalos, m the head (en-, in + kephali, head) +
`[Ok· en
`·t~·j die (!n-ldn'dl) v. -died, -dllng, ·dies. - tr. 1. To set
`en·.k n·Jighl. 2. To incite; ll!'ouse. 3. To make luminous and
`-inlr. To catch ftre. -en•kln'dler 11.
`ufare~
`~owrns(tn-IAs') tr. v. -laced, ·lac-Ing, -Jac•ea. 1. To wrap or
`en:J~C:bout with or as if with a lace .or laces; encircle. 2. To
`w1n
`ntwine. -en•lace'ment n.
`Intj') v. -Jarged, ·larg•Jng, .rarg'8o. -tr. 1. To
`add to. 2. To give greater scope to; expand.
`.
`become larger; grow. 2. To speak or write at
`-'::~r l~ngth or in greater detail: ~nlarged UP,On his plan.
`~e E enlargen < OFr. enlargler :. en-, m ( < Lat. m-) + large,
`< Lat. /argus.) -en•Jarg'er n.
`arge e•ment (!n-lnrj'mont) n. 1. An act of enlarging or
`en·lar~te of being enlarged. 2. Something that enlarges. 3. A
`t~e :~graphic reproduction or copy larger than the original.
`P nght•en (!n-llt'n) tr. v. -ened, -en•Jng, -eno. 1. To furnish
`e~lth spiritual understanding. 2. To give information to; in(cid:173)
`f rm -en•llght'en•er n.
`0
`11 'ht•en·ment (!n-Irt'n-mont) n. 1. An act or means of
`en·U~tening. 2. The state of being enlightened. 3. Enllght·
`en ment A philosophical movement of the 18th century,
`'"ncern.ed with the ·critical examination of previously ac(cid:173)
`~ted doctrines and institutions from the point of view of
`rationalism.
`.
`en·llst (!n-Irst') v. ·llst•ed, -llat-Jng, ·lleto. - tr: 1. To obtam
`or engage for service in the armed forces. 2. To engage the
`1upport or cooperation of. -intr. 1. To enter the armed
`forces voluntarily. 2. To participate actively. in some cause
`or enterprise. [EN· + LISTI.) -en•llot'ment n.
`enlisted man n. A man or woman who has enlisted in the
`armed forces without an officer's commission or warrant.
`en·llv·en (!n-II'van) tr. v. -ened, -en•lng, -eno. To make lively
`or spirited; animate. -an•llv'en•er n. -an•llv'en•mant n.
`en masse (On mAs') adv. In one group or body; all together.
`[Fr. : en, on + masse, crowd.)
`en•mesh (!n-m!sh') tr. v. -meshed, ·mesh-Ing, ·meoh•ea. To
`entangle, involve, or catch in or as if in a mesh.
`en·ml·ty (!n'ml-t!) n., pl. -Ilea. Deep-seated mutual hatred.
`[ME enemlte < OFr. enemltie < VLat. *inlmicllas < Lat.
`inimicw, enemy. -see BNEMY .]
`Synonym11: enmity, hostility, antagonism, animosity,
`rancor, antipathy, animus. These nouns refer to the feeling or
`expression of ill will. Enmity and hostility both denote the ill
`will of one person or group toward another or, more often,
`mutual bad feelin!J· Hostility, in. addition, can refer to clear
`expression of this m the form of threats or violent acts. The
`remaining terms denote conditions of ill will likely to .pro(cid:173)
`duce such acts. Antagonism makes the strongest implication
`of active opposition or combat or the imminence of it. Ani(cid:173)
`mosity and, to a greater degree, rancor suggest the harboring
`of hatred and resentment; such feelinj!s typically trace to
`~ast differences that have produced gnevances and the de(cid:173)
`"" for revenge. Antipathy IS deep-seated aversion or repug(cid:173)
`nance, Animus is ill will of a distinctive(~ personal ·and
`!Omct~es irrational nature, based on one s prejudices or
`JlCCuhanty of character or temperament.
`en•ne·dad (!n'e-M') n. A group or set of nine. [Gk. enneas,
`tnnea • < ennea, nine.]
`':~f'ble (!n-nO'bol) tr. v. ·bled, -bUng, -blea. 1. To make
`OF c. 2. To raise in rank to the nobility. [ME ennoblen <
`ncb:/"]nob/ir : en-, in (< Lat. In·) + noble, noble < Lat.
`enon~s. -en•no'ble•ment n .. -en•no'blar n.
`borJ (6n-we•, 6n'we) n. Listlessness and dissatisfaction;
`odiiU!t,omha. [Fr. < OFr. enul < Lat. in odio, odious : in, in +
`.,
`te.]
`1
`h~~~.~~OI', !'nOI') n. An organic compound containing a
`doubl Y &roup bonded to a carbon atom which in tum is
`-•·n~1,h1 on( ded to another carbon atom. [ < ·EN( E) + ·OL.)
`c !-n61'Ik) adj.
`.(f'no-las') n. An enzyme present in muscle tissue
`'" carboh)'drate metabolism.
`•·no1•111
`(e-n61'a-J!) n. Variant of oenology.
`ing aU ~~ £-~~r'mt-te) n., pl. -Ilea. 1. The quality of pass(cid:173)
`""'· 2 A r uvunds; excessive .wickedness or outrageous(cid:173)
`""or·rnou mo
`nstrous offense or evil; outrage.
`0
`8
`·nOr'mos) adj. 1. Very great in size, ·extent,
`
`number, or degree; immense. 2. Archaic. Very wicked; hei-
`nous. (ME enorme < Lat. -enormis : ex·, out of + norma,
`norm.} -e~nor'mous•ly adv. -e•nor'mous~ness n;
`Synonyms: enormous, immense, huge, gigantic, colossal,
`mammoth, tremendous, stupendous, gargantuan, vast. These
`adjectives describe what is extraordinarily large or great in
`some respect. Enormous specifies a marked excess beyond
`the norm in size, amount, or degree. Immense literally
`means infinite and generally refers to size or extent that is
`beyond the usual means of measurement. Huge especially
`implies greatness of physical size or capacity. Gigantic im(cid:173)
`plies abnormal deviation from the usual physical size or
`capacity of a given kind. Colossal suggests hugeness that
`creates awe or taxes belief. Mammoth is applied to anything
`on an extremely large or extravagant scale. Tremendous, in
`careful usage, refers to what inspires awe or fear; less
`strictly it describes greatness of quantity, extent, or degree.
`Stupendous implies size that astounds or defies description.
`Gargantuan stresses greatness of capacity, especially for
`food or pleasure. Vast often makes reference to greatness of
`extent or scope; less frequently it refers to quantity or
`amount.
`e•nough (l-niif') adj. Sufficient to meet a need or satisfy a
`desire; adequate. - pron. An adequate quantity: had enough
`of everything. - adv. 1. To a satisfactory amount or degree;
`sufficiently. 2. Very; fully; quite: We were glad enough to
`leave. 3. Tolerably; rather: She sang well enough, but the
`show was a failure. [ME enogh < OE genog]
`e•nounce a--nouns') tr. v. e•nounced, e•nounc~lng ; e•nounc•
`eo. 1. To declare formally; state. 2. To pronounce clearly;
`enunciate. [Fr. 4noncer < Lat. enuntiare, to speak out : ex·,
`out + nuntlare, to declare.] -e•nounce'ment n.
`e•now (l-nou') adj. Archaic. Enough. [ME inow < ·OE genog.)
`-e·now' adv.
`en pas•sant (aN' pll-sllN') adv. In passing; by the way; inci(cid:173)
`dentally. - n. The capture of a chess pawn after an initial
`move of. two squares by an enemy pawn in a position to
`make a capture on the first of the two squares so crossed.
`[Fr.)
`en•phy•totolc (en'ft·t6t'Ik) adj. Designating or characterizing
`a plant disease that causes a relatively constant amount of
`damage each year. [EN· + ·PHYT(E) + ·OTIC.) -en'phy•tol'·
`lc n.
`en·plane (en-piAn') also em•plane (!m-) lntr. v. -planed,
`-plan·Jng, -planes. To board an airplane.
`en•qulre (en-kwlr') v. Variant of Inquire.
`en•rage (en-raj') tr. v, -raged, -rag•lng, -rag•eo. To put in a
`rage; infuriate.
`en•rapt (en-rApt') adj. 1. Enraptured. 2. Enthralled.
`en•rap•ture (en-rAp'chor) tr.v. -lured, -tur•Jng, -lures. To fill
`with rapture or delight. -en·rap'ture•ment n.
`en•rlch (en-rich') tr. v. -rlched, -rlch'lng, -rlch•eo. 1. To make
`rich or ri.cher. 2. To make fuller, more meaningful, or more
`rewarding: studied in an enriched program at school. 3. To
`add fertilizer to. 4. To add nutrients to. 5. To add to the
`beauty or character of; adorn: the carved moldings enriched
`the walls. 6. Physics. To increase the ratio of radioactive iso(cid:173)
`topes in. [ME enrichen < OFr. enricher : en- (causative <
`Lat. in-, in) + riche, rich, of Germanic orig.) -en•rlch'er n.
`en•rlch·ment (!n-rlch'mont) n. 1 •. a. The act of enriching.
`b. The state of being enriched. 2. Something that enriches.
`en•robe (en-rOb') tr. v. -robed, -rob•lng, -robes. To dress in
`or as if in a robe.
`en•roll also en·rol (!n-rol') v. -rolled, -roiJ-Jng, -rolls also
`-rolled, -rol·llng, -rota. - tr. 1. To enter tije name of in a
`register, record, or roll. 2. To roll or wrap uP- - intr. To
`place one's name on a roll or register.\ME enrol/en < OFr.
`enrol/er: en-, in(< Lat. in-)+ rolle, rol <Lat. rotulus, dim.
`of rota, wheel.] -en•roll•ee' n.
`en·roll•ment or en•rol•ment (!n-r6l'm~nt) n. 1. a, The ac(cid:173)
`tion of enrolling. b. The state or process of being enrolled.
`2. A record or entry. 3. The number enrolled.
`en·root (en-r®t', -root') tr. v. -root·ed, -root·Jng, -roots. To
`establish firmly by or as if by roots; implant.
`en route (6n root', en) adv. & adj. On or along the way. [Fr.]
`en·sarri·ple (en-sl!m'pol) n. Archaic. An example. [ME <
`OFr. example. -see EXAMPLE.]
`en•san·gulne
`(!n·sAng'gwln)
`tr. v.
`-gulned,
`-g~;~ Jn•lng,
`..gulnee. 1. To cover or stain with blood. 2. To make crim(cid:173)
`son.
`en•sconce (en-skOns') tr.v. -sconced, -aconc•lng, -scone•
`ea. 1. To settle (oneself) securely or comfortably: She en(cid:173)
`sconced herself in an armchair. 2. To place or conceal in a
`secure place.
`en•sem•ble (6n-s6m'bol) n. A unit or group of complemen(cid:173)
`tary parts that contribute to a single effect, esp.: a. A coor(cid:173)
`dinated outfit or costume. b. A group of supporting
`musicians, singers, dancers, or actors who perform together.
`c. Music for two or more vocalists or instrumentalists.
`d. The musicians who perform in a musical ensemble. [Fr. <
`LLat. lnsimul, at the same time : in, in + simul, at the same
`time.)
`en•shrJne (!n-shrfn') tr. V, •&hrJned, ·&hr)n•Jng, ·BhrJnea.
`1. To enclose in or as if in a shrine. 2. To cherish as sacred.
`-en·ahrlne'ment n.
`en•shroud
`(en-shroud')
`tr. v.
`-shroud•ed,
`-shroud•lng,
`-shrouds. To cover with or as if with a shroud.
`PPopir
`111'1ioj0nr~ar 1 s sauce/ sh ship, dish/ t tight/ th thin, path/ rh this, bathe/ ii cut/ <lr,urge/ v valve/ w with I y yes/ z zebra, size/
`• about, item, edible, gallop, circus I re Fr. feu, Ger. sch611 I II Fr. tu, Ger. llber I KH Ger. ich, Scot. loch/ N Fr. bon.
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`465
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`eschew I establish
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`es•piromage (@s'pe-a-nazh', -nij) n. The act or practice of
`spying or of using spies to obtain secret information, as
`about another government or a business competitor. [Fr.
`espionnage < OFr. < espronner, [o spy < espron, spy < Oltal.
`sprone, of Germanic orig.]
`es•pla•nade (Ss'pla-n;id', -n3d') n. A flat, open stretch of
`pavement or grass, esp. one designed as a promenade along
`the shore. [Fc < Ital. spiana(a < spianare, to level < Lat.
`explanare : ex-, out t planes, level.)
`es•pous•al (i-spou'zal) n. 1. a. A betrothal. b. A wedding
`ceremony. 2. The adoption of an idea or cause; adoption.
`espouse (i-spouz') !r. v. -poused, -pous•Ing, -pous•es. 1. To
`take in marriage; marry. 2. Tog~ve in marriage. 3. To give
`one's loyalty or support to; adopt. [ME espouser < OFr.
`espouser < Lat. sponsare < spondere, to betroth.] -es•pous'-
`er n.
`es•p►es•so (i-spr8s'b) n., pl. -sos. A strong coffee brewed by
`forcing steam under pressure through darkly roasted, pow-
`dered coffee beans. [Ital., p.part. of esprimere, to press out <
`Lat. exprimere : ex-, out + premere, to press.]
`es•prlt (8-sprE') n. 1. Spirit. 2. Liveliness of mind and ex-
`pression; wri. [Fr. < La[. sprritur, spirit.]
`es•prlt de corps (8-spre' da k8r7 n. A common spirit of
`comradeship, enthusiasm, and devotion to a cause among
`the members of a group. [Fr.: esprit, spirit + de, of +
`corps, body.]
`espy (I-s i~ tr. v. -pled, -pyIng, -pies. To catch sight of;
`glimpse.. PME espren < OFr. espier, to watch, of Germanic
`ong.J
`-esque Buff. Resembling; in the manner of: Lrncolnesque.
`[Fc < Itaf. -esco, of Germanic orig.]
`Es•qul•mau (Ss'ka-mb') n., pL Esquimau or -maux (-moz').
`Eskimo. -Es'qui•mau' adj.
`es•qulr6 (Ss'kw7r', i-skwSr') n. 1. A candidate for kni~hthood
`in medieval times, serving a knight as attendant and shield-
`bearer. 2. A member of the English gentry ranking below a
`knight. 3. Archaic. An English country gentleman; squire.
`4. Used as a title of courtesy usually in its abbreviated form
`after a man's full name, esp. an attorney: Martin Chuzzlewrt,
`Esq. [ME < OFr. esqurer < LLat. scutarrur < La[. scu~um,
`shield.]
`U98g6: The term Esquire, and its abbreviation Es9.,
`traditionally reserved for men, is now sometimes used ~n
`correspondence addressed to women, especially female at-
`tomeys: Jane Roe, Esq.
`ess (8s) n. The letter s.
`-eas suff.' Female: lioness. [ME -esse < OFr. < LLat. -issa <
`Gk.]
`essay (b-sH', Ss'~') lr.v. -sayed, -sailing, -says. 1. To make
`an attempt at try. 2. To subject to a test. -n. (ts'a', 8-sfi').
`1. An attempt; endeavor. 2. A testing or trial of the value or
`nature of a thing: an essay ojhis capabilities. 3. (Ss'A') a. A
`short literary composition on a single subject, usually pre-
`senting the personal view of the author. b. Something re-
`sembGn~ this: a photojournalistic essay. [OFr. essaier < essai,
`assai, foal < LLat. exagrum, a weighing : Lat. ex-, out +
`Lat. agere, to drive.] -ea•say'er n.
`es•sayIst (8s'&7st) n. A writer of essays.
`es•senee (bs'ans) n. 1. The intrinsic or indispensable prop-
`erties that serve to chazacterize or identify something.
`2. The most important ingredient; crucial element. 3. The
`inherent, unchanging nature of a thing or class of things, as
`distinguished from its existence. 4. a. An extract that has
`the fundamental properties of a substance in concentrated
`form. b. Such an extract in a solution of alcohol. c. A per-
`fume or scent. 5. An existing thing, esp. a spiritual or incor-
`poreal entity. [ME essencia < Lat. essentia < esse, [o be.]
`Es•sene (L's'L'n', i-s8n') n. A member of an ascetic Jewish sect
`that existed in ancient Palestine from the 2nd century e.c.
`to the 3rd century n.n. -es•x'N•an (e-s~'n8-an), Es•sen9c
`
`escritoire
`Louis XVI escritoire
`
`cn~ei
`
`base
`
`:~~-
`
`-~
`
`escutcheon
`Above: Coat of arms
`Below: On a boat
`
`es,~heyy (is-ch6b') lr.v. -chewed, -chewing, -chews. To
`a~o~a; shun. [ME eschewen < OFr. eschivir, of Germanic
`ori8.1 -es•chew'a1 (-al) n.
`eg•co•lar (L`s'ka-18r') n., pl. eacolar or -cars. Any of several
`slender fishes of the family Gempylidae, esp. Lepidocy6ium
`npvabrunneum, of warm marine waters. [Sp., student (from
`she spectacle-like rings around its eyes) < LLat. scho/aris, of
`a school. -see scxo~nx.]
`Qy,~oK (bs k8rt') n. 1. One or more persons accompanying
`another to guide, protect, or to pay honor. 2. A man who is
`the ~mP~1On of a woman, esp. on a social occasion.
`3, a. One or more vehicles accompanying another vehicle to
`guide, protect, or honor its passengers. b. A warship or
`plane or a group of warships or planes used to defend or
`protect other craft from enemy attack. 4. The state of being
`accompanied b~ a person or protective guard. -rr.v.
`(i•sk8rt', c-sk8rt , Ls'k~rt') -cort•ed, -coraing, -cons. To ac-
`companY as an escort. [Fr. escorte < OFr. < OItal. scoria <
`scorgere, to conduct < VLat. •excarrrgere : Lat. ex-, out +
`Lat. corrlgere, to set n t.]
`es•crl•tolre (Ls'kri-tw
`n. 1. A writing table or desk. 2. A
`desk with a top section for books. [Obs. Fr. < OFr. escrip-
`roire, study < Med. Lat. scrrptorrum < L,at. scrrbere, to write.]
`ea•crow (8s'krb', 8-skrb') n. Money, property, a deed, or a
`bond put into the custody of a third party for delivery to a
`
`~rantee only after the fulfillment of the conditions specified.
`
`AN escrowe < OFr. escroe, scroll, of Germanic orig.]
`es~cu•do (T-sk6b'db) n., p!. -dos. See table at currency. [Port.
`and Sp., shield, escudo < Lat. Scutum, shield.]
`es•cu•lent (Ss'kya-lant) adj. Suitable for eating; edible. [Lai.
`esculentus < esca, food < edere, to eat.] -ee'cu•lent n.
`ea~cutch•eon (I-skuch'an) n. 1. A shield or shield-shaped
`emblem bearing a coat of arms. 2. An ornamental or protec-
`iive plate, as for a keyhole. 3. The plate on the Stern of a
`ship inscribed with the ship's name. [MS escochon < OFr.
`emuchon < VLa[. •scutto < Lat. Scutum, shield.] -ea•cutch'-
`eoned adj.
`Ee~dras (bz'dros) n. See table at Blble.
`-B8@ stiff 1. Of, relating to, ch8racteristic of, or originating
`in a specified place: Vietnamese. 2. Native or inhabitant of:
`Taiwanese. 3. a. Languege or dialect of: Chinese. b. Liter-
`ary style or diction of: fournalese. [OFr. -ers and Ital. -ese <
`Lat. •ensis, originating in.]
`ea•er•Ine (Fs'a-r8n~ n. Btochem. Physostigmine. [Fr. esPre,
`Calabar bean (< Kongo anzadi) + -~taez.]
`ea•ker (Ss'kar) n. A long, narrow ridge of coarse gravel de-
`posited by a stream flowing in an ice-walled valley or tunnel
`in a decaying glacial ice sheet. [Ir. Gael. eiscrr < OIr. escrr.]
`Es•kl•mo (bs'ka-mb~ n., 41. Eskimo or -moe. 1. One of a
`people native to the Arctic coastal regions of North Amer-
`ica and to parts of Grcenland and northeastern Siberia.
`2• The language of the Eskimo people. [Dan. < Fr. Esqui-
`maux (p~,)~ of Algonquian orig.] -Es•kl•mo•an (es'ka-m8'-
`an) adj.
`Eskimo doq n. A large do of a breed used in Arctic regions
`as a sled dog, having a tluok coat and a plumed tail.
`e•soph•a•gus(~-sbf'a-gas) n., ill. -ill (-'1~. A muscular, mem-
`branous tube for the passage of foo~ from the pharynx to
`the stomach; gullet. 4ME ysophagus < Gk. orsophagos.] -e•
`°0ph'e•ge'al (I-sBYa ~b'al) odj.
`ea•o•~e~.~~ ~gs'a-t8r'Dc) adj. 1. Intended for or understood by
`°NY e P~'ticular group: an esoteric cuff. 2. a. Known by a
`~a~°~~ed number. b. Confined to a small group. 3. Not
`publicly disclosed; confidential. [Gk. esoterrkas < esotero,
`EgP P• of esd, within.] -es'o•terl•cal•ly adv.
`SORy(~ ~~P~~ n• ~►rasensory perception [e(xrnn) s(eN-
`88 Pe)d ~~ a (Ss'pa-d Tl') n. A sandal having a rope sole and a
`es~~as upper pan. [Fr. < Prov. espardilho, dun. of espart,
`eePacto < Lat. spartum.]
`~~Pal~ler (~_ypg~~yar, y8~ n. 1. A tree or shrub that is
`symmei!~ Brow in a flat plane against a wall, often in a
`neat pattern. 2. A trellis or other framework upon
`"'~ch
`1,T ~ espalier is grown. -lr.v. -tared, -taring, -leis.
`~F~, ° <<azn on an espalier. 2. To provide with an espalier.
`
`Sh~~~d ~` < Med~~Lat. spatulaa< Latuldeim. of spatho, b oad
`~0~d < Gk. spathF, broad blade.]
`~eryq~~ss~ ll•sprir'tb) n., ill. -tos. A toep~ ,wiry grass, Strpa
`ma~~ mn, of northern Africa, yield`~ng a fiber used m
`ej,jog Paper and as cordage. [Sp. < •Lai. spartum < Gk.
`o~ n ~~
`~eleX~_sp8sh'al) adj. 1. Standing above or apart from
`ulye pa«culnr. ~ Sao Usage note at speclal.~ [ME < OFr.
`
`~F~r, CeL~e (~ psi ans)~ nPObs. Hope. ME esperaunce <
`nth ~ah•tosp8s'~aabn't8~rdnf SpnrQAn art f cPlal tan ua e
`8
`~q~~ePeg~ 1an~g~es and a re ulariz d s em ofnnflecti ny
`0839. Dr Esperanto, pseudonym of L.L. Zamenhof
`2,p~~9~~9»~•1
`ejpnre f ~~ of being see or not cad. [ME espiarlle <SOFrng
`~0 Watch, of Germanic orig.]
`
`es•sen•tlal (T-s8n'shal) adj. 1. Constituting or part of the na-
`ture of something; inherent. 2. Basic or indispensable; nec-
`essary: essentra! ingredients. -n. 1. Something that is
`fundamental. 2. Something that is necessary or indispen-
`sable. -ea•sen'ti•al'I•ty (-sh8-gl'[-t8) ea•sen'tlal•nesa n.
`-es•sen'tlal•ly adv.
`essentlel emino acid n. An amino acid that is required by
`the body for optimum growth and that must be supplied by
`dietary protein.
`essential oil n. A volatile oil, usually having the characteris-
`dc odor or llavor of the plant from which it is obtained,
`used to make perfumes and flavorings.
`es•so•nite (8s'a-nit') n. A brown or yellowish-brown variety
`of garnet. [Fr. < Gk. hesson, inferior, from its being softer
`than true hyacinth.]
`-est~ su/)': Used to form the superlative degree of adjectives
`and adverbs: greatest, earliest. [ME < OE -est, -ast, -ast.]
`-est~ su Used to form the archaic second person singular
`of En sh verbs: comest. [ME,< OE •est, -art.]
`es•tab•Ilah (I-s[Ab'IIsh) lr.v. -Ilahed, -Ilah•Ing, -Ilah•es. 1. To
`make firm or secure. 2. To settle in a secure position or
`condition: established her in her own 6usrness. 3. To cause to
`be recognized and accepted: a discovery that established his
`reputation. 4. To found. 5. To make a state institution of (a
`church). 6. To introduce and put (a law, for example) into
`
`esophagus
`
`:Y.` i.
`
`k
`
`""~i
`
`esplanade
`
`p pOn
`m W~~ °~' / s sauce / sh shi , disn i i a t / th titin, nth / rh this, bathe / u wt / 8r ur e / v valve / w with /
`p
`gh
`p
`g
`y yes / z zebra, size
`a about, item, edible, gallop, circus / ce Fr. feu, Ger, schitn / U Fr. tu, Ger. Uber / xx Ger. ieh, Scot. loch/ x Fr. bon.
`
`TWILIO, INC. EX. 1019
`Page 4
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`force. 7. To prove the validity or truth of. [ME establissen <
`OFr. establrr, establrss- < Lat. stabilire < stabrlis, firm.] -ea•
`tab'llah•er n.
`established church n. A church that is officitilly recog-
`nized and given support as a national institution by a gov-
`emment.
`es•tab•Ilsh•ment C-st~b'Ush-mant) n. 1. The act of estab-
`lishing. 2. The condition or fact of being established.
`3. a. A business firm, club, institution, or residence, includ-
`ing its members or occupants. b. A place of business, in-
`cluding the possessions and employees. c. An organized
`group, such as a government, pohticai party, or military
`force. 4. M established church. 5. Often estabnshment.
`a. An exclusive group of powerful people who rule a gov-
`ernment or society. b. A powerful group that controls a
`given field of activity: the literary establishment.
`es•ta•mi•net (8-sta'me-na') n. A small cafe. [Fr.]
`es•tan•eia (8-st~n'sy~) n. A lazge estate or cattle ranch in
`Spanish America. [Am. Sp. < Sp., enclosure < VLat. *srnnriu
`< Lat. stare, to stand.]
`estate (i-stBY) n. 1. A landed property, usually of considar-
`able size. 2. The whole of one's possessions, esp. all of the
`property and debts left by a dead person. 3. Law. The na-
`ture and extent of an owner's rights with respect to his
`property. 4. The situation of circumstances of one's life:
`man's estate. 5. a. Social position or rank. b. Obs. High rank
`or status. 6. Archaic. Display of wealth or power; pomp.
`7. A class, such as the nobility, commons, or clergy, for-
`merly possessingdistinet political rights. [ME ester, condi-
`tion < OFr. < Lat. status < stare, to stand.]
`Estates-Gen•er•al (T-s[ats'jen'ar-al) n. The States-General.
`[Trans]. of Fc Mats gen~ra~a.]
`esteem (T-stem') 1r. v. -teemed, -teem•Ing, -teems. 7. Tv re-
`gard with respect; prize. 2. To regard as; consider. -n.
`1. Favorable regard; respect: He is held in high esteem.
`2. Archaic. Judgment; opinion. (ME estemen, to appraise <
`OFr. eslimer < Lat. aestimare.]
`ester (Ss'tar) n. Any of a class of organic compounds corre-
`sponding to the inorganic salts formed from an acid by the
`replacement of hydrogen by an alkyl radical. [Cr., prob.
`short for Essig6lher :Essig vinegar (< MHG ezzich < OHG
`ezzfh < Lat. acetttm) + Ather, ether (< Lat. aether).]
`es•ter•ase (8s'ta-ras') n. An enzyme that catalyzes the hy-
`drolysis of an ester.
`es•ter•i•fi•ca•Non (e-ster'a-~-ka'shan) n. A reaction resulting
`in the formation of at least one ester product.
`es•ter•I•fy (~-st8r'a-C') anti. & lr. v. -tied, -fying, -ties. To
`change or cause to change to an ester.
`Esther (es'tar) n. t. A Jewish queen of Persia who saved her
`people from massacre. 2. See table at Bible. [Heb. Ester <
`Pers. sitareh.]
`es•the•sia (es-the'zha, -zhe-a, is-) n. The ability to receive
`sense impressions. [Back-formation from nNcs7'xesin.]
`es•the•sl•om•e•ter (~s-the'zS-om'a-tar) n. An instrument
`used to determine tactile discrimination. [Eszxasi(n) + -Me-
`TER.]
`esthete (8s'th~t) n. Variant of aesthete.
`es•theblc (8s-[h8['ilc) adj. Variant of aesthetic.
`es•thet•ics (8s-th8t17cs, is-) n. Varian[ of aesthetics.
`es•ti•ma•ble (8s'ta-ma-bal) adj. 1. Capable of being esti-
`mated. 2. Deserving of esteem; admirable. -es'tl•ma•ble•
`ness n. -es'tl•ma•bly adv.
`es•tl•mate (es'ta-mat') tr.v. -matred, -making, -mates. 1. To
`calculate approximately the extent or ]mount of. 2. To form
`an opinion about evaluate: "While an author rs yet living we
`estimate his powers by his worst performance" (Samuel John-
`son). -n. (Ss'ta-mTt). Y. A tentative evaluation or rough cal-
`culation. 2. a. A preliminary calculation of the cost of 1
`project. b. The statement of such 1 calculation. 3. A judg-
`ment based upon one's impressions; opinion. [Let. neati-
`mare.] -es'li•ma'tive adj. -es'li•ma'tor n.
`Synonyms: estimate, appraise, assess, assay, evaluate,
`rate. These verbs mean to form a judgment of worth or
`significance. Estimate may imply judgment based on rather
`rough calculation. In general it lacks [he definitiveness of
`the other terms, especially appraise, which stresses expert
`judgment. Assess implies authoritative judgment; i[ involves
`setting a monetary value on something as a basis for tax-
`ation. Assay likewise refers to careful examination, such as
`chemical analysis of ore to determine its content. In ex-
`tended senses, appraise, assess, and assay can refer ro any
`critical analysis or appraisaLEvaluate implies considered
`judgment in setting a value on a person or thing. Rate in-
`volves determining the rank of a person or thing when he or
`it is judged in relation to others of the same kinci.
`es•tl•ma•tion (es'ta-ma'shan) n. 1. The act or an instance of
`estimating. 2. An opinion; judgment. 3. Favorable regf~rd;
`esteem.
`es•tl•val (cs'ta-val) adj. Variant of aestival.
`es•ti•vate (ts'[a-vat') v. Variant of aestivate.
`es•ti•va•Hon (es'ta-v5'shan) n. Variant of aestivation.
`Es•to•ni•an (e-stone-an) n. t. The Finno-Ugric language of
`Estonia. 2. A native or inhabitant of Estonia. -Es•to'ni•an
`adj.
`es~tOp (e-s[bp') [r. v. -topped, -topping, -tops. 1. Z.aw. To
`prohibitor impede by estoppel. 2. Archaic. To stop up. [ME
`
`4s;
`
`AN estopper, perh. < szor.]
`Qets~bet n.
`C P J)
`-eg•top~~e90
`es•4op•pel (~-stop'al) n. Law. A bar against an
`allaggti
`denial that is contrary to one's previous allegation Or `~~ ~
`of a fact. [Perh. < OFr. estouppail, stopper < estori ~~~~a~
`stop up, ult. < Lat. stuppa, tow < Gk. stuppe.]
`~ S ~~~
`es•tra•di•ol (~s'tra-di'81', -ol') n. An estrogenic n~~~
`C~BH~02, found in the folliole polls of ovaries and jgo~°ne,
`commercially from sow ovaries or the urine of pre 1~e~1
`mares, used in treating estrogen dePicienoy. [esxR(us) k`~dn~
`es•4ral (8s'tral) adj. Estrous.
`estral cycle n.Estrous cycle.
`estrange (i-stranj') tr. v. -Ganged, -trang•Ing,
`•bran .
`1. To remove from an accustomed place or relatiop 2 es,
`alienate the affections of; make hostile or
`unsymP~~h~~p
`[OFr. estranger < Lat, extranenre < extraneus, 5~~, ~'~.
``~~Re,~
`-es•trange'menf n. -es•trang'er n.
`fer to~he d srupting of lovefriend hip loyalty, p~ a~rh` re
`bW~nd.
`reference t,
`ersons,~t ~n allr~eaphusbandt ndsw fe or
`P
`Y
`YP
`partner
`coworkers, whose harmonious relationship has b~~~s o-
`placed by hostility or indifference. Estrange generatl ~ ~~`
`plies separation. Alienate sometimes refers to a beeak ~- ~~ m
`by a Baird person. Both terms also can apply to disriipj~r''
`of a bond that existed between one or more~pexsont ~in~
`group or institution. Disaffect usually refers to the ~~i,NP
`tion of loyalty or allegiance wittnn the membership ~,f ,
`group.
`es°trey (i-stra') n. 1. Archaic. A stray. 2. Law. A s[rav de
`mes[ic animal. -intr.v. -frayed, -traying, -trays. Archni~ ~p~
`stray. [AFr. < estruier, to stray < OFr.]
`es•tri•ol (es'tri-81', -ol', e-stri'-) n. An estrogenic hQin~an~
`C~BH~03, thlt is found in the ovaries of mammals,
`ohtainec
`commercially from [he urine of pregnant atumals and u~d
`in treating estrogen deficiency. [~s(rxus) +rat. -i- ,~~~.
`es•tro•gen (es'tra jan) n. Any of several steroid~«~~n~r
`produced chiefly by the ovary and responsible for prom,
`ing estms and the development and maintenance of ic~~~~~
`secondary sex characteristics. [Esrx(us) + -cFx,] _e9i~o,
`genic (yen'1c) udj. -es'Mo•gen'hcal•ly udv.
`es•trone (es'tron') n. An estrogenic hormone, (;iP E{u~,
`found in the mammalian ovary, isolated commercially ~~9m
`[he urine of pregnant females for use in treating c,tro3~~
`deficiency. [csTa(us) + -oNe.]
`estrous (es'tras) udj. 1. Of or pertaining to estrus. 2, 13ci~g
`~',
`in heat.
`estrous cycle n. The seriesof chemicaland physiologi~a; ,'
`changes in female mammals from one period of estrus to the
`next.
`estrus (es'tras) n. A regularlyrecurrent period of pool urea
`and sexual excitement in female mammals other thm h.
`mans. [NLat. < La[, oestnu, frenzy < Gk, oistros.]
`es•tu•a•rine (es'choo-a-ran', -r'en') adj. Of, pertainin tc ,.
`found in an estuary.
`es•tu•arry (es'choo-er'e) n., pl. -les. 7. The pert of i
`lower course of a river where its current is met by tl
`2. An arm of [lie sea thlt extends inland to meet the
`of a river. [Let. nestunrium < uestus, tide.] -es'~~.~~r~~~:
`
`'~
`
`-
`
`e•su•ri•ent (i-stior'e-ant, i-zo'or'-) rrrj. Hungry; greets [l.3t
`esuriens, esurrent-, pr.part. of esurire desi<terative of rdat
`to eat.] -e•su'rhence (-ens), e•su'rhen•cy (-an-set -
`su'rhenbly adv.
`-et suJf. Small: fulcortet. [ME < OFr.]
`e•ta (a'[a, e'ta) n. The 7th letter of the Greek alphas
`table at alphabet. [Gk: etu, of Phoenician prig.; akm ..
`hetlt, heth.]
`e•ta•g~re also e•ta•gere (a't~-zhar') n. A piece of
`with open shelves for ornaments; whatnot [Ft < OI
`giere, estage, floor. -see srncc.]
`eta partiole n. An elementary particle that is neu. ~'~
`less, and has a mass 1,074 times that of an elecff~~
`et ce4er~a also e4cet•er•a (@t-s8t'ar-a, -s~t'ra). A~'
`unspecified things of [he same class; and so ford
`cet•er•a. 1. A number of unspecified persons o~ ~
`2. etceteras. A miscellany of extras; additional ~
`ends. [tat., and the rest.]
`Usage: The use of et cetera and its abbreviat, -
`principally appropriate to informal writing or r~~
`areas such as technical reporting or business ec'r
`Bence. I[ is not appropriate [n formal writing in t -
`etch (8ch) v. etched, etcN•ing, etches. -b•. 7. a. T ~' ~ '
`the surface of (glass, for example) by the actio~~ '
`b. To make or create by this method: etclT a des~g~~
`2. To impress or imprint clearly: -anti. To pr~cti<<' ~
`[Du. etser~ < G. dtzen <. MHG e[zen < OHCi ez'~'r~.
`eaten.] -etcher n.
`etching (eching) n: 1. The art of preparing etches{
`esp. metal plltes, from which d